Web and Database

Technology
For now: Into Databases…!

Christoph Lofi
Ujwal Gadiraju

WIS 1
 Christoph Lofi Ujwal Gadiraju

50% 50%
Midterm Endterm
CSE1500: Database Technology Exam CSE1500: Web Technology Exam

Assign. Assign. Assign. assignments Assign. Assign. Assign.

DB.1 DB.2 DB.3 mandatory Web.1 Web.2 Web.3

Asterios Katsifodimos

Endterm CSE1505 Information & Data Endterm

CSE1505 Information & Data Management
Exam Management Exam

Assign. 1 Assign. 2 Assign. 3

2
WIS
 Web and Database Technologies
• Grading
– (Database) Midterm 50%
– (Web) Endterm 50%
– Assignments (mandatory)
• In groups of 2!
• See Brightspace
• Assignments graded pass / fail
• At least 50% pass needed. Fails can be repaired if at least
25% have been passed
• Please do the assignments!
They help you to understand the material and reach the
learning goals!

3
WIS
 Exams
• Midterm Exam focuses on DB
• Endterm Exam focuses on Web
• Each exam can be resit
– either both or individually

4
WIS
 More Information
• Prerequisites
– Basic understanding of OOP languages
– YOU NEED TO REGISTER ON BRIGHTSPACE!
• Materials
– Slides (on Brightspace)
– Video Recordings (on Collegerama)
– Extra Materials (on Brightspace)
– Lab assignments
– Discussions on https://answers.ewi.tudelft.nl/categories/1/tags/152
Use at least tags “CS1500” with “23-24”
• Syllabus on Brightspace
– Should cover most questions!
– Course Information - CSE1500 Web and Database Technology (2023/24
Q2) (tudelft.nl)

5
WIS
 Literature DB
• Books:
– Fundamentals of Database Systems Elmasri & Navathe
• You can get quite forward with just using the slide deck
• Most things we use can be found in the 6th edition, but there is a
7th edition which is a better investment
– ISBN 1292097612 for 7th edition
– Good book, very dry and theoretical though. Maybe buy it or find somebody who has it to share/
borrow. I guess you could survive without the book, though….

– You do NOT need to buy the books below!

• (We also do not really recommend you to buy them just for the sake of this course. We used these books for
inspiration of this lecture, the important facts are in the slide set)
• NoSQL and SQL Data Modeling: Bringing Together Data, Semantics, and Software
– Ted Hills , 2016
– ISBN 1634621093
• SQL Antipatterns
– Bill Karwin , 2010
– ISBN 1934356557

6
WIS
 Expectations
• This course is 5 ETCS
– ~140 hours of work to pass
• ~ 10 weeks, ~14 hours per week
– During class weeks:
• 4 hours of class and 4 hours of lab (if you want to)
– 6 hours of self-study / homework?
• No labs and class in exam prep weeks

7
WIS
 What is the purpose of what?
• Self-Study (at home or in lab)
– Study how things work in detail
• e.g., how to normalize a schema step by step, how to build a B-tree step by step, etc.
• Use all available material for that, e.g., lecture slides, transcripts, home study videos, books,
internet resources & tutorials, YouTube videos, etc.
• Classes
– Editorialized view on lecture content & core motivations and general approaches
• e.g., why (or why not) would we want to normalize schemas?, why do we care about B-
trees?, etc.
• Labs
– Learn how to apply methodologies
– “Do things on a computer”; “Experience the pain of fiddling with a DBMS”…
• Practice Exams
– Overfit to previous exams….
• Be careful with this!

8
WIS
 Web Information Systems

9
WIS
 WIS Research

10
WIS
 Information, Data
and Knowledge?
“Isn’t that all the same…?”

WIS 11
 Information and Data Modelling???

• Introduction to Information Theory…

– … but what is information?

WIS 1212
 Information and Data Modelling???

