12 | can talk about rivers and the sea A Water 6% RIVERS wide river narrow river Rivers flow to the sea. A river can be wide (width ») and deep (depth x) or narrow and shallow. itrains heavily, a river can burst ts banks', which causes floods*. If there is no rain for a long time, the river dries up’, THE SEA and OCEANS DIFFERENT AREAS OF WATER ‘The tide comes in (igh tide) and goes out Z (low tide) twice a day. Boats float! on the surface’ of the water. In bad weather, a boat can capsize and -2aPO Pe sink’.Peopleonthe © es boat may be trapped si underwater and may drown, flow move smoothly (like water). burst break open suddenly and violently. ocean a very big sea, e.g. the Atlantic Ocean, tide the regular change in the sea level caused by the moon and sun. capsize (used of boats) turn over in the water, underwater happening or existing below the surface of the water. drown die in waier because you can't breathe. ‘To cause something is to make something (often unpleasant) happen. ‘The wind caused problenis for cyclists, ‘The cause of something is the person or. thing that makes it happen. ie ‘The police don't know the camse of the accident.@ one letter is missing. Write the words correctly. & lak lake 6 narro 1 flod 7 pudle 2 high tid 8 dron 3 shalow 0. 9 waterfal.. 4 flot 10 ocen 5. suface @ Match 1-8 with a-i. m the tide t a capsized 1 burst b tothe sea 2 theriver... < its banks 3. low di. dried up 4. the width © inthe lake 5. it flows f river 6 drown... 9 of the river 7 ashallow h tide 8 the boat i went out ¥ © Yes or No? Write Y or N. > Do streams have a tide? .N Js the depth of a river the same as its width? Can you have a high tide and a low tide? Do puddles form when it rains a lot? Can people float in water? 1 Can people capsize? Can a pond dry up? Can people swim up a waterfall? Can people sit on the bank of a river? Are canals deeper than seas? Does water flow in a pond? weune Boava @ Circle the correct word. > The River Seine floats/{low9)through Paris. 1 The leaves floated on the surface/underwater {went sailing on the pondilake. The ship capsized/drowned in the storm | swam across the whole depth/width of the river. There's alittle stream/tide at the end of our garden. Sadly the dog drowned/sank when the ship capsized, You can stand up in the river here; it's very narrow/shaliow Our furniture got very wet during the floods/tides, euaunwn ® complete the texts with a suitable word in the correct form, We had some storms with very heavy rain last summer. The river which runs through the city (1) its banks, and (2) serious floods. The water was quite @) it was two metres in some parts, and you could see people's possessions (4) in the water. ‘We had a terrible day sailing on a (5) in the mountains last weekend. The wind was very strong, and suddenly our little boat (6)... and we ended up in the water. We swam to safety, but watched the boat slowly (7) to the bottom, Later we discovered it was very dangerous there, and last year sameone (8)@ B The coast 6% Our local beach’ is mainly sandy, with afewrocks’ and coast the area ofland that is close to or pebbles’ down by the shore. There's a steep cliff uaext to the see or an ocean. above the beach, and children often play in the caves shore the land along the edge of thesea, alake, ete steep A steep hill or cliff goes up quickly from a low place toa high one. protect sb/sth from sth keep sb/sth sale from sth. protection w. rough A rough sea has big waves. ope calm. there. At the end of the bay there's a small harbour’. When the weather's bad, the sailing boats’ are protected from the waves* and the rough sea, We often see large ships? on the horizon". @ which words are being defined? a small stone you find on a beach pebble the line between the land or the sea and the sky a large piece of stone an area of sand or small stones beside the sea a high steep area of rock next to the sea a large boat often used to carry passengers the land at the edge of the sea where there is sand or rocks a place where ships or boats are tied up and protected from the sea a large hole in a cliff or under the ground the area of land next to the sea an area of the coast where the land goes in to form a curve Bwoorvansun-¥ 1 @ complete the sentences. > tt was a nice day, so we went to the beach When it’s stormy, the sea gets very A huge hit the boat and we capsized The harbour the little boats in bad weather. ‘Atone end of the beach there are rocks and pebbles, but the other end is You can’t climb the cliff, it's too could see a boat the horizon, AUN e a Test yourself. Cover the text and look at the picture. What are the words?43 | can describe the climate do units 11 and 12 first A The weather 6% Word/Phrase Example Meaning pour (with rain) _| it's pouring outside! ~___| rain heavily. soaking wet Tewas pouring with rain and got extremely wet. svx soaked soaking wet. drizale v, Tewas drizzling when [leit the office. | vain lightly, with very small drops. rainbow Did you see the rainbow? bitterly cold Its bitterly cold today. extremely cold. - chilly | Ttgets chilly in the evening. alitile too cold to be comfortable. mild [ts been a very mild winter. warmer than usual for the time of year. heatwave | Thate this heatwave! a period of unusually hot weather, muggy si humid | Isreally muggy today. warm and damp in an unpleasant way. | mistwmisty any | Yougetalotofmist in the mornings | thin cloud near the ground which is in autumn, difficult to see through (not as thick as fog). frost s frosty aoy_| There was a frost last night; there's | the weather condition when the ice on the car. temperature is below 0°C and ice forms _ on windows, the ground, etc. breeze N breezy av) | Ieshot today, but there's alovely breeze. | alight wind. gale ‘There were gales last night. a strong wind. @ Tick ()the correct answer. Which is colder? Za chilly day Ga mild day 1 Which is stronger? Qlagale Cla breeze 2. Which is colder? Qa breezy morning Cla frosty moming 3) Which is warmer? Ca muggy evening Cla chilly evening 4 Which means more water? Dit poured for an hour. Cit drizzled for an hour. 5 Which is harder to see through? C1 fog Onist 6 Which means more water? Ol got wer. CII got soaked. ® complete the words in the texts. While we were out, it suddenly started to B pour. with rain. We didn't have an umbrella, so we got (1) s. wet. When the rain stopped, the sun came out and we could see a Qe It wasn’t cold; in fact, it was quite a (3) m. day for November. She woke up. It was (4) b. cold, and she noticed the (5) f. ‘on the windows, By midday, though, the temperature had gone up. As she left the house, she felt a few (6) d of rain on her head, then it (7) d. for the rest of the day. Last summer was unusually hot; we had a (8) h. which lasted for several weeks, and it was incredibly (9) m. and unpleasant at night. 8 B Test yourself. Cover the words/phrases and examples in the table and look at the payee aeB Climate change &% OUR ENVIRONMENT Global warming is the gradual increase in the average temperature of the earth’s' atmosphere, and is caused by harmful gases. Many environmentalists believe that most of this pollution is the result of human activities. Here are some of the effects by something, ‘What are the effects of glo - As the ice at the poles* melts, sea levels could rise by almost a metre in the next century. + There will be more extreme and unpredictable weather, eg. heatwaves or floods. + The earth will become even warmer because the rainforests* are disappearing. - Famine and disease will spread, and this will especially affect people in poor countries. : climate the normal weather conditions human » connected with peopl ofa particular region. melt Ifyou heat ice, it melts: it (the) environment « the natural world; the air, changes from a solid to a liquidl land, and water in which rise increase; go higher, rise v. ore people. plants, and animals fally,n. live (an environmentalist extreme «much hotter, colder, or more is sb who studies the Violent than usual c environment), unpredictable. Ifsth is unpredictable. you can't, gradual happening slowly over a long say how it will change in the period of time. gradually aov. fature. op? predictable. the atmosphere the gases around the earth, predict v. planets, etc disappear stop existing. syx vanish. harmful causing damage. injury, or famine ‘A famine is when there is not illness. harm sth/sb v. enough food in a country. gas asubstance like air, e.g disease illness in people, animals, or oxygen and hydrogen plants, pollution dirty and dangerous gases. spread affect more and more people or chemicals. ete. that harm the things environment, pollute v@ complete the words. mb human 4 het! 8 |.quid 1 pr..d.ct...ble 5 atmo.....ere 9 dius..se 2 dis ear 6 env..ro..m ont 10 cl.mot 3 fomune 7 platoon ©® Good or bad? Write G or B. & This gas won't harm anyone. 1 Some kinds of animals are vanishing 5. The weather is less extreme. . 2. The flood water is falling. 6 The earth’s temperature is rising, ... . 3. Famine is spreading, 7 The ice at the poles is gradually melting. 4. This liquid is harmful 8 The river is polluted. @ Circle the correct word. Ice is aGoldiquia. | How does the situation effect/affect you? {t's all very predictable/unpredictable: you never know what's going to happen: My brother studies the environment/an environmentalist Global warming is caused by people/human activity. : Eat your ice cream quickly — it's spreading/mekting, i Water is a liquid/ges The rainforest is gradually disappearing/melting There are harmful gases in the atmosphere/effect. 1 ey aUswnoy @ complete the sentences. bm The earth is gradually getting warmer. 1 We had a lot of e__ ‘weather last year: @ long heatwave and gales in the autumn. | think it’s all part of ¢__ change ] 2. ifyou freeze water, it changes from a | wa toas. 3. The beach was p. con With oil, which seriously a the sea birds and animals, . 4 Environmentalists p. that there will be a r. in sea levels in the future. 5 With g....... warring, some kinds of plants and animals are 4 very fast 6 Certain diseases s_ from person to person very quickly. 7 Pn has a very h effect on the environment 8 After many months without rain, there is a real danger of f. in this part of Africa 8 ABOUT YOU AND YOUR COUNTRY Write your answers, or ask another student. 