Research Paper: Human Security as a Non Traditional Security Threat: A Comprehensive Overview
Mahenoor Shahid (2k23/M-IR/11)
Subject: Traditional and Non-Traditional
security paradigms
Topic: Human Security as a Non Traditional
Security Threat: A Comprehensive
Overview
Assigned by Dr: Imran Ali
Outline:-
Title
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Methodology
Findings
Discussion & Analysis
Conclusion
References
Human Security as a Non Traditional Security Threat: A Comprehensive Overview
Abstract
The main objective of this research article is to highlight the identification and solution of major issues
related to human security and development in the international world Officially adopted by the UN
Development Program in 1994, human security is a concept that focuses on security from chronic threats
and crises to the structure of daily life It has seven human dimensions, a it is economic, food, health,
environmental, personal, community and political security. They have in mind the inclusion and ambiguity
of the idea, because it is more easily perceived by its absence than by its presence. The international
community must rethink if it is to tackle 21st century security threats such as poverty, underdevelopment,
inequality, environmental degradation, climate change, pandemics, migration addressing illegal activities,
human trafficking, drug trafficking and conflicts resulting from poor governance. Human security includes
two approaches: protection and empowerment. Conservation involves top-down approaches by states,
international organizations, NGOs and the private sector to protect people from uncontrollable risks.
Empowerment takes into account risks to economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and
political security and prioritizes individual lives, livelihoods and dignity
Keywords
Human development, human security, universal declaration of human rights, United Nations, Hunger,
poverty, individual freedom.
Introduction
The world is entering a new era in which security will be defined as the security of people, not just regions.
Security will be based on development rather than weapons, and the identifier of security must be the
individual. The notion of ‘people’s security’ emerged out of the Cold War, when the authentic, state-based
model of security seemed outdated. The consequences of globalization and unwavering nationalism New
wars decimated populations, destroyed infrastructure, targeted non-combatants, increased poverty, and
encouraged criminal activity JThese groups and security of the most effective They stand as trust. This
paper critically considers the concept of human security and examines its effectiveness in research and
policy development. It examines its development, the claims of its proponents, and the objections of
skeptical scholars. The article traces the initial development of the idea, explores the success of its adoption,
and analyzes its ambiguity. It also examines whether human security is merely a catchy issue for states to
meet the needs of international citizens.
Methodology
This exploratory study is based on material gathered from secondary data; articles, reports and research
papers published by various scholars and researchers.
Findings
What is human Security ?
The United Nations Development Program’s 1994 Human Development Report introduced the concept of
human security, defined as “protection from chronic threats such as hunger, disease, and oppression” and
“protection from violence sudden and tragic in the routine of everyday life.” , Environmental, Individual,
Community, and Political Security The report emphasized two fundamental open-ended freedoms outlined
in the adoption of the UN Charter in 1945, and veered off course which existed concerning the country and
emphasizes the importance of preventive measures and people-centered strategies.
The Human Development Report shifted the focus of security from a cross-national approach to
person-centered measures:
Economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and political security. The United Nations
Charter of 1945 emphasized two basic open-ended freedoms: "freedom from need" and "freedom from
fear." The concept was created with inclusiveness and ambiguity in mind because human security is more
easily identified by its absence than its presence It was found that the Council on Human Security (CHS)
was established in 2001 as an important development in the brief history of the concept. CHS reaffirmed
the goal of human security: the protection of the fundamental essence of all human life, the promotion of
human freedom, and human fulfillment. The report also highlighted the need for a dynamic view of human
security: What people consider "essential" and "necessary" varies between individuals and countries.
Human security remains flexible, individual-focused, and easily adaptable to a variety of cultural
specificities.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that the right to security is a fundamental human right,
and includes life and liberty. Achieving human life requires a global political culture based on human
dignity and rights. Democracy and good governance are critical to enhancing human security, as they do
not replace national security. Twenty-first century security threats include poverty, underdevelopment,
inequality, environmental degradation, climate change, pandemics, illegal migration, human trafficking
about smuggling, drug trafficking and conflicts resulting from weak governance The international
community must rethink security concepts and approaches. In 1994, Mahbub ul Hag introduced the concept
of human security at the United Nations, resulting in the first official definition.
Development Program (UNDP) Human Development Report.
The 1994 Human Development Report emphasized the need to shift from nuclear to human security,
focusing on protection from chronic threats such as famine, disease, oppression, and everyday security
emphasis on sudden social order disturbances. Human security is a universal concern that affects people all
over the world, regardless of their economic or social status. This is interdependent and is easily ensured
through early disease prevention rather than later intervention. It is people-centred, focusing on how people
live and breathe in society, exercise their means, access markets and social opportunities, whether they live
in conflict or peace.
The report defines human security based on two main criteria:
“First, protection from chronic threats such as famine, disease and oppression. And second, protection from
sudden and tragic ever occurring." every day in the social structure whether it refers to homes, work or
communities".
1) Human security is a universal concern. It affects people everywhere, in both prosperous and poor
countries. The threat may vary from place to place, but it is real.