• Another approach:
– "Typically, information is defined in terms of data,
knowledge in terms of information, and wisdom
in terms of knowledge“
– DIKW pyramid:
• Not a formal model
• Early versions liked to omit data, later versions like to omit
wisdom

Rowley, Jennifer (2007). "The wisdom hierarchy: representations of the DIKW hierarchy".
Journal of Information and Communication Science. 33 (2): 163–180. doi:10.1177/0165551506070706. 13
WIS
 14
WIS
 The DIKW Pyramid
• Data as
– … facts:
• "as being discrete, objective facts or observations, which are
unorganized and unprocessed and therefore have no meaning
or value because of lack of context and interpretation.“
• “raw facts”
– … symbols:
• "sets of signs that represent empirical stimuli or perceptions“
• "recorded (captured or stored) symbols"
– … signals
• "signal readings“
• "sensory stimuli, which we perceive through our senses"
- Zins, Chaim."Conceptual Approaches for Defining Data, Information, and Knowledge" (PDF). Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58 (4): 479–493. 2007
- Rowley, Jennifer; Richard Hartley (2006). Organizing Knowledge: An Introduction to Managing Access to Information. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-7546-4431-6.
- Zins, Chaim (22 January 2007). "Conceptual Approaches for Defining Data, Information, and Knowledge". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58 (4): 479–
493. doi:10.1002/asi.20508..
15
WIS
 The DIKW Pyramid
• Aspects of Information
– Structural vs functional
• "organized or structured data, which has been processed in
such a way that the information now has relevance for a
specific purpose or context, and is therefore meaningful,
valuable, useful and relevant."
– Symbolic vs subjective
• "the meaning of statements as they are intended by the
speaker/writer”
• "related to meaning or human intention“
– Information as Decrease Of Entropy
• Information Theory: Lower uncertainty on the state of the world
16
WIS
 The DIKW Pyramid
• Aspects of Knowledge
– “Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values,
contextual information, expert insight and grounded intuition
that provides an environment and framework for evaluating and
incorporating new experiences and information.”
– Processed Knowledge
• "synthesis of multiple sources of information over time"
• "a mix of contextual information, values, experience and rules"
– Procedural Knowledge
• "a mix of contextual information, expert opinion, skills and experience"
• "information combined with understanding and capability"
– Propositional Knowledge
• “Knowledge is a thought in the individual's mind, which is characterized by
the individual's justifiable belief that it is true. “

- Wallace, Danny P. (2007). Knowledge Management: Historical and Cross-Disciplinary Themes. Libraries Unlimited. pp. 1–14. ISBN 978-1-59158-502-2.
17
WIS
 The DIKW Pyramid
• Wisdom….?
– Very fuzzy…
• “knowing the right things to do“
• "integrated knowledge — information made super-useful“
• "the ability to make sound judgments and decisions
apparently without thought"

- Wallace, Danny P. (2007). Knowledge Management: Historical and Cross-Disciplinary Themes. Libraries Unlimited. pp. 1–14. ISBN 978-1-59158-502-2.
- Chisholm, James; Warman, Greg (2007). "Experiential Learning in Change Management". In Silberman, Melvin L. The Handbook of Experiential Learning. Jossey
Bass. pp. 321–40. ISBN 978-0-7879-8258-4. 18
WIS
 Example: Weather Forecast
• Data:
– “Raw observations or facts without context.”
– Temperature readings, humidity levels, wind
speed, and barometric pressure at various
locations.
• Information:
– “Data organized and processed to provide
context.”
– A weather report that combines temperature,
humidity, wind speed, and barometric
pressure data to describe current weather
conditions in a specific region.
19
WIS
 Example: Weather Forecast
• Knowledge:
– “Information that is interpreted and understood in a broader context.”
– Meteorological analysis that explains the current weather patterns, predicts
future weather conditions, and identifies the factors influencing the weather.
• Wisdom:
– “Application of knowledge to make informed decisions.”
– Using the meteorological knowledge to make decisions such as advising
the public on potential weather hazards, helping farmers plan their planting
seasons, or guiding businesses in making weather-sensitive decisions.

