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    14 views24 pages

    How Magnetism Works Maurice Cotterell

    Uploaded by

    Jean Jacques Josset

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    MAURICE COTTERELL How Gravity Works How Gravity Works explains how Electricity and Magnetism work together to produce the force of Gravity andin sodoing reveals the underlying science behind Newton's equation that he tried in vain to uncover—the reason why Gravity is proportional fo the masses of two attracting cbjects, why it grows weaker in proportion to the square ofthe distance between them and the nature of the mysterious ‘Gravitational constant that continues to perplex researchers o this day. I explains why all objects fall io earth at the same speed and why they accelerate by 32 eet per second, every second. Itexplains how permanent magnetism works, at atomic level, the nature of so-calledDark Matto, the reason why spiral galaxies are spiral shaped and wiay the centrof theearthis boiling hot, How the discoveries were made Scientists cannot understand why the postive protons in the centre of atoms simply donotspring gpar'—theirpositivecharges Electricity Gravity Magnetism repelling each other. In 1935 a researcher named Yukawa suggested that another substance or particle must exist 'elue' the protons together in the nucleus, a kind of atomic ‘velcro. But an objector 10 Yukawa pointed out that if indeed that were the case 6 R then there would have to be two types of velero~a velvetside and ahook-sde (s0 to speek) But another researcher pointed out that protons covered in the velvet-side would not stick to other protons covered inthe velvet-side, and thet protons covered with the hook-side would not stick to other protons covered with the hookeside. So another researcher suggested that there must be three types of velero (three colours, for example) But then another researcher pointed out that for such a scheme to work there would have to be three types of each of the three types (three flavours of each colour). Thus, the erazy field of Particle Physics ‘was bom. In the decades that followed Particle Physicists were ied billions of dollars to find out wnat made the atom stable nce then they have been searching for more than 300 imaginary sub-atomic particles. The Concise (Oxford) Seience Dictionary comments; ._-the whole elaborate theory is circumstantial... none of the smaller particles have ever been identified in experiments. the theory does not claim to have been verified. Colterell shows that none ofthe particles actully exist and, more limportantly, that none are necessary. To explain why the atom does not spring apart he retums to firm ground and to the pioneering work of Emest Rutherford and James Chaxiwvick ofthe 1930s and shows that by simply changing the perceived shape of \{ A URI t f ( OTTERE LL the electron and the neutron the gravitational mechanism is exposed, explaining-away the mysteries of the atom and many of thecosmos. ‘This Paperis aimed at the general reer with no prior knowledge . , iecese aceasta aoe theses ofthe same coin simply andconeisely. How Gravity Works The Nature of Dark Matter ‘The Reason why Spiral Galaxies Are Spiral Shaped Why the Earth is Boiling Hot The Cause of Permanent Magnetism How the Earth's Magnetic Field is Generated Maurice Cotterell ...aiom) cot Lene ter (© A7.2008 2009 nee Coes SaEsHAUK 30 cor Revs Feb 20, May 2009 Introduction i A New Look at Electromagnetic Radiation How Gravity Waves Propagate Helically The Archimedes Serew Proof that the Hydrogen atom Radiates EM Energy A New Look at Matter ii ‘Construction of theoretical atom Construction of the Neutron—the mest undervalued discovery in the history of science ANew Ator The New Atom Synopsis—How Gravit i How The Hydrogen Atom Generates Felically Polarised EM Radiation (overview) 1 The Inductance Cycle 2 ‘The Capacitance Cycle 3 4 5 Theory iti Works The Motor:Generator Effect hetween Neighbouring Atoms Determinant of the Gravitational Constant Gravitational Energy output of an Atom the Atomic-Amplifer Effect Conclusion—The Gravitational Force sal ‘The Reasons why the atom is Stable samt The Effect of Gravity on a falling Object 6 ‘The Nature of Dark Matter (1) 7 ‘The Reason why Spiral Galaxies are Spiral ‘The Nature of Dark Matter (11) 8 ‘The Reason Why the Earth's core is Red-Hot 9 ‘The Cause of Permanent Magnetism 10 How the Earth's Magnetic Field is Generated n References, Epilogue 13.45 Summary—How Gravity Works This explanation of the gravitational mechasm provides a causal mechanism that reconciles physical phenomena with Newows equation for the force of Gravity Itexplains the reason why