See i. PONT OT EEA Rar aes Cees ud [YO bh Maal Selutivn » bee » br Borunderry Vale Aiea pr cre whi “governed by one op thd Lifolod scons within a speubed domesin and) | houndeny jean tims, on the periphery of tht iy Bee saibhation May be obtumed by extern/sh Brodie ; or a set of functionals, outers: He: domain, Cire the tetd — vaniebler of fe? Bup governed by ome, or Prove erate or fe eque Lepion § / GD. -), - PP mey bes o> scalar \yeekw — (beason ———__T AE ug | plumed ») Sheen Rescuer, below by ; steers y ede Oéepsity cacetleration | Vi con ty ety Meg ch scp Oy Hb. sly ye p= Pp 72/0 Tretsicak froblem- Grenereelly Speakiny 1 IN atker bo Solve ap * Reldowing — pmetoodl: | May be Used - (Hethods of Setaton) sneneteteeencaaesnte terraces Evoct ot cloted ot Do be a ae rag | a Po ek, oe tc AL (408) yenfe2 Hppreximte “rose ba brengs nis A A cc Cétcnten ie (EDM The problesn dovtun is to be digse Azeral pombriise curd He vedu of te hell hunction iat ang pont «~ bo be cletermined ti terms of its vadues at some of the suurcverdine point « Thorchore, in Hi method Ue severing diblerea yea] enue is froaslnmed inl a seb of? cimulkeneous Clem or pan titan) obgebric. exertions, hid mary be solved direAy ene iteedhie/ Te FDH is diffiult to use for problems wit upstal “byperiet ~boundaty conditions: — However, He FOM ts still « reliable technique for compa teational Flad mechonis- hy -tadey! FO at) Trad Function Methods . A solution is atsumed in tome of — ytkrouwn Parameter shor a L-dimensione’ preberns : Cy) = rhe ey edge ay ry 1g Y%--- ete T obkuin such unkdown Pordmeters » @ Extremice cr functional over te whole devtcein “THe Vonishioncel — expprocch* WD) MAM —) C4) = extremum Medujmcar Fonction | Stotioncay “) aoe a =Q°: (Governing Wi Mereatial ey ection ) x ye solemn fs that uhied cxwhii flor: a ie = Sheer Ake decdy 2 Oxbremum —- Meche nHee S20 —» !” veacsm Ax Lie OX 20 Use 2 TRS procedure i fatowrn, ots el’ * Rayleigh ofa method * 4h Minnie th weighted error cbtained by subshituting | bea assumed solutim jn He differeatinl eeucetion 4 Poy ae + res Sere J rat ars : fw feed SR i+ EL] dadyeg ‘tey where Woy) = shyt Ranesions a Precedure Is known av He® ners Cr dieet mera tuge. ( Assuaneig a Silcjle she Veelid 7b te hel domain reyvired an excessive number of terns who mes ue loud high rounching. Af errs, pea) Aiicult “te silify genere) hovndacy. con EM M ‘i Tm. od is bases! epon tried action gelled’ once tha} diicalties have been overcomes as Folas; Te ucihtade He sadiibechion A bowndory conditions , pointes disercheatin” is used. Je solution enn be expressed. in beems “ oa Male, and interpoleation shape finctin = Pieewise — diseehzatin emplazed in ember fo rigid A tril fanchin, Fe domoin is divided (nto a number” of. (limte elemenh) omd tre equations for eauh shen pi derived. = equations by” the while clammuin Cas Pheos fe assembled form those tt sub domainy Piece wise _, Micrel eatinThe domewh me thads (FOM 8 FED are based upon déyoek implementation ot tk glen governing , domein, dierentrnf equations (FOM) or integral @y uertions CFEM) W/Hhoued peed for further Wodilicee fio. Using bette mectceA beckniques te comin ittegration con be boashrwed ito a