20
WIS
The Modern World produces a humongous
amount of Data

21
 Quiz: Data Processing you Encountered Today?

• Vevox - Dashboard

22
WIS
23
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qegdkl2GYrk 24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid 25
https://beaudaniels.com/connected-car 26
https://www.axis.com/blog/secure-insights/what-smart-city/

27
https://www.geovision.com.tw/

28
 29
https://deltalife.deltares.nl/september_2022/verzilting_de_trage_ramp
From Data to Information/Knowledge??
AI is here to fix it all!!!?

30
 “Artificial intelligence (AI) will be the most powerful
technology in generations for benefiting humanity.”

“Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to solve some of

society's most important challenges, for example the
mounting pressure on healthcare, while at the same time
enriching and improving many other aspects of our society,
such as transport. In short, the impact of AI is enormous,
and it may even become the foundation of our future.”

– from NWO LTP ROBUST

31
WIS
 But…
• …how successful are we really with using AI?
– …and especially with the ever-popular Deep Learning?
(DL)
• DL is not magic - it is an incredibly
powerful tool for extracting regularities
from data according a given objective.
– Claim #1: A DL system will be just as smart
as the data it gets.
– Claim #2: A DL system will be just as smart
as the objective it optimizes.
32
WIS
 Challenges
• Many open challenges…
– Where does data come
from?
– Data Quality
• The right training data?
• Training Data Balanced?
– Model Evaluation
– “Weird Features”
– Common Sense Reasoning
– Explanations
From xkcd.com 33
WIS
 “To err is human’ but a human error is nothing to what a
computer can do if it tries.”
from Agathe Christie “Hallowe’en Party”, 1969

“People worry that computers will get too smart and

take over the world, but the real problem is that they're
too stupid and they've already taken over the world.”
from Pedro Domingos “The Master Algorithm”, 2015

34
WIS
 The “hidden depth” of ML

Hidden Technical Depth of Machine Learning, D. . Sculley, NIPS 2015 35

WIS
 36
WIS https://towardsdatascience.com/data-labeling-is-chinas-secret-weapon-in-the-connected-car-battle-e8e395965380
AI

Data Management

37
 Into Databases!

WIS 38
WIS 39
 Databases?

https://www.oracle.com/database/what-is-database/#:~:text=Is%20a%20Database%3F-,Database%20defined,database%20management%20system%20(DBMS). 40
WIS
 Databases?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database 41
WIS
 Databases?
https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/database/

42
WIS
 Databases?
https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/definition/database

43
WIS
 Database?

44
WIS
 CSE1500 Overview
• Week 1
• Lecture: Introduction to Database Systems
• Lecture: Database Modelling
• Handout Assignment: DB01-Schemas
• Week 2
• Lecture: Database Modelling
• Lecture: Jumpstart SQL Query Language
• Handout Assignment: DB02-SQL
• Deadline Assignment: DB01-Schemas
• Week 3
• Lecture: Intermediate SQL Query Language
• Lecture: Data Models & The Relational Model
• Handout Assignment: DB03-Relational Model
• Deadline Assignment: DB02-SQL
• Week 4
• Lecture: The Relational Model, Functional Dependencies & Normalizations
• Lecture: Roundup & Q/A
• Deadline Assignment: DB02-SQL
• Week 5
• Midterm Exam: Database Technology

45
WIS
 CSE1505 Overview
– CSE1505
• Internals of Relational Databases
– Traditional Implementation
– Physical Storage & Physical Models
– Query Processing & Query Optimization
– Transaction Processing
• NoSQL Systems
– Conceptual Difference
– Usage Scenarios

46
WIS
 Goal of this course cycle…
• BSc: Web and Database Technologies
– Focus on how to USE databases
• SQL
• Play around with different products
– Learn how to make (simple!) Web applications
• BSc: Information and Data Management
– Focus on how (relational) databases work
– Theory, concepts, and foundations
• BSc: Machine Learning
• BSc Electives: Big Data Processing, Data Mining,
Computational Intelligence
• MSc Lectures
– Specialized topics like scalability, streams, Web, crowd, Data & AI, etc.

