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    The Making of Traditional Bali

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    The Making of Traditional Bali Colonial Ethnography and Bureaucratic Reproduction Henk Scuite Nordolt ‘Th nan of Bal is without doubt one ofthe most enely etude places inthe wood Well over 18co books and ates on Ba were Published Uwough soy (Letkererkr aga, Stanr-Fox 2952), Nowa faye large group of Wes cade stdying Bal form 2 "Bll 0g)" commurty that hss owen neater, conferences, an intra ‘inking order With respect antivopoogy he sand has Become & [ind of lborstory wher, except for downer pola canons approach, many of he crrent anthropological fashions re paces ‘Moreover, hanks t anthropolopet ke Gregory Oatson, Margaret Mead, Hlsed Geet, Cord Gee, fm Boon, Mark Hobart nd receily Un Wikan and Fredrik Barth, Bal gues promineny on the ‘map of Anthropelogyland. ‘Wallin the son the work by Bateson Mend, and Jane Belo eho i hes work in Balding the 930, marked te begining of ntiopoogil research on the lan! Concequety, calr wings ‘by Dutch colonial etlogsts woreether gored or onl cosuted a2 far as they were evalble in translation Swellngrbe 1960, 169). However by fousing exclusively on Mend nd her lagu the crestor the int antvepolgial image of Bal woimporan things ten be abscured. Fst lang bore adem antvopologi i= agin es binge Weslo ey at put buck unr und yay menage Sah as ‘im cae Nea Salsng ian nde nr ‘epee Yn obar Gtobwen Cearatenc. n sol Seed ea ‘rbd nor cn ng etal am ‘eee Gv ee peony cet eo a Colonia Subjects covered “traditional” Ba, the place had already been concep by folonial phuslogints and elhnapraphers and corgnizet by Dutch ‘iministators second, the ings these foegn aes ited very ‘well within the ager nln conception a Although ample tention has bon paid othe cestonof ages of al by Boon (277) with regard to ethnography and by Asan Vickers {Goo who concentrated on popula nage a wel bth have inv {ety emphasize terol of he cola satin hse proses the folowing pages I wil therefore investigate how the varius and oten ontradtryclol mage of Bal were rested, nw thesia ‘wee vlad o each ober and admintaive practic. The Nr of hese images and te practi mpiiatone iste tht power ad lznowledge were nly interwoven Ils reeds tha the clonal ate should not be seen ab 2 monolile agent since important tensions etwoen the centr of the sate and acl amines ave she othe Alstntve characte of Bal within the larger colonia context. Despite the large numberof anthropos working on Bal snd ‘hat npeessve production of knowiadge about Is oct, ting ‘hata hs sum to have surpriangly te npact on lee! perceptions, that the way Boies intlectls conceptualize thelr wn soy Instead, old colonial conceptions about Bal are sil Being ceproduced among mover Ballet ntlectilr and epoca overvnent fs, ‘ther in reports by goverment nstitions and goveientspansored ‘such projects, orn univers couse and setnar Among Bains Urenucrts an inlets intersted in tel owen sory th Duh ‘minstotor and etiographer Victor Ker i batter known tha Ci ford Guert*This eas to 2 Bra theme: he imporance of busenuctic reproduction of knowledge, eich ha ts ogi inthe cna pers Nineteenth- Century Bal “ind Courts nd Village Republics ‘The Maing of Traitional al P 243 - 245 ontbreke. 