2) Security factors are interdependent. When human security is threatened anywhere in the world, all
countries can get involved.
3) It is easier to ensure human safety by preventing disease sooner rather than later.
4) Human security depends on people. "Society cares about how people live and breathe, how they freely
exercise their many options, how they have markets and social rights, whether they live in conflict or
in peace."
Research Institute for Peace and Development under the JICA Reported:
The JICA Ogata Research Institute launched the "Human Security Today" report as a regularly published
special report. This report discusses approaches to human security thinking and practice, aiming to
communicate the importance of human security in today’s rapidly changing world With the publication of
this report, the JICA Ogata Research Institute aims to. It helps build a resilient society ot protect people’s
lives. Life, honor and today’s in constant review of human security context. The key message of the first
issue is "Revisiting Human Security": Human security changes over time -what can the international
community do to protect human life. livelihoods his dignity as he faces some of the greatest threats?- It has
been almost 30 years since the concept of human security was first developed which has been proposed.
martial arts and other disturbing traditions. Natural disasters Forced moralization. and the negative effects
of globalization are strong short. At the same time, new challenges have emerged, including COVID-19
epidemics, climate change, the bright and dark sides of the digital revolution, and the adoption of an aging
society Human security concept provide an effective way to understand and address these global issues
accordingly . This report will examine the question of how human security should be understood These
fluctuating times are the features that will work best when in use.
And finally, as highlighted by MacFarlane and Khong (2006; 229)
The concept of human security focuses on person-centered principles and blurs the distinction between
domestic and international security, challenging the traditional norm of non-intervention and state
sovereignty The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) concluded that
human security cannot be divided into security The concept combines development and security issues,
making "presence" security international issue and inextricably linked to "we here" (MacFarlane and
Khong, 2006: 230), this has warmed the link between humanitarian vulnerability and international
insecurity, which has the safety of "their presence" has been an international issue
Discussion & Analysis
Human security is a human right that prioritizes the security of communities and individuals over the
security of the state and region. Which includes security by adding freedom from fear, neediness, and
stigma. Economic, food, health, environmental, personal, societal and political factors are all included in
the definition of human security. It involves national and international organizations, as well as individual
and community problems that actively and inclusively affect everyone. Based on the assumption that all
fundamental rights are normative, human security encompasses long-term risks such as famine and violence
and immediate changes such as conflict and natural disasters
Conceptualizing of human security
The Human Security Council emphasizes the importance of protecting the fundamental fundamental
freedoms of life, thereby promoting human freedom and fulfilling human fulfillment, and protecting
individuals from threats and harsh conditions strong and extensive emphasis
Tensions to human security can be classified into seven categories:
Economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal and community
security, and political security.
Economic security is fundamental to human development and survival, as it ensures the well-being of
society as a whole. Poverty has become a major issue in India, as economic liberalization further widens
the gap between rich and poor Economic inequality and discrimination lead to the spread of leftist
radicalism and violence, which is evident that it will increase in frequency and increasing with the state
does not prevent this threat
Food & health security is essential for human survival, as scarcity leads to hunger and poor health. The
private sector is highly commercialized and does not meet the health needs of the poor.
Environmental protection is becoming increasingly important due to environmental degradation, climate
change, ozone depletion and industrial pollution
Personal and community Security aims to protect individuals from any form of violence that threatens
their security, including non-traditional threats such as famine, poverty and migration
Political security It is primarily responsible for ensuring that the country is prepared to deal with any
eventuality. Human development is a prerequisite for achieving human security, because inequality is
reduced by increased growth and basic needs Planners should consider ways to ensure the well-being of
all, because human security is a universal problem.
Three freedoms are integrated into human security:
a)Freedom from fear
Freedom from terror refers to protection against threats directed at personal safety and bodily integrity and
includes forms of violence from external states, acts against national citizens, acts by one group against
others,; and actions of individuals against other individuals. •Freedom from terror refers to protection
against threats directed to the security and bodily integrity of individuals and forms of violence from
external states, state actions against its citizens, actions by one group against others and individual actions
against other individuals.
b)Freedom from want
Freedom from hardship refers to the security of individuals in order to meet their basic needs as well as
economic, social and environmental social and social resources
c)Freedom from indignity
Freedom from stigma means improved quality of life and improved human well-being that allows people
to make choices and seek empowering opportunities
Principles of the Human security
Principles of the Human security is based on the following principles.
* Focus on people. Human security places individuals at the center of the analysis so they consider
situations that threaten their lives, livelihoods and dignity.
* Available in many industries. Human security is based on an interdisciplinary understanding of
vulnerability and therefore encompasses a comprehensive understanding of economic, food, health,
environmental, personal, community, and political security risks and consequences in addition to national
security.
"First, they are interconnected in a domino effect in that each threat feeds the other. For example, violent
conflict can cause deprivation and poverty that can in turn." deterioration of infrastructure, infectious
diseases, lack of education, etc.