47
WIS
 Towards the
Relational DBs

WIS 48
 What are Data Model Theories?
• A Data Model (Theory) is an abstract model that
describes how data is represented, accessed, and
reasoned about
– Warning: The term “data model” is ambiguous
• A data model theory is a formal description of how data may be
structured and accessed and is independent of a specific software or
hardware.
• A data model instance or schema applies a data model theory to
create an instance for some application (e.g., data models in MySQL
Workbench designer refer to a logical model adapted to the MySQL
database).
• This will haunt us a lot…and it’s nobody’s fault really.
• I try to use data model (theory) and schema during this course to
lower the confusion…
– We re-visit this later!
49
WIS
 Data Model Theories
• There are several common data models
– Relational Model
– Key-Value Model
– Document-centered Model
– Graph Model
– Etc.

50
WIS
 Relational Model Example
• Core Idea: We store data in Tables!!
movie actor
m_id title year a_id f_name l_name

1 Terminator 2 – Judgement Day 1991 1 Arnold Schwarzenegger

2 Twins 1988 2 Linda Hamilton

Primary key: m_id 3 Danny DeVito

Primary key: a_id

cast
m_id a_id role

1 1 T-800

1 2 Sarah Connor

2 1 Julius Benedict

2 3 Vincent Benedict

Primary key: (m_id, a_id)

- Note: This allows each actor to only have one role per movie. Primary key should be
(m_id, a_id, role) to allow multiple roles per movie.
Foreign key constraints: (m_id-> movie.m_id, a_id-> actor.a_id) 51
WIS
 Relational Model Example
Columns (or also “attribute”)

movie actor
m_id title year a_id f_name l_name

1 Terminator 2 – Judgement Day 1991 1 Arnold Schwarzenegger

2 Twins 1988 2 Linda Hamilton

3 Danny DeVito

cast
m_id a_id role

1 1 T-800

1 2 Sarah Connor
Rows Table (or also: “Relation”)
(or also “tuples”)
2 1 Julius Benedict

2 3 Vincent Benedict

52
WIS
 Relational Model Example

movie actor
m_id title year a_id f_name l_name

1 Terminator 2 – Judgement Day 1991 1 Arnold Schwarzenegger

2 Twins 1988 2 Linda Hamilton

Foreign Key Constraint
Primary key: m_id 3 Danny DeVito
(just the graphical representation of it)

Primary key: a_id

cast
m_id a_id role

1 1 T-800

1 2 Sarah Connor

2 1 Julius Benedict

2 3 Vincent Benedict

Primary key: (m_id, a_id)

- Note for later: This allows each actor to only have one role per movie. Primary key should be
(m_id, a_id, role) to allow multiple roles per movie.
- Foreign key constraints: (m_id-> movie.m_id, a_id-> actor.a_id) 53
WIS
 Document Model Example
Movie-Centered Documents Actor-Centered Documents
"terminator2":
"arni":
{ "title" : "Terminator 2 : Judgement Day", { "first_name" : "Arnold",
"year" : 1991, "last_name" : "Schwarzenegger",
"director" : { "movies" : [
"first_name" : "James", {
"last_name" : "Cameron" } "title" : "The Terminator 2",
"actors": [ "year" : "1991" }
{"first_name" : "Arnold", "last_name" : "Schwarzenegger" }, { "title" : "Twins",
{"first_name" : "Linda", "last_name" : "Hamilton" }, "year" : "1988" }
{"first_name" : "Edward", "last_name" : "Furlong" } ]
] }
}