2 6 Colonia Subjects “The Reorganization of South Bll sgo6an-“Tradtional” Tnstitatons and Adminitrative Functions ‘Wit the doen of the wentth century a whole new ers began in South Bal Tectthesicsyalcourts nthe south soe dramate deen ad, Inthe feral the aren wa tre nto te political nd dali 5. fem ofthe lt colon ate. During the arn of Governor General] 8. ‘an Heut (04) the formation o the Dutch East Indies empire was Complies th testes outlde ava were brought unde West fim contol under the banner of the Etial Polcy, whch conse of 2 ‘Rove benevlen eveopeent programs and mitary expeditions Ta igi3a former Resident of al snd Lombok elt how bead an sence with Van Harn 3998, fst before king Up his appointment inBab. wa the Governor General who upon my requst for some inetrctons led met a map af Balan pushing his he acon the provioas of South Bal sid no more than “al this tobe changes” de Bruyn Kops 9st) ‘And chunge itd. ter the itary expedition toSouth Sues in 55, ‘toes Bal’ turn dsing the Years 906 through 298. Not al South Pall ‘hse Lingo were capt by fre. Tee of he srr ha pe ‘Shred inane hat two Deter ott offer ay open resistance ut 1 ‘ommesa the Dutch to such a depre that forthe ne beg hey ould preserve a reasonable deove of autonomy, Thee were he ing ‘Soms of Karangasen lant, and Dang which were ranted Kid of Indirect rule ce othe influence of FA Lirik capac 5 Ret ‘ent of Halland Lombok alter ata merber ofthe Counc of he Indes: link wanted to eve Balinese soc a "untouched 35 Por “The Making of Traditional Bal ae “ible ann this espect he was an opponent of Governor Caner Van "Heats, who wanted to weep Bl qucly and ori the"madern™ fs Inthe end both had de way, because the reraiing tee king floms Badung, Tabara, and Khnglang were subjugated by fore of Tis above all the unespecte volnce ht ecurred in Badung on Sepmberan 19 hat was to cause quteasensaton. There, together ‘wth he family and tained decd on 2 man death, he pp (r“ending” Although the Dutch dd everything to coverup the ree ‘ero led Balinese itmay be assumes that on at day more than | ‘oopeapeloet ee ives, THs outburst of volnce has never be = ‘ey vested. Atmos writen fas cultural cristo al 2 Thing ofthe past connected withthe dentate rales. Moweover, ie "oobath had tobe forgoten gully Besar, forthe Dt, was & rightare that did ott in thr El Poly. ews oon forgets ‘ocnue fr the nest hit our years (156-2) Bal was to ejoy the Pas Newt an mponed peace tha was oon coldered We 2 sna ‘racer of Benes clare, Having import peace, the Duch were by no meas out of tbe ‘woods, esas South Bal stl had to be governed, The administrative “pps f the oon stat, hich bene increasing Dresaeste, ld only function with great degre of urfornty. Concur, = ‘for amination wa rroduced sn South Bal hough he aca tas almost entiey composed of local diferenes. These erences fever presented clemma tothe Dutch, beaux, since they were in owes hey were polo Yo reformulate Balinese ety South Bal {ido even beome ew ars tbe serch ater, twas son = region Baym need restoration project lng he ine et ou in he ‘suthoctative wertngs of Frederich and Liclnc. Aer 1905 th fist Dui administtors ted ther models a2 mater ofcourse. The pve lent nol as that atin elng a bond between vlges hang topeter a ingdom-that sr of thing dil ot est every village s 2 small epic” (Genes 2905), and tat “te stations ofthe peo ‘le—vllge and sauna cee dtnctions (Van oon 36253) [nahor te Dutch were convinced that in South Bato, they would be ‘eto nd the “orginal Bal” covered wih an “aitocati ome" that ‘vat esently “alin” to the population (Damste 9227). ‘Theresalofthirseverancea heat and th poople was thatthe Da eft no room forte dyamicr of vera relauoships between | lends apd lowers hat ad characerie prcalonal Bl (Schule [Nord 199), Insta a conpartnentalion’ and wae image of Bll Py Colonia Subjects ase in hich nobles and commoners ved the separate ves na trove thi own, Moreover, eonfered onthe oon goverment [uitng end core role. The Deh ook it upon themstves to rept The dango original Bai cased by royale In 9 the Resident ‘wrote with coiidence Many excesses have comet lng tthe atk praise © ‘te ebro on he prt ofthe power and th of ours, ‘amb done aay with Hehad to admit weve, tht at tines tight be difculo distinguish "ene at” an “oyal parasite te cloial tcl wil find fr rom eny to now whether he ‘Sdsling eth an exaggerated