1 How worried are you about global warming? 2. Do you have rainforests in your country? If so, what is happening to them? 3 Has the climate changed in recent years in your country? If so, how? 4 Which human activities do you think are harming the environment most? 5 What kind of pollution is common in your country? @ a ‘Test yourself. Cover the glossary meanings and look at the words. What are the 7 meanings?14 | can describe natural disasters A Types of disaster 6% aaa disaster a very bad event, causing harm or death, violent very strong and usually causing damage. violence N. sudden happening very quickly, suddenly apy. ground the top part of the earth's surface that people walk on, damage harm or injury caused when sth is broken, damage v. destroy sth break sth completely so it can't be used again. destruction w. erupt explode and throw out fire, burning rocks, etc, Volcanic eruption*:avoleano jaya hot liquid rock (see picture) isamountain with aholeinthe surrounding that is near or top, and when iterupts.hot gases around sth, surroundings x. and lava are forced out into the Earthquake; asudden violent air andonto the surrounding movement ofthe ground causing land. damage. Hurricane’: this word isused _ earthquake, and which destroys especially of storms in the western things when it reaches land. Alantic. Itisa violent storm with very strong winds. In other parts of the world, especially Asia, itis called a typhoon, crops plants that are grown for food, e.g, rice and potatoes. starve (to death) suffer (or Drought®: along period with no die) because you don't have Tidal wave®: a verylarge ocean _rain, Crops die, and people may enough food wave thatiscaused by astormor starve to death, @ combine five more pairs of words from the box to form compound words or phrases. earthY volcanic tidal surrounding starve land eruption violent wave quake“ to death storm > earthquake @ what nouns are formed from these adjectives and verbs? ® volcanic. volcano 2 violent 4 surrounding 1 destroy 3 erupt 5S damage... - © complete the words in the sentences. > when the tidal wave reached land, it was over ten metres high 1 During the h . winds reached over 150 kph, and many homes were either completely d or badly d twas terrible d for the island, 2. They expect a period of d the c will die and people could s. 3. The volcano without warning and the g was covered in red, hot L... 4 There was as andy storm. It was the beginning of the t @ B Test yourself. Cover the texts and look at the pictures. Can you name each disaster and what happens?B Effects 6% EARTHQUAKE HITS KASHMIR ate last night a sudden earthquake struck the region of Kashmir on the borders of India and Pakistan, and hundreds of people are thought to have lost their lives as buildings collapsed while they slept. : . ‘Thousands have now been evacuated, but considerable and the next 48 hours will be there are fears that many are still trapped crucial, not only to rescue more people but . inside their homes, so the death toll also to try to maintain supplies of water could rise. The damage has already been and electricity, hit sth/sb make sudden violent contact with sth/sb, svs strike sth/sb. collapse + Ifa building collapses, it falls to the ground. collapse x. evacuate sb » move sb away from a dangerous place. evacuation x. fear + a feeling that sth bad might happen. fear v. trap sb + sb is trapped, they are inside sth and cannot get out. . death toll » the number of people killed in a disaster, accident, ete. considerable + very large in size or amount, | crucial © very important. rescue sb + take sb from a dangerous place to safety. syn save sb. maintain sth «make sth continue at a certain level, supply (et supplies) » an amount of sth that you need. © complete the text with words from the box in the correct form. supply trap earthquake 7 maintain strike/hit fear collapse evacuate rescue : ‘When an® earthquake (1) a city, there is always a danger that buildings will . 2)... _. and people will be (3) inside. As soon as the immediate danger has passed, the first job is to (4) people from the area, and (5) those in danger. At the same time, the government will send in (6)... of food, water, and blankets to the 4 disaster area. One of the hardest things of all is to (7) a supply of clean drinking water, and there is always the (8) that more people could die, @ Replace the underlined words with a different word that has the same meaning. ® Many people are afraid that there will be more earthquakes. . fear Many buildings fell to the ground. : . It could be a very important decision - The villagers have all been moved from the village There are people who are inside their homes and cannot get out Scientists believe the hurricane will reach and attack Florida within 24 hours The number of people killed could be as high as 2,000. : The storm has done a great deal of damage. He was injured while trying to take his son to safety from the fire OVOuAWNe @ a Test yourself. Look at the glossary words and cover the meanings. Can you remember the meanings? |