"twins":
{ "title" : "Twins", "linda":
"year" : 1988, { "first_name" : "Linda",
"director" : { "last_name" : "Hamilton",
"first_name" : "Ivan", "movies" : [
"last_name" : "Reitmann" } {
"actors": [ "title" : "The Terminator 2",
{"first_name" : "Arnold", "last_name" : "Schwarzenegger" }, "year" : "1991" }
{"first_name" : "Danny", "last_name" : "DeVito" }, ]
{"first_name" : "Kelly", "last_name" : "Preston" } }
]
}
54
WIS
 Key-Value Store Example

Terminator 2

Twins 2

55
WIS
 Graph Model Example
Terminator 2 –
mdfs:title mdb:Termiator2 mdfs:year 1991
Judgement Day

mdfs:cast

mdfs:cast

mdfs:f_name Linda
Arnold mdfs:f_name mdb:arni mdb:linda

mdfs:l_name Hamilton
Schwarzenegger mdfs:l_name
mdfs:cast

Twins mdfs:title mdb:Twins mdfs:year 1988

mdfs:cast

Danny mdfs:f_name mdb:danny

DeVito mdfs:l_name
56
WIS
 Data Models
• A Data Model describes data
objects, operations and their effects
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
– How to structure data
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
– How to add, edit, delete data

– DML and DDL are usually clearly separated, since

they handle data and meta-data, respectively
57
WIS
 Schemas and Instances
• Later in modeling, we will again introduce 3 layers of
schemas
– Schemas abstract the data to be stored about the real world
– Conceptual Schema
• What entities are important, and what are their relationships?
– “I want to store movies and actors. Each movie can have multiple actors. “
– Logical Schema
• Transforms the conceptual schema with respect to the chosen Data Model
• Relational Logical Schema: Describes tables and their attributes, keys and
constraints
– “Actor(id, firstname, lastname);
Movie(id, title, year);
a2m(a_id->Actor(id), m_id->Movie(id), role)”
– Physical Schema
• Describes HOW data is organized on disks

58
WIS
 Informal Summary
• Database: “A collection of
related data represented (using a data
model and a defined data schema).”​
• Database Management System (DBMS):
“A software system managing and maintaining a
database.”​
• Data Model: “A formal definition on how to
represent data (in general) and the available
data operations.”​
• Data Schema: “A definition of the structure of a
specific database.”
59
WIS
 Overview
Relational
Databases

WIS 60
 Reltional Databases
• Relational DBs alone: Industry of > €30 Billion a year
• DBs store & manage all (most) transactions in the world
• Simplify the life of application programmers

SQL Relations RDBMS

Declarative Data Processing

An effective, formal foundation based on relational algebra and calculus (Edgar Codd ’71).
A simple, high-level language for querying data (Don Chamberlin ’74).
An efficient, low-level execution environment tailored towards the data (Patricia Selinger ’79). 61
WIS
 The need for Data Management
• Managing large amounts of data is an integral part of
most nowadays business and governmental activities
• Databases developed successfully since the 1960s
– One of the most successful technologies in computers science!
• Classic Examples:
– Banking Systems
• Huge amounts of data on customers, accounts, loans,
balances, …
– Airline Reservation Systems
• SABRE 1963
– Military & Space Applications
• IBM IMS Apollo program 1966

62
WIS
 What are databases?
• Databases are used to manage vast
amount of data
• A database (DB) is a collection of related
data
– Data represents some aspects of the real world
• Universe of discourse
– Data is logically coherent
– It is provided for an intended group of users
and applications
63
WIS
 Database Management Systems (DBMS)