lly based on some od intiton, fe with ah uj’ distortion of art He wil nd tales po ‘ibe he native judge and hesdmen prove t Be incompetent oF ‘tell norman” Eventually these problems were solved by appying the models con- truce by Fede apd Linck, Ths ws Delve to be leptnate ‘roy of operating sic he Baines Uienelves were oviouly to as {Show thelsoiey wer acl meant tbe Cole power and know = tege fonned the tine that reorganized South Ble soit. The Smowledge andthe perceptions that howe fom it did at excasively belong to the realm of des alone, becuse eventually pragmatic cons ‘ats dominated te dei oes South Bal oer ste” Tre CasteSton Inthe “ew onder” hat faliowed upon the has cents by the cli Ceonquet the Dutch attude toward the South Balinese nobly ws biguous On the one hand they wanted ge df the rling das i baton the eter and hy were ort uring pet the Caw cb ev such Consequently, nowibtnding he it Oat according to Lehn’ model Bal crusted basicaly of epitasanvilage com tunes the very oppo bearer forth Du cen ane ate Satan te ert of he nobly. In reson day he Nero der had been flee and Sypily uplayed good many veins trian tha known depe of pene and vera moby, ut the fig ere ech (AR Mien Flee 0 Memo anche tr) Redon a Baye “The Maing of Traditional Bal 2 colonial urease could ot tune to this dame ort of framework, ‘whi why the Det ft "bso conorm es uch as possible othe ‘heorelcalourcase system” (Korn 193217475) Ts happened in Sep tember 3930 hen ia decided "to Uphold the caste systeny being the Principal foundation of Balinese soi." “And 0 theo order was warformed into wor and id sy- tem of te dosed cates. These were the Balm, Sri and Wyo jst known ae rsangs—to which some 6108 paca ofthe pop Into belonged Below the twang and separate om them Were he “ant” the Balinese, callectvly gen the name of Sure, In adton to an swareness hat the nobility represented » unique “Hindu eltre, twas especially the clonal need fr Iw and ode and the desire fo render the herria structure persplcvou hat gave ee to this decision, Pltcl contol of Ba would he assured a long a he ‘oblty was not made ole face too mac. Thi war explicy te by ‘he Dutch administer) Fraser (130) He acknowledged the primacy ofthe egalitarian nature of Balinese society a5 formulated by Lifnck. ul eeting to the scons taught by the Mutiny of 1857 nnd el ‘hat it was politi nore opportu no to go oo fn aerating the obit Ata rel lange umber ofthe new native dakitofeil ‘vere erated rm anon the nobly In order to ngimize the col ‘al cast systen the Dut ell bck on Frideric serch! modelo Fal a vo Old Javanese code of nw Though fe with inconirtency ‘pd far fom exhaustive thn awbocks encsorth counted sb “The colonial caste sytem serve another practi purpose as well, “Tis happened when the Dutch administration penstrated South Bal by constructing an extensive rad jst. Foren labor was imposed on he Balinese, though not eveyone was subjected it Thaee who belonged to ‘he nobility or ewangs, were exempted fom hey pia laor and Inno peform only ight dates ike courier secs The Suds an he ‘fer hand were pul to work he oud eithout pay or hy ay er yar (Schule Notdhot 996 chaps). Corve lor was fam then | Engle prof of nit bebwee Robie and commoners, Obviously ray acer teoregre Pain oot eaeyourasetesenceae "= Colonia Sabjets many nema groups, uch a thse commoners wh belonged 10 Tea ou lami’ an member oe lower nob fe spec fhresend and sought oven corp. The pt wes tse mach they cet tte hei fhe work: what Bothered her at ‘Poise tt "being fl cpt fo pero creel the con ‘Sos ht hey woe Si (Kae 9376) For ds reason they made ‘Ser ert oan ternal tatu Aran on oe ies she elt Many falls of helene nobly i tr est thse dormant ‘inet es ofcaly rogue ws gly sx pombe, becuse he Slearstion betwen nobly aed nonnbity wat no lnge ld bt Sinn ig Thowe whe mised the Sat were tbe