the grevitatonal force i Proportional othe masses of the atracting bodies and why the force decreases in accordance with square law fcale, The Gravitational constan is defined, The reason why objects are caried to Earth at the same specd i explained, The reason why objects accelerate to Earth in accordance with a square law scale (9.806 m [32 ft] s isexplained. The nature of so-called Dark Matter is explained. The reason why spiral galaxies are spiral shaped is. explained. The reason why the Faris eoce is redshot is explained The cause of permeament magnetism is explained and how the Earls magnetic fied is generated is explained Conclusion; (Gravity] The hydrogen atom generates helically polarised eleciromerencic raiaon (wravity radiation) from polar regions that bombards neighbouring acs drawing them towards the source of the radiation, Gravity radiation then causes the neighbouring atom to spin axially (he motor effect. That atom, in ‘um, generates heliclly polarised electromagnetic energy (the wenerator effet), Both atoms spin axially inthe same direction. Henee, the gravitational frees ffom both atoms pull inthe same direction and the forces are additive. Introduction A New Look at Electromagnetic Radiation All atoms radiate, clectromagnetic eneruy. [Supporting evidence; om March 9h, 2008, the UK rexeurch establishment Rutherford Appleton Laboratory publicly anncxawced that ‘all etoms radiate electromagnetic nerey’ (Surday’ Ties) This explanation proposes that Atomic Radiation differs from lower frequency man- imadeeleetromagnetic energy (radio waves)in it i propagateshelically through space, figure How Gravity Waves Propagate Helically "Man-made electromagnetic aves (radio aves) travel teu space ih the electric and magnetic components displaced by 90° a)and b) The siectrc Wave travels vertically and the magnetic wave faves horizontally away. from. the Uansmutting antenna.) However. it 1 ‘ere proposed. thal ‘aornie electromagtete radian ted within spinning aioe. radiates helically. €) Shows the hela polarised electromagnetic’ waves that radiate from the hydrogen ‘torn. When this radiation bombards eahouring ats the neighbouring atom is sucked Towards the radiating atom, like Waters dawn ong theTengih of fan Archimedes serew(e helical radiation re polar togions ofan Sealy paningacm Schematic showing the expected dstibuion of Beronasticcnsry Womavsaie nana WON rection of rel destin of ave sm 4) The spinning of the atom causes the scmmagnetic Wave 10 propazate helically through space. This radiation sixikes| oltring atoms, drawing them towards the source of the radiation. Therets no known way of] measuring helically" polarised electromagnetic (rarity) radiation which explans why gravity ‘canmotpresently” be measure Proof hat she Hydregen Atom RadiatesEM Energy asec Seas, ‘¢) The Archimedes Screw In 1999. Erte D. Isaaes, of wheastaortetaia 2m ies | axiey Rl ao fi Seas Sere | ee mame ie ee sglinds Crea eee ere casa erase ‘Sa ena eth ceetiete Soha ae atic Bia tinta a maeeitioat Seeecerors fabegel eye er eet nat ence ine tobe ig ieee eit onionn Pees a Eres Tgp act Wee || tyre Gra.ry 2 ck ht oes | pee eeeen | PSE ace cerieg aed eran Oeaeceeeas fiona Stee oe ee Bcsoptenne "= | © ee el figure ANew Look At Matter In the 1920s, when the Nobel Prize-winning pliysicist Emes! Rutherford set down his theory on atomic structure, it all seemed quite straightforward; the smallest bundle of matter was the' atom’ that was comprised of positive charges inthe nucleus, which he called profons, and negative charges that orbited the nucleus, electrons. Different fundamental materials (elements) were distinguished by the numbers of protons and electrons, for example calcium wes found to heve 20 protons and 20 orbiting electrons which Rutherford illustrated like this (figure ii), Rutherford ety omic | [Rutherford early atom elation ‘utero fist tempt to desert] fucleos' comprrans of | [Belt comprising of orbiting the aa Tealred ony petons nd Proensipostiveciatyes) | [elcrons(nagatvecharaes) = & But later experiments showed the weight of the nucleus tobe twice as heavy as Rutherford lad initially proposed. This meant that there had to be yet znother undiscovered particle—one that had no electric charge inside the nucleus. By 1932 the British Chemist James Chadwiek had identified the missing particle and named it the ‘neuron’, because it appeared to have no electrical charge. Rutherford redesigned his atom 10 include the missing neutrons. d) He found no problem in accommodating the eleciically neutral neutron into his existing model and simply illustrated his now ‘complete atom! showing the neutrons, like small billiard balls, inside the