Second, intimidation." in any country or region may extend to a wider area and a region." - from an
unfavorable background for international security."
*comprehensive. Human security means a greater focus that emphasizes the need for a collaborative
multispectral response that integrates security, development and human rights policies.
* Context specific. Human security recognizes that vulnerability varies significantly across contexts and,
therefore, encourages the search for contextual solutions that are tailored to each particular situation
* Focus on disease prevention. To get at the root causes of risk and insecurity, human security aims to
promote strategies of prevention, protection and control.
Strategies
Human security has two modes of action: protection and empowerment. • The Human Security Council
defines safeguards as "measures put in place by states, international organizations, NGOs and the private
sector, to protect (people) from risks." That means putting in place "top-down" policies, recognizing that
people face structured, comprehensive and preventive protections for human defenses beyond their control
(natural disasters, economic crises, conflicts). States have primary responsibility Human security has two
modes of action: protection and empowerment. • The Human Security Council defines safeguards as
"measures put in place by states, international organizations, NGOs and the private sector, to protect
(people) from risks." That means putting in place "top-down" policies, recognizing that people face
structured, comprehensive and preventive protections for human defenses beyond their control (natural
disasters, economic crises, conflicts). States have primary responsibility for themselves and others.
An individualized, coalition-building, emancipatory project?
The human security system is undoubtedly its greatest strength, despite its vagueness. This led to a
distinction between progress and security, which is an institutional perspective that enables broad coalitions
to make progress on specific security issues Jolly-Ray and Tadjabakhsh-Chenoy recommend This approach
seems to be the only viable option in the post-Cold War world A holistic approach to human security draws
together knowledge to better understand the interactions between different aspects of human vulnerability
and promotes cooperation between international organizations for security, development and human rights
in the dense.
Theorist advocacy
Recommendations of principle A holistic approach to human security is recommended because it facilitates
integration, allowing international attention to be given to issues that are largely ignored. This can be done
by increasing funding or elevating specific issues to higher political levels. For example, the human security
ban in the 1990s gave rise to the Ottawa Convention. The establishment of the International Criminal Court
(ICC) in 2002 also stems from a human security agenda, as it combines idealism with pragmatism, and
shows that human security and national security are not mutually exclusive
The Human Security False Promise:
Human security has been hailed as a success, but has faced criticism due to vague concepts and lack of
precise definitions. Critics like Paris, Newman, and Brahimi argue that this looks like "sustainable progress"
and is legally attractive but analytically weak. Khong (2001) argues that by expanding the concept of
security to include environmental degradation, pollution, homelessness and unemployment, we prioritize
everything, which is not necessarily true. Krause (2004:367) describes human security as a fragile
environment where "bad things can happen", and Buzan (2004) and Martin Owen (2010) emphasize the
importance of understanding human security challenges Human security, a concept that combines human
rights and human security, has been criticized for its broad definition and the possibility of cooperation
between states. Critics say states have used the concept to promote their own interests and narratives, rather
than actually focusing on liberating vulnerable, impoverished people. Critics say people's protections have
been "velvet gloved" into the iron fist of power, and that the voices of marginalized groups have been
ignored. Western countries have privatized aid and development agencies, creating a disturbing trend in
which the security of "them there" is seen as a means to the security of "us here." (Booth, 2007: 324;
Duffield and Waddell, 2006: 12). Finally, some critics of human security argue that the notion of human
security pathologizes and disempowers weak and underdeveloped states, contrary to the argument of its
iconic advocates
The human security discourse can give powerful states or international organizations greater freedom to
intervene and monitor weaker states and this disempowers members of weaker or poorer states. While the
international community maintains its own state for extensive scrutiny and policy - ostensibly on its behalf
- the members of those states have no means of controlling or holding powerful international organizations
or states to account. ” (McCormack , 9. . 2008: 114). Unlike realistic security policy, pluralism which
advocates outside the norm of non-intervention, under the banner of human security, "interventions are
understood on an ethical-moral framework." in," was not only acceptable, but generally desirable (Ibid. :
124-5;Cunliffe, 2010, et al.; Bain, 2010). [11] McCormack (2008: 120) and Chandler (2008: 435) argue
that the human security system inverts existing power relations; Securitizing development indicators
presents the weakest countries as an existential threat to the most powerful.
Conclusion
The notion of human security, which focuses on individual sovereignty and states as clients, has been
criticized as vague and indecisive Critics argue that it has not significantly changed the behavior of states,
or reduced life-threatening oppression in on the most vulnerable. Human security is conceptually ‘fuzzy’,
representing any possible hardship to the individual. While it encourages the formation of comprehensive
coalitions to improve the lives of the most vulnerable of the poor, not everything can be an international
protection issue or command equal attention from policymakers and not everything can be considered as it
is appropriate to distribute equal resources. The human security discourse pathologizes vulnerable
developing countries by protecting developing resources in the past, thereby reinforcing and delivering
existing power structures those who lack the capacity to provide additional protection risk losing the de-
authority, open to intervention without much accountability under the co- opted banner of 'human security'
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