boundory inteyi ce) ; Jf Tea cy : f for) dp 4 Ifo dey nee = danctin very Dingle lean imlegprok C Te boundary -sntegrel proWlem Con be salued by sing bechniques similbr to thote empliged Rr He FEM. Te houndery i dinded into & Toe of sud-hei Setedeey nn Be equcthen Rov th whole bo ndesr Cun assem in terms af those derived ar ee se derive hr He bounds Seo - boun chery At The problen Nn" oN of =c085 lonb, ar conskunt- bovad 1 omecin) or “ tkmenk x eae Peasy Pletewtise discret retin, gene element baunderg p Nbounderry ( et Piecewise. dhiscor Hretiny13. Caleutus of VricrAin ont ne vartabon Reale on mony cases a problrr muy he set pen a debiide i i vb wWheh He ieyren! con howe variuble Archie bu wn oth bd tints x, and x. yp ew, ie at “Lx, Ua, Uer)-) dx =) Pe "hag problem in “variatenal calculus % Gi «(2 debrmine he foncton ua) that cae nee bo be ether a MeKinmn or a minimum Cas : Te 09) wil Je required to satis corteuin bovrdlenj condite " © CU), ond UoK) gee pricribed). TF visuelire how X, might bth Marratiins of Lucy) , it will ipmgie replacing oy) add Cc) eit th fnctins atoy ond Chay, chih ove sehined ot Pollants try, ; WUEUNHE My Beye lyre Bey ora Ok) | Where ene} he On cowhavousl. differenticble Rnchioy ot i) \ me py a orcneter Pas contwk te maspitude of te differeme i Sor te functions chor) ama” e8cx) Leonstent: |), Le Ta Fre, wee, St we imagine fo Vary the paruneter “C anj Creclucet¢ Kee Curve ef Tce) versus € would» by deinition of ucvt, altcrin er extreme wale when WOE UK, be Feo ; ae) Bernd [Feo de of dee : wits fe ee velac ! An de «BE get BE Qe) - aa Gia) | ley vecley (2) —¢)Hab eno GE] = BE ont eb OE mm cs | der te, a p e oe Bo that gel. = af 4 af ip Ted Substituting (4) into) a8] pee {cz ne Mu Oe mil + hede (BEd ey (etd, Bel" — |b) td €r0 e Ie A o=[TH-£Q EYL Ph + el —- GR f Ty berm is tev becaute Yeo then # fed de a (evasion frag BCR te 0g frr orbiter Pex), th delinte dteyred Ft th fuactonel XK attains an extreme alue Wo the integread of He definite ‘they read aatishres He lowing Stare equettion if = d (2) eo —_ (7) ~ Tes is euile tk Babe Liang equection SSE from ves tin (), it con be s uo in ted t (es sel” CA Uo) dvJ-- es P He definite red —«8) Rk Wariation # tle functional He occur ots a rest of Variation at te fle Ui. Le ie ipypartont fo distingulsh between even of ucg ay te | charge, of UCX) RB resipaniins to a ft ed change “dy” clony pri Cungiit ‘defined by uc end the vurection of UG) as te chaye | in tha function as we mnve fom one curve to another af. a constant *x*. he |JK variahion of ucd ts be be denoted 4 BU aad to we expel the. diMerene' betveen tivo Curves CK) aad cK), From eduction ¢ bo Variadion tts BUs © My). ——__= (9) an Tq a mamer analegous to diblerentiation, yurution ead iWegrahion ore (Commutative, aad “the variation of sums, products and sa ony | Sebeys te plans oP diferentiution. — Front eqjuertiin (8) ‘ i: ST = fC SF Cx, ucn), Gey) dx ! We voriation oP ‘the integrand con be ed in x fheylowd “with (x) assuined fo be Sone Droppi t higher ones fie don be proyed that Sf- 2 suse sa (ie) if § ! U ple a 9 | i re $= f Bi Sur M Sih [A + af cs] dee a e : 3 ‘S i hee % du) Sra ae fH eros 1s ep by te difhreatiol of th Tatenredting th 2 tem by ports yields be SH [TR ~ tab) be dee BE Sup —— ety Comporisoa ef WW wiK GS) shows that a tiancel, iA oibtrary varielon 5u0g reldled to Thy te halter oo see dal the vamishiag of the funetional, (S720),.