nucleus. “This billiard-ball’ perception of the neutron would in time be seen as the greatest scientific ‘misconception of the twentieth-century, one that ‘would deny the discovery of gravity for generations to come. Moreover, Rutherford's new model, accepted by science today, fails to explain why the negative electrons do not simply get sucked into the positive nucteus, thus annihilating the atom, or why the positive protons imply donot spring apart, their positivecharges repelling each other. Construction af theoretical Atom Rushers cay om, a), depicted proers es bilan bal Spe panicles d) stows an atom of for example Caicum, caaining 20 postive pros (siown in re) and 20 negative elections (Hack). The nowy iscovere Seowcaly rowel maton (Hae) were alco show wins same alirdbal erwontion that had worked 0 wel ilstte prions. (Now. Caen as 20 enrons.n altar shown rhs agra), Construction of the Neutron—the most undervalued discovery in the History ofscience In the 19605, experimenters using atomie particle accelerators smashed togetner 2 neutrons, as though they were bolled eggs, and wereamazed tofinsh apwith positive pales, I negative particles and 2 particles that appeared to do nothing, antinewirinos; meaning that cach neutron must cor of 3 panicles 1 positive, tnegativennd Tncutral ainentino. Bui, they argued, "it dint realy matter anyway because postive cancels ott negetive and therefore the neutron is sill overall Sectically neutral”. So they simply filed-in. Rutherford’s 1950 ds arta splepearons neutron bllac-ball with one positive charge and one negative pusthsouritlndeseate parce chargeand, in so doing, missed the chance toredefine the atom. gure i ii ANew Atomic Theory The igeovery thatthe eur ao pox parle anegativeptice anda neal patil allows to gorack to whete Rutherford leit of eden [redjine He ftom ane answer the Raaihertard Enigmas of wy Erato do nt aay ge sched whe poiixe mian whch wou anno ean a why ie postive atone snpiy donot png Allis thee avery snp ehange the sirius othe om, one tat wifaow us trunderstand lly How gravity Works The New Atom Consider a new structure tothe atom as shown here), b) anc) The nucleus of the tom sil contains Jrotons and neutrons, Election stil ort the atom. The penirons are sil shown a polarsed ett fale ato Ih ater elec nerf bu usted of being shown ke Rao iar balls ae instead iustrated spikes, fong and tin atlaehed to the mkletS dh lke spikes on & chesnut shell. The spikes themselves are polarised, ons end postive end nezatve.e) Now We can Soe {Gshemnically) wythe electrons do notcrash ano the atom. and shy tne proven im the nucleus do not Spring aan: ihe spikedcrerons act hike springs, foreng the electrons out and foreing the frowns ‘Rupporting evtdce; on March 3/2008 rescarchers atthe HanMeuner institute, Berfin, announced ial eons Behave lke compass edie Sovence Pon). = “yted Near bal pve hl pray sth pe =e sie, ‘\ 38 w% gb. es wip © Gia =—_ “ae ® serine neurons 4 29 pretens The elecuonsandprotons ae kept apartby he piked-neutrons ‘Theme atom. 20 protons, 20 spiked-neurons, ‘Thepoutive pele ofeach spisd-teuon rbd nthe mass 2eletons af tons cod nthe ates The neon poste ple? bain sed for btation purpose Dua apa! he postive protons, preven ther rom spin ie alas Span. ‘The neuron acgauve pole ropa the electrons peventing fem from setune Coser to he muleus, The spkedneutens act Higepnnge fora he slocvonsoutand forint preter hydrogen atom emiting gravity bon nsighbouring stom £) The neighbouring atomis drawn along the thread ofthe helically polarised electromagnetic waves. figure ii iit Synopsis How Gravity Works Somat Eecuomuneic(ENDradiaon trv though pate wile clce wave ardtne magnenewavedspiacesty 9)" ® » [Nowa EM ration Az er “ Aisin te sii) However, the (electrically) seorerrealy ymametricl hydrogen 0m Sprsacalyandaurenomoasty Asitspis't sere helically polarised (corkscew- Spe) leceomagnesieadiation. ©) Gravity tation, tom Rydrogen. ator, ls neighbouring “ucking” them towards the source of the fadiation [analozous to ‘nator hati suckedalongthe Ghread ofan ‘Archimedes magnetic wave Tesrie wave ‘Therois noknown way of messuringhelically polarised EM radiation Pathe 96 siete dcoered that ty lecrcally nvr nat a acral, mae of 1 pontive parce. mez pare ind an anreurinsbrirntsadihecharkeorodeine ato The 'New’ Atom [2007}—containing 'spiked-neutrons! spies lecons protons rowion espa) (Poste) ‘osura ‘Gravity radiation acson be electonsand negative chugesof he spiked cures nthe neighboasng atom causing thenucleesandeleeion casero Spi lke « motor eto The electons, int, gonorate helically plansod lecvomagnene enersy—thus, the decton cage. behav like an ‘ectomagnetc penerao. [Not Cai com cpr of 