• Databases are maintained by software called

a database management system (DBMS).
A DBMS allows/enables:
– Definition of data and structure
– Physical construction
– Data manipulation
– Sharing/protecting
– Persistence/recovery
64
WIS
 What are Relational Databases?
• Databases can have different underlying data
models
– Most popular: Relational Data Model
– Earlier alternatives: Network/Hierarchical/Object-Oriented,
etc.
• Relational Databases since 1970
– Huge commercial success!
– Core contributions:
• Relational Data Model
• Declarative Query Language SQL
• ACID Transactions
• Data Recovery
65
WIS
 What are Relational Databases?
• Relational Databases established a set of
valuable features
– Strict data modelling
– Controlled redundancy
– Data normalization
– Data consistency & integrity constraints
– SQL: simple & powerful query language
• Optimized execution of queries!
– Effective and secure data sharing
– Backup and recovery
66
WIS
 What are Relational Databases?
• Databases are well-structured (e.g., ER-Model)
– Catalog (data dictionary) contains all meta-data
– Defines the structure of the data in the database
• Example: ER-Model
– Simple banking system (Conceptual Model)

id accNo

M N
firstname customer has account balance

type
lastname address
67
WIS
 What are Relational Databases?
• Resulting tables (logical “model”)
Customer
ID firstname lastname address

1 Aard Vark 123AB

Customer2Account
2 Bandi Coot 231CX ID accNo

3 Cham Eleon 12dXX

1 10
Account 1 11
accNo type balance
2 12
10 Check 0
11 Saving 232
12 Check -232
68
WIS
 Characteristics of Relational Databases

• Databases aim at efficient manipulation of data

– Physical tuning allows for good data allocation
– Indexes speed up search and access
– Query plans are optimized for improved performance
• Example: Simple Index Data File
AccNo type balance
1278945 saving € 312.10
2437954 saving € 1324.82
Index File
4543032 checking € -43.03
AccNo
5539783 saving € 12.54
1278945
7809849 checking € 7643.89
5539783
8942214 checking € -345.17
9134354
9134354 saving € 2.22
9543252 saving € 524.89 69
WIS
 Data Independence
• Independence of applications and data
– Databases employ data abstraction by providing data
models
– Applications work only on the conceptual
representation of data
• Data is strictly typed (Integer, Timestamp, VarChar, …)
• Details on where data is actually stored and how it is accessed
is hidden by the DBMS
• Applications can access and manipulate data by invoking
declarative operations (e.g., SQL Select statements)
– DBMS-controlled parts of the file system are strongly
protected against outside manipulation
70
WIS
 Data Independence cont.
• Example: Schema is changed, and table-
space moved without an application noticing
Application

SELEC T AccNo FROM account WHERE balance>0

DBMS

Disk 1 Disk 2

AccNo balance
1278945 € 312.10
2437954 € 1324.82
4543032 € -43.03
5539783 € 12.54

71
WIS
 Data Independence cont.
• Example: Schema is changed, and table-
space moved without an application noticing
Application

SELEC T AccNo FROM account WHERE balance>0

DBMS

Disk 1 Disk 2

AccNo balance AccNo type balance

1278945 € 312.10 1278945 saving € 312.10
2437954 € 1324.82 2437954 saving € 1324.82
4543032 € -43.03 4543032 checking € -43.03
5539783 € 12.54 5539783 saving € 12.54

72
WIS
 Views on the data
• Supports multiple views of the data
– Views provide a different perspective
of the DB
• A user’s conceptual understanding or
task-based excerpt of all data (e.g., aggregations)
• Security considerations and access control (e.g., projections)
– For the application, a view does not differ from a table
– Views may contain subsets of a DB and/or contain
virtual data
• Virtual data is derived from the DB (mostly by simple SQL
statements, e.g., joins over several tables)
• Can either be computed at query time or materialized upfront