exclaed for very Sag ume! Pte canes el ems of ommaner soup hat {sty pc pg ner ial Now yt ten tuned Tope wi al he ter commanen once anew Sta ‘ine fad Sen ated Espey te marin sre of Cll and ‘lt a repented aed rervenon a ay sentences were eed {ponder ch obanae commen pup ht ey erat rary Sadie “Thenewy vented dition argo yen replay took ot in at Aen in spa coll ep estaty ences that the sesame ava that were being observed in Jvaabou the tine ‘kth lof Mappa (eu 50] are being observed in ful free i ery enment in Ba" “The creation ofthe new estes was not nly nsenoad bya few Bainse fg noble birth who funcined key indormars forte Dutch but ‘he ys as ich war al muperted by clon courts fjstie (he s- Called Rak Kel) that were heavy donned by member ofthe obi Sty. These courts const of Balinee judges rd wore ciredby a Dute ‘fc Inter were tent fsgesin Bal ony one of who ‘hase commener (Kern 193216) A a rest Bal was endowed with an ‘Binsin fase tut primary seioeed the clonal cst i trchy Arte same ine however many rule flav were fe fom dea. In bus of famines Fret hadabeady expesed is doubts on this subject ing10 when such ano, venerable podands [eahman pits) ‘vith he onpertbably ny ane benign countenance from SCRE ton sry teat tp Sr “The Maing of Traditional Bal a worn an, in urgent mater, sch afc in btinng cer {hn inormaton about a parca subjct—when much a pedand, ther the close of «cot seein of meting wraps i olan ye lowed awtookin the same diy cloth and akes up hist the sy- blondy inorder toreturn heme then nyse wale ay ftom me (rae 930958) “The colonial adiniistestion ad indeed sought refage na mystery and ent to Belle in uiorm case syst so tha wel it he 29308 ‘here as go overetimaton of Ue supposedly Hin }vanese legal Principle. This continuation of misinterpret shoud be expand {erm of bureaucratic reproduction Victor Korn was probsbly one of he ‘sey few Dutch ofc who understood this mechanos. ‘Every il servant who aries to take up duty n Bal knows tat he ‘as been transfered othe and of Hind He goer in search of ‘hat Hinduism and he fds son his desk, nthe our he es nd tomples All of which make forthe sme edminisatve (ros ove and over, without nd. Kom 199257) Legal matters expecially generated chan amount of paperwork hate Dutch adminitatrs rr for most ofthe ime cont al fies Morsover, because of te fact that these administrators were tpi ‘eaafrred other regions, they sacl hed the oppor og 3 ‘ficient amount of neal knowlege, Many admintators relied on so fale standard desrptons of heir region ht ad been made one of thei predecessors. These reports often survived for decades and ol {at the eprducon of standardaed knowledge asthe nate of the colonial administration that prevented rejstnnts of am image one tad Keen rly rooted in Bureaucratic oti Vilage Restrton ‘Wiehe reorganization ofthe nai tein the ierscleal model of Freench, th eeston ofan undiferentited caste of commoner Was lege by Lltincks mlofealtavian Bain tis rept he est smajoetyof the Balinese cared double Meni. On the ne ard they Shei ee: 2 Clonal Subjects ‘we abled by the cate syste as “Suds” but on the fhe hand they represented “asin al Tefanc’s mode of village Bal containod thee elements hat were sf othe Dutch in conrling the South Bains population. Fit, ‘rey village en a "miro-repb' second, reabonshps within 8 vi Tage ere “ete democrat thir, he llage was eigious in charac fer (Untick 927s 2) Asindiesed above, he Dutch used the myth (Gf thedemexcatc village republic ar rete tostengten the cst 5 tem Abuse of power ne pat of the nobly wa nconsivabe sce ‘be dosed egal village cnn was strong enough to hep he cbt at. With respect tothe supposed ralaious character ofthe village a atbay. Acoring to in Bal ns not onl vestened by snl ad ‘Mam but by Chita a we In a35 he wrote an are ed Bal is amigue. mor ely grained than ay her pt of he