— Gan fs necessary condition for the evisterce of He extreme value of the finctionl. Recalling Cquattions (11) and (12), You should ‘ thax tHe Euler equedion in the variedion form of e4() yield the. differential eqwation of tk probkm. If we have tHe diRerentia) equation of the proflem, why not substitute that ity (u) In the plage of the Fuler eq vation cad operutor on te inkegrond & bring the Verrietion cpentor cidside the integral Sign? For the euse of fixed end conditions ond a differential equctdion represented hy Lucls Po Ry hel is a differential opera; | “TE sterting point for tte determination of fle fenctional pe be $= [tLues ~-Rasu de eo gd ad et ener tiny # ae tsExample No 4 "sheady ~state waicial heat Plow ; Hey ~ Hoy ts He distabuted heal sowee Capped 0, heat flax) (energy [ time -lemjth ) gq } yar Ore He beet Plo ext th ends (ev ‘ : * (4 ts tk heat Pow per ynit orc é et hounderics of rg differcatia| efement —~> + SE di Nppl cation of he energy balone €o0 He clement ay 4 a au 4 yields tor HCAQ- Hexy 0 A Soa he x Buriers tans + qe-kdt wu Kk ts He tHarmeal iat (ene fanwths’ i Tie the temperaatore ty wile 7 sme & Ak i+ Hoy =o a) sSubstikte (HH) into (13), we will fave te slocting point a derivation of th foretiones Tl Comespanling (2 te differen tial equation of thi prbkm Sor =o= [td Ae ir, Hey] pe Ste ae 41 ST dx + [ (Hoo) ST dx | Treg reatiny #8 teem 5 oe! Cand mwaitipl ying cA teams by -1) ebtein SC = — Ak #t st} ns Jo ak fase dx- [ Hy on =e) Tony : Qz Aden k $F Tharehre S[C = Scait-@n)+( mde g L st ~[h 3 ST dy yaa sar Hs) Nee dT ast ef scat 7 exjyation (13) S00 he rew sratten as Pollen “sre (@n-aT) + fA 5 CHE xf Hay ST de k= SJO@n-on) +f! Be gp dx -f" HexyToy dxfTe Remchinca! by Dim east | trasasien problem R= OT 0 + §" AE GY da [by Tey dx —e ot tle evs =~ Alc #} Mee her | conductim feat Per» Cisi eR oye f Fy = AGT) Yess for convection haat ei 4 \ Qe Ki ART) (Newtons Law of cooling) © Ae lis the ambiont bomparahre i in Hoibdong of the agin f te medium contucting * a te ica eet tremsker eeMicank laa J a — wet, dc = (Pox) Chs—Tin) = (Mendton’s Low) Pdy ae surface grea Mery [P--- SFE perimeter of He creis sectin (* to! Tw tempredure in the region x q, Exainple No. Steady-state flow through Permenble Bey fs @ Variuddle crest- sectoral erect | ‘ (| a Ms te Plad Ploy (Volume / time) | ecress th ends of tk region — | Feu is the flos source Chad flax) (Volume | time- length) . Applying fe conservation of mass to the differential element of He medium, we A eit £ Au = Fou =e ——a det t= Plow velocity ' Hat te (laid in te mddnital has avatar, | ortiona! to the pressure gredient . Tt con wrk He constitutive pelastionship at-—g AP 2.2: (are is He coeMicieat at permeability. Substitute Q.2) iato ao we geti + Ag ae Fuso — 23 i ‘aCompare (2.3) with WM); they cre identical ia hoem, Reve Suivetlent vorrutional Porm of the differential exp ucetion 4 obtained in “— tle runner Fr He Previoys Coase, wy, Sk rwhad? srl "4 [rg a dP sae al SP dx i a iaeoaaa aC UR-VA + (48 B gee df fen Ra dr ——2 Frercise, find He Prctonel b, the following to) ) 2) Pa of beum : ' io whet Su) suntorm dished . a eS dablectin i M = bending proment V = shear x Sq ualibry eyuation of to element tedx+ dVeo Vdx +dM=zo ert... Mex) ate Uniawich eens beeen ice Fi i ky = datobuted eine 3 rt omy ceet aimee % A ecrou-sectional oea o% SF de aA dhs (or esE du) A U.