73
WIS
 Views on the data cont.
• Example view: Projection
– Saving account clerk vs. checking account clerk
Saving View
Original Table AccNo balance
AccNo type balance 1278945 € 312.10
1278945 saving € 312.10 2437954 € 1324.82
2437954 saving € 1324.82 5539783 € 12.54
4543032 checking € -43.03 9134354 € 2.22
5539783 saving € 12.54 9543252 € 524.89
7809849 checking € 7643.89
8942214 checking € -345.17 Checking View
AccNo balance
9134354 saving € 2.22
4543032 € -43.03
9543252 saving € 524.89
7809849 € 7643.89
8942214 € -345.17 74
WIS
 Transactions: concurrently accessing data

• Sharing of data and support for atomic

multi-user transactions
– Multiple user and applications may access the DB
at the same time
– Concurrency control is necessary for maintaining
consistency

75
WIS
 What is a transaction?
• A transaction is a unit of work, possibly containing multiple
data accesses and updates, that must commit or abort as
a single unit, and follows the ACID principles
– e.g., transfer €100 from account A to account B
• Transactions introduce two problems:
– Recovery: What if the system fails in the middle of execution?
– Concurrency: What happens when two transactions try to access
the same object?
read(A, t);
t := t – 100;
write(t, A);
A = €400 read(B, t); A = €300
B = €200 t := t + 100; B = €300
write(t, B)
76
WIS
 Transactions: the ACID principle
• Atomicity
– A transaction is either executed completely (commit) or not at all
(abort).
• Consistency
– A transaction transforms a consistent database state into a
(possibly different) consistent database state.
• Isolation
– A transaction is executed in isolation (i.e., does not see any effect
of other concurrently running (“uncommitted“) transactions).
• Durability
– A successfully completed (“committed“) transaction has a
permanent effect on the database.

77
WIS
 Atomicity
• “All or nothing”
– E.g., failures during the transaction should be
handled
read(A, t);
t := t – 100;
write(t, A);
A = €400 ---CRASH!--- A = €300
B = €200 read(B, t); B = €200
t := t + 100;
write(t, B)

■ Can be dealt with by undoing the effects of failed transactions

during recovery.
78
WIS
 Consistency
• From a consistent state to a consistent state
• “Consistent” defined declaratively as integrity constraints
– Example constraint: “The sum of all money in the system needs to be equal
before and after the transaction.”
• Another common example: “Copies of the same data item should always have the
same value.”

read(A, t);
t := t – 100;
write(t, A);
A = €400 read(B, t); A = €300
B = €200 t := t + 50; B = €250
write(t, B)
A + B = €600 A + B = €550

79
WIS
 Isolation
• A transaction is executed in isolation i.e., does not see any effect of other
concurrently running (“uncommitted“) transactions.
• Example here: Two people try to transfer €100 from A to B at the same time.
T1 (husband) starts
read(A, t);
t := t – 100;
write(t, A);
T1 pauses
T2 (wife) starts
read(B, t);
A = €400 t := t – 100; A = €300
B = €200 T2 pauses B = €100
T1 restarts
read(B, t);
t := t + 100;
write(t, B)
T1 commits
T2 restarts
write(t, B);
T2 commits 80
WIS
 Durability
• Transactions that reported that they finished
must have their results durable.
read(A, t);
t := t – 100;
write(t, A);
A = €400 read(B, t); A = €300
B = €200 t := t + 50; B = €200
write(t, B);
commit
---CRASH!---

81
WIS
 Summary?
• Vevox - Dashboard

82
WIS
 Summary
• In CSE1500/CSE1505, we care about
– Well-structured schemas, conceptional and logical
• Incl controlling data redundancy
– “Independence” of data and application
– Powerful Declarative Query Languages like SQL
– Query Optimization and Access Path Optimization
• e.g., incl Indexing
– Transaction Management and Recovery

83
WIS
DETOUR
Why should you care about IDM?

84
WIS
DETOUR
The Role of Relational Databases

85
WIS
DETOUR
The Role of Relational Databases

86
WIS
DETOUR
The Role of Relational Databases

WIS
??? 87
DETOUR

7 Seconds for a simple search-by-name?

88
WIS
WIS
89