indie” in which 1h opposed misionary aces by the Roman Cathal church on Ba, ‘which would havea devaatingeffecton Balinese cule, Hs protest wae acemfl but 193 rot slam sound again when appt that Protestant evangeling ecvies were in progress a Bal, Etblahed [Baloxpert opposed the “Critn acto en blac Language oficial and dvse to the Dutch adinstration in Bali Dr. R. Cov ared that “equa ste-endangring proportion” woul be theres f vison lay were to infiat Bal, because unemployed Brahman pret would poses politcal test and “Calvino would be an agent cure Sestrastion Gor’ angumets won the day ad the Governor Genera Ferbade "Chast action in Ba. During the debate on the missionary Ise te Balinese theacives han been cone Alough co Bl ‘es nu not understand why the Dutch dn introduce thal ov el- ‘Sion~the rales rom Majapait had done thin the pas 50 why no the ‘ew masters?—the colonial aitaors were ofthe pion tat Ble ‘ese clrewasso fae nd i ft ineapable of standing on own ft ‘hath shoal pena deci on Behalf of Bh Inthe eld of adacation the sone ot of thing applied. nial there ud been much demand for Westrveducte young people fl up the lower ranks of the Balnzs administrative corp. But round 150, whan “populace” guned ground the ie tuned “What are ef ih all those Dutchspeating Bane?” Kom atk. Later he aod th higher colonial edueaton groomed ind of half baked intloctals making fora ftfl lment in a sll prmlve society." Asa res, sop Sitiingsm macmost wenn seme LARA NMR WO Admit eng Vor gk KILY Ca Ke Os) , Clonal Subjects cesta higher eduction we purport bloke Instead moe atetion ian given the fhmryenrelmenary edveation in village schol weaver to prevent young people fom being exposed o undeinble Tbfounces the cursculam wa adapts to the “indigenous atmosphere” throughs process called “balinization."» Nether the rested aces 12 Rorbty education nox the Balin of he curiam could prevent Siang line ro coming int contact with ew des. This happened peal inthe infal choos esas on al by Javanese ep ‘SStnsverof the atonlt movement These schools attracted many st ‘nts who were dened enzy to the government choos and spread the ‘ed ofnatonalsm over Bai® {In conjnction withthe pursed edcatinal policy thease system too, was meteuloulymainned, Primacy oFhe caste hiarchy wat (SRlstuores bythe restoration othe ld dymasties and guarded with 2 bythe courts offrtice. Even so there was ome commotion when ding {he psn an acon of commanes was exsist that opposed the IRereing caste bir win the indigenous ministrative op. IS ‘Bonbon pleaded for assent in tors of achievement ater tha ‘ita but doe to colonial ntererency he assotion was short-lived taste hearchy tok precedence * Architect and Act Stud ondbree LE “The Making of Taito Bal 5 However, Baese a rtained under Weel supervision Toward noe ofthe gs ml ut iui roup of Wester arttete {Rt and tok upon themocves o protect inlgenou cutee seas MAAR Vestn pt any nmin 9 ae KTEY cause ba nee sng re a Reet tomer cg sre het ‘Be Sina sc mon a Ne tt eo ed Be el ie 2 hea baba gon wre See 6 Colonia Subjects decadence” and “degeneration” Prominent in he proup were Walter ‘SpieandRulph Bonnet who gave he village of Ubud teratoal fine (Vicars 9805-14) On first mpresion both Spies and Bonnet ad gone very ative and were, camparson with Dutch amiisatn, ‘nclon coat withthe Balinese population On the oer and, however "hey il Belongs othe “case of West powerhlders and displayed tbengnbtcomrivepatraisn. A teling stance of ts attudele the olowing statement by Spe. Upon uss ace that woul contribute to care an in possesion af certain degre of owe ofthe development and demise of ‘ther, widely diverse aces an her ative art—deeles the task Poin tothe arn which elt of ndgenous,oigia herent cn Sointerms of dling decay af ative art to warofthe dv con [Sequences when modern afectations ae short-sighted