20 ps, 20 decors ond 0 ypesencros sor pupusse teatro Serwl ©) As gravity radiation ropagates nay for the ‘on it devteses in fed Strongh [per mere squared} For every unit of etc melesine miata | Aiveses geomenseals. The raised energy dus reduces | by the squmootthe asta travelled (62). Talicised numbers, inside boxes, show the fied suengh of the ing electromagnetic here to. sehematically ilastake the prsiple—the diverging wave is acually coniealy-helcal and field streagtha inctenct ai) stone metres) 4) The EM enory, generated by the Pa Seee ear ie ne nee Sar mn nad LI sitet nsw? ESSE fo gerne tte siesaidaciaic Ones me Nevo pn | Sesuectenicctetets formant oner(wa it in ng toe nab Sock Caste weet inca wo te at Be crete tnt F=GmM/d? GisNewon'travjatcna gonstant CoE ee fo 5 figureiv. tv How the Hydrogen Atom Generates Helically polarised EM radiation (overview) 4) Because the proton is electrically positive and the electron HYDROGEN Glectrically negative, the particles are continually. drawn together. But the centrifugal force acting on the elecion as it orbits the proton defeats coalescence. b) As a result the space between the two differently charged particles becomes filled with electrical tension (an electric field) —a force that would bring the two charwed particles together if the balancing forces {pFollowinethesig ngsemefteclesonscollided Keeping them apart should ever fal The amount [cupatcy} of Macranalarced winter Sometecamestlites electri field that can be eontznedin the space tat separates the ofthe proton, cee heycepen tom fifferenily. charged particles is known a8 iis Capactance Because the eybndrical eleciron orbits the spherical proion around its equatorial region the surface area of the election presented 0 ibe proton varies cyclically. as does. the consequential capacitance between them, Analysis of the interaction between the particles shows thatthe clectron topples ‘onitsewnaxis a itorbits the proton. Consider the frst quartsr {Ist 4) evele: asthe clecion slies through the elect field tenergy is absorbed by the electron and man field around the electron. During the next 4 cycle the field decay and energy is retumed othe electic field. During the 31d % evele energy is again absorbed by te electron, this time inthe opposite direction than before, establishing a nw imagnetie polarity in the electron, as shown. During the final cyele the electron again loses its magnetic fied and once again returns its energy to the electric field. The oscillating energy between the two particles is thus passed ack and forth asthe electron orbils te atom, d) The resulting variations in the [mount of Capacitance [fiom one semi-sphere]aflected by the leston is shown ind). The variations in fnductance are shown ELECTRON = sad YA cycle ix Aayele Field (CARRGTANCE) @®@8@ 0 Bo ® ) Whenever the elzetron absorbs ener it drains the electric fled of some energy and the teusion between the tyo particles diminishes, allowing the electron to increas te sie of is orbit, Whenever energy returned the renee stronger ie pullsheelseonback oapositign ide tbe original orbs momentans betove return back to the original orbit. Thus a mechanical cyele also takes place [explaining-away the piezo-clectric an ‘magneto-striciveefTects apparcat in some molecales}. The magnetic Hild surowning he cleaton gan be experienced outside of the stm maning tha electromagnetic energy i ost (radiates) fom the alom mo space. A the magnate Held collapses 1 Howse downoad energy nofonly back ino he eleticheldbutalsoitospace turer aay from Iectomn i would appear that during the electric to maynetic—and magnetic to eleetric—conversion process the electron heals up and eools down. As iteools it absorbs heat energy from surrounding ambient heat sufficient to sustain oscillations, At-273°C the eleciton ceases to orbit the proton, Oscillations cease, The atom ceases toattract other atoms, n. meaning that some figure | 1 ‘The Inductance Cycle HYDROGEN ATOM ELECTRON id eye ist Aeyce ath cycle 4) The negative electron ortits the proton ‘ound itsequatoral region and cuts throush the lectc Hel that Subsite beteon ts ‘andthe postive proton. A megnte field is induced ino the Sectron making one end of the electron a magnetic Northspe and the ther end 2 magnetic South-pote.b) This lectron-magnet further interacts wih the peal peton grt orbits the proton topples interaction between the particles causes the electron to spinance [360°] during each orbit, ‘ofthe proton. ¢)It can be seen thal the endsaf the electron radiate a magnetic field from the quaiorial region towards each polar region, 4d) Radiation from the northem sector Is

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