- diplucement in x direction Dei eI osetia rT ¥ | ay ans N= -CVitr y+ Ml qt h,+ Py dy lig algae i b A Ms ie ace’ DJl=-Bu-fs +[ BE dads f Toy tea 4 a ‘ AYwe 3, ee ony =o) Te de + (y+ Gedy) 4 “C+ 48 ay) — ps \ 5 des oF As Oy dB dx +A, Bt aes) i Blast] DEA ho re ay Gir whoo. -eopacthiy " Cota, bei} ie + Teshne el] ito (3) 4. “eg “d. “s Bee She dx | [4 ais bas e Hsu ( Ti Sua ay prt BGP. ne ‘da ‘Sul. z% Ne #4 es weSapa Went fla, ee er 4, esce\e =~ Hey j ay = 4A + 1+ $840 (Ar tt te) ~ He de =o AI 4 ki, ase = ~4At BA +t Bole +4 tba + ds ees sos Ake ag 4 tt — Hoy =o A (44) -Hai~e fourew law 4=-K fe ligz)—Wodme an Sir= = Sia Asse + Ke J $7 ox KG spe ‘5 fe Hay ST olx # me | st =< gio ~ fade g Zey) dy 4 /t St dy 4 “ Ry \ an er = sangtol + ‘aw’ d2)s (22) ol f ia “std * “Sirs ast > Anes tT) oe = (ty st dr x srr=s [arf + ii es df of. 7 de]Posen a> — Ts) | fine jaep oer 2 \ T | ira C+ dEde) (ded dn) + Tey dks, \ a. IA A GME de AAG da le AM GH sTandkne ae has be an Ie ar he [ ae - a AxeB dx Go, at + Ak +w=6 Aeabe te =o. Ge Fe =e di Cos Ada) + Te = 0 epee) oe % we * ae | [Fae MTs | Sek = f dae 5 de + | T sack am ti aA x - 7E\ 4 ¥ = vas a aed tea ob J Sud | po Fe — feel) 5) + pms Pia or ee heipee. [eare fous | |Ar “5 [Gu (444) — | ea de + At Mayen T= Ben sf § (Ae en (Teuy de Ta ) mi 2 i . x me — fur -hy + (Aero° ae! AOnghe =3s FEET] —_ gli, ein Xe Xa the olemmet A Vy we | Af : M Cv / i (ved) mad wd A. “de +dv= ar a) @-- + Vax +d = 05 ol; Verde 5 My oe tee ET Wg, Or lepems @ BL a ee uy fa? eT = y (ETH he) Se ad t= dient)” "Gem Iv ee EL us = faa G cer = [ng po! x “ Ay Er oe ol Bw) = wr, 5 =[ = AX ) a) ou ok er# sf By) Ere af feritaae olx — | ec _ _ d “as x . x - Le Sf, 7 Lf 5(2y ol ~ [ Fae. st =% jerge | — J2q@y* = | fy a a ip aha xr i f= OS) + | als oo Me xy Xeample sie te _P _ Peranet bangs, Diflirantol putes ELFL=P eS cr xu Te rr dw_p) sw. d sre | (EI P) Be om K gs Xe vam= [ELE oom se a = fy Soo my, dk * lier Per dy emda — J Ps e \ x Ke , Pimp lt lisa) = Ba sol ar= er ty we - J eras olx J P80 A | 3, *y 49 Fy Re b= erg su[” = (Ee SAE = | Rass lx x oe oan es Ke ‘sroer ds )& Le su, ax - J PR. Sei. olx 1 8) | x Re | fir= eggs — [eo be gate - [Pb dk | i Te, “ x =e dl ay é fd dx) = | A Sod SC = EL disf = “eth 4 Si fees ae te) J x ood Tok ane eri fore ig st) = | P s-che J ar Ms “ltl Ry xe sr= ont —er Fe 5/ wf f &E i (G3) (S54) dx = | Pguredk ny e re Er oe ~ prt a J ez s(t ee c Psu .de | st § erat xfHoxrra pi ea S- " 7 Difinntl guste LE +h 4X0 Xe sm= (28 +9+x) so ax < 2 r= (ae 39 dk + [seen % fr wie Pall x * rib. dk x ov ms, e d_ Ads Sia + ore | Goaiypeds + ['PHiae, eu RL sr= a sf - | 48 6 [0 he Jaspae 9 dé * x) | = af fi (a) s(t dk Jie] ote [i seas aod fs f s pet Ls)” dx + f "Ha eh ween xy wy ai 7 ya | sae stee af FE ins febofaaye | x, x ' (r= at, [53 We ~ Os 2x9) dx