adoped 10 tn cy Bind spr oping lo ‘Sons of at taken ove fom strange races ad with complete ck of snderstandlng * altyes onthrerk& ‘rica, he sane Westem ris who ware agus sone and doy ected the ost npr! iran Sth Blese Fring erms ford ey and martin The may Jeet fle panings tn creme fom ag i opt prone pen dora ature, Bnew scat prey pe ng cinco ser rs ng al wos aps {itl was ld worl toh etn song oer Spies ‘Booch slated te main of male ping ht Reed nm te ns oft SB Ea tose tt yaa en ‘sin iar eed Citgo evecare dingbat o ‘Bling treo thos dn i nee ee sant anny oes ae nse end a nteingderepear ‘Shaved geen lee Te nee ceame ant nope (nur anor ond meyer eee ‘Sco Wasumieencs Aug pnw! mone pa ‘The Maing of Traiiona Bal ” elinen ontbreckbh Ada Structure, and Personality “The pic of the lt collate toward Bal was character by ‘aor confadtion, On the one hand, she Dutch wtf protect he [land rom ev influenes ee maton, lan, Christa, and West fa "decadence" by beeing tos tana x pssble At the seine owever, Bal had bon uo ino he colonial tat, which unleashes nth land an evecexpancing uber of aéminsiratve us and ser ‘ows Gradual became ls hat one of he mos dangerous forces wis the contd fae ell To an increasing extant loca administrators ploested again! the uiorm appre of he eralized bureaucracy ravi wich inthe yes hrestaned he tana tee ofa As (ne Resident put ‘What stuck me in parila stat only by bard and persistent ttruggl is smetines poss fo convince [ental] government fe ofthe petals deans of als Thewe fesse to Iberstamp work. do not wan oak his inte acount or ack the {goodwill or the capacity toca ei uform service othe speci Balinese boy Sora pace mm spe os Neorg wh Ne ln oh ah Sctupun ates sary one men ry uy oi Tepe aval mayo) ten dnerceloneal gos pein pene vey (ng Se tp yy ac i as Tp ‘Sepia pollen ed uaetnlmot eo REDS taney hr est oo Wg See Sa arena sep oe en 3 ama ok MO Ran Meng 6 Kam pry ab wenn ey Colo Sujets ‘this tension between cra ueaueray and oa aia the study of dat became an prt ol inte hand of ea adie tts not only to conta acl act but la fo prevent uneated on ‘tation by the canta tat In onder tort this penton Resient| Dams (ig-25) hd putin plea forthe encouragesnent of aat a esearch (Dat 923, Kom 95) He sucoded, and ie wa thea ‘stator Kom who was allowed t conduct sich esac The els Were published in 504 and, na revised eon In 932 Tedioal tema of local administaton and low regarding vie ad sua, rls of age and inbetance and the ate system were ll brought tgetier in this authoritative stadar work on Balinese natn, The ble Kors rates consisted of earler Dutch waitngs on Bel, sminitatve "reports, Balinese ets questionnaire tht were db! among Bal ‘ese offical, and data derived rom few Balinese ey informants Who were lo pai of the colonial administration. Interesting Kor di very Iie aca eldwork. In contrast to is predecessor Lice he remained fist and fremont an administrate who stayed in his fice Kor not only emphasized the uniqueness of alu pine et ‘countless loa variations within Balinese adat He wn, moreover ‘wallawareof the rapid changes that took place at consequence of Dutch ‘alot rale in Bal dat ar et of writen and uneriten rales fer ly ‘fis and collective conduct, had always ben a feb ed normative fystem primary aimed at recenltion rather thang verdict Bu ‘when tase rls ere ald down sn monograph sn used in colo cour, lesb disappeared andthe charac of adat as evened Into adic prepa framed in tne teison sn approved by ‘ola authortis. This append in fale wel Kons mag ope (ox) represented Bal scoring to Dutch cademic categories an oy ‘ures resarch was hough tobe superuous.Asone ferme amie ‘eto putt "Koen bok bate ou ible Refering to Kors work loa Dutch adinsrators were aot only leo represent the interests of Bal vs vin the cena sate but to ope ste win Ball socal engineers at well tn tls pect Koen, fo trict that th sty fat a waste only posible wey ‘oparavethemesning flea ntttons and ele sino then ‘an be judged what should be preserved without tele mae bog pnerved alg with (93570) Bem Ka erp cn “peeps of Ty 9) ws ly a nee ted crcl oe Bess “The Maing of Tretonal Balt Ea ‘The Dutch version of struct fnctonalls mpl thst knowlege of “ga” insitations would explain the mechan of sacha ine snr, ne could repair hat mechan a Ua tna the ak of West fm ad experts to pve guidance to ths proctas. Coneequety, know fedge of adatemanating fom 4 power sscendaney wes ot only ‘ssl fo the preservation of Balinese scat i simultneouly lg ‘mized a provacted Dutch carlo he lant unable tht the restored sellers ad the “apie” society wold beable tnd on theo et nthe foresesble fates) [As Dutch knowledge scaled and no pole dturances ‘hate clan rl, Dat mages of Bl ee to become mote ahd ‘more static and abstract Instead of recngrzabe individual and vey ‘syle, constancy recuring mades and ype were dese the i> lage, the subak, Wadionalladertp. Moreover using the 2930 Bl coll sled arajees and spcalations Inthe ld of te symblic structure of soci. The evo fury Ate, eight, nine, and elven “vison the cosmos the bl thatthe comm re determined sal ‘structure and the bation of the “Old Balinese” wags ata the ‘spotlight of atenon Infunced By the socalled Leen Shoal of te ‘nology ofthat ime aaah forthe “primeval al sare. inepred by Scholiss suchas FE van Ossnbruggen ane H.W. Roses, lol ‘ministre Kor an C | Grader were convinced tht de the “recent lye” of colonialism and Hinde there stl asa cig iperuine Indonesian “peime” sructre in Balinese society. Th “pr "etal" Bal with ts sapped dul had tobe found inthe socalled (Oi-Baise mountain villages whe Hindi bad not taken fot en ‘where Western infuences were thought fo be abent. This expan why uring the 930 several monogzape were ween about the ey sSructure ofthese mountain aes whereas no esc was condated ‘lowland villages inal, toward the endothe cleial period the Dutch hd discovered snd understood the “ea” Bl by removing the lines from the sone ‘ial adminsatrs was ae good ax complet when foreign antopel {ts ke Margaret Mead, Gregory Batson, and Jane Blo rived tren the gps Whereas Dutch wring tended toward perce stuctarl- Real nv af poe Deh tan Nie usin nes sana nS gop wa Se ag rice lc sone euonae eA SO ‘eid Weim yy and) a, Tes os yt Erte halted Caen sp aye =. Colonia Subjects ‘Mad and her entourage concentrate on the rlionship between cular and personaly ret deny the collective Balinese carne ‘er Rough summarized they sa Bal asa sodety characteriza by ‘Russ and equilib, hie nature and cule were iy attuned ‘uch other. Jane Belo, fr instance, canlided her ale "The Balinese “Temper” as folows. wpa) (On another level Batson analyze in an nut! atthe ature of Balinese society ana Steady State” Sicha Send Sea cnn of ‘he Balinese mind was characterized by a alae, “on progresnve” ‘change (170s, Although they were of cure sere ofthe Dutch ‘sonia presence Ball Mead an hercolleagus toot that hey could “tacr out” Wester elements in orer oi atonal Bl. rial, Dowever, twas Walter Sper who intro’ then o Bale cae spd seduced then to abel ina harmonious Bal, Despite es iil Interest in echizophrenia and fear as dominant lesen f Baines i: ‘ure, Mea, oo aceped ths romantc mage in hich tans a alan were the kay notions Poiana 1g) tis expect they were als a ‘rced by the Dutch cola ofa Gris and Grader wh a een Selina wih Spex ‘Although a sight he legalistic ast aw school, with is tus ‘ural fnctinaist favor, the Dutch version of symbole sacral, snd the Culture and Personality appro had very ite in common, he id not exude each ther Or the contrary, together they stacared he trains "Balinese Douse” Wiule Dutch edminitratore had ult he house, Mend, Bateson and Bel provided ts nhabiant with ting i: ‘url deny ‘he Hidden Cin Pradie Ball ‘Ashe 93 progrese he mage of al that merged ws ne ple i place or ran orig looking oan ta praise. Themage yore hr el ings Mada a Bl ean a ot ape aw pe tr ap ‘Tre Maing of Traditonal Balt of savage Balt was forgoten tend Ba was now synonymous with ‘estan sensuality fare rasa worm} rite olen every Baines eas by nature an ars), mined wth limps of eo ange (rane) Viser 398578) Tisromantciage ofl wes ade known oth weld by he photoboks by Gregor Kruse (20) sd led of Bl by Miguel Correia (67) Covers’ bok was pubes in 197 ae Bosse he standard deipton of al rnd by an nresing numberof outs who vit the island Vicks 985234-27Lke Men, Cvarabls| ‘wate nfnced by Walter Spes when be wrote ht popular peste ‘on ofthe "happy and peaceful sane of Bal (573405) Moreover, Coat rubs summusaed te ages that had by now bean ebb and Tog thm ogeter n= wel-ounded sites: th nage of enable lite from foreign Hindu Javanese descent the lige and ubakas geld ‘eatin commutes the Blane and glib ofthe Balinese cha ‘cr combined wth desis advertsing the art and exo ake Drag the 1905 Bal presented an enape for thor ho no longs fet ar home nthe Westra worl tha war threstned by the Depression ‘sd pola! turmoil nthe word of Margaret Mes ‘Many Americans in the ian sought for an xcpe a ingle inv ‘als om a sod which dered the selexpresan. Many in he 199 sought «formula by wach we cul bul ou society no 8 ‘oom which wuld make pose on frm econo ass sts ple happiness and complenty of spiial expreon. Of auch & ream, Bll war a iting symbol (5740) mm P 272 - 274 on€ breehé Colona Subjects ‘The Making of Train Bal os Wile Dutch administrators remained ffl fo the myth of Bali's splendid bolton tnd ive Western endeopelogits and inves ‘hough of aan «wel balaneed artic cate or an exo parade, ‘ho greater part of the Balinese th 30s were dark nd imal ears Peo ple ike Spies and Mesa adoestd the view tht every slinese wes 2 ett be painter dance, cr musician but they oveokd the fc that luring the misery esos many Balinese were very eager oer Sus eld forwhich the elatvely wealthy Westerners wee wg pay In bard curency. using the sing yer of econ rule the Westen ‘mages fal had tured theses gains the Balinese. Aran Vickers (G93 14-43) pots a this respect to lhe genes of Baines paintings sd dangs cunt in the gon which anger, et and exces ae {he dominant themes. These images evoke # Balinese wor to wich ‘Westerners had no aces and that was Fundamentally urate senuratc Reproduction ‘he exis tht had tare in the early 293 set the ate 39605, petiod along the clonal er Besides economichardi, he Balinese Sk xperened several oli upheavals uring thee yer culmiat- Ing the eel bloodbath that ok place between November 965 ane Fabrary 966 when a coup i Jakarta Was followed by unprecedented smansces of alleged) members ofthe Communist Paty i Indonesia. ‘Un very cently thes violent confit have no een ied ney (Robinson 93, 199) Instead, the old and powerful images of Bal were ‘reproduced by teins ofpubentons by Dutch scholars Swellengrebel| 965,396) Mead, Bateson nd 0 on (Belo ses Covarrbie 1973), 061 thing hed happened tn between. The reproduction of the cli "mage of Bal served ofcourse the trent of he uri nds, hich was evived under he New Order rgime of President Sat. ister to modem Balinese ure guides one can esr satemete about tet ‘ve clare that stem ciety rom tows images. They now very well that ours want o Bars and many ture cocl that Bal hae remained remarkably authori in thi rapt the sSal-ocety st fnetions (Plea 930) Tn the preceding pages Ihave shown how a coherent et of West ‘concepaons of Bl was rete by only hand of poet ig make tu Arnang ther Korn became fe stot oustanding Balt exe ofthe Intcoloial pride wor acomples gure who wrested with hema

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