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    Bhaad me jaao

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    35 views13 pages

    Streeter Phelps Model C

    Uploaded by

    21je0575
    Bhaad me jaao

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 13
    eed systems. ThE Sl puriicg lal water purific = 1 eit ie ic Begone y wa pinsieal Processes solved in se purification of wate, es co, ill pension ation £8 rans, eA pes inand of themselves, but ry tg i importa ae al Lams emical and biochemical sye22St sete oa he selepant Bs are Pi ao 3 DuUTION rent cenury wastewater di it alin to pollution is iene Mal eats of wastcwater disposal ‘nonl orpoe [34325] Ens wernt sme ig be on the eal verte, and lage it ei eig Wale. Fotis prediing tee a duct plans Io preselected cose se ip Hip ls sere immediate vic o eee ‘eeu cditethought was given tothe low levels fated pet stn ie dant nea saree del pn doce tripe owe. Gon in opel mechanisms of sate ively small quantities of mie > population and industrial acti, vs ‘etait in wae demand and wastewater quantities, peste tao dition of raw or poorly treated wastewaters Int te ntti thes iit ase of water bodies for wast feat sgt eos, maximum allowable loads are stint ‘ones On when the standard maximum loads ret ® ‘titel waeees a2H andar ithe dition capacity eons Ted aang ts Semen of eatment nectar. ‘ hs ie 2 am canbe calculated using the prin ‘reloonn in ric fow rate snd the concentra jon ofa given ate a "78 charge, the concentration afer 4 C0. = OC, a - : econ clan fie etl aa re aie cone 208 the subsrits sw, and ie The foiowing example mst ‘Warm rumtenTon process wanna SeTENs 65 example 34 sarin tn In ueams (tated wastewater ets & steam #8 shown the tcomanyng gue Theoscentation ofsoam nthe stam x pit 1WmgiL snd ih ow rte 's20 ms, The conceiation of soda he wate trea Sieh ts Sma he meme souemos 1. Write a mass lance betnern pint A and ass in = Maseout Casa CoaQua t Co Since Qs the sum othe ober 0 Bos woe m4 2943 aris = 267 gil Gon 6 32 SEDIMENTATION AND RESUSPENSION Soures of pened sas, one ate most common water pola icde Gomesic and esr waserter and no fom gta urban o ultras Arucnrd in See 22 tees maybe orn or rani Tatra and/or ve organs ar he} ma) vy fom le organi Farce ia ne ane eae caids In ognson, sols ners try (Geese jae te reduced igh entation may rere he posite Teeny cheat Wick the vie of anual ania tre wt ing of uae anima at be fod by Aiton. and be abrasive fo respraory Sours such spo fb. 027) Scanned with CamScanner ature’s method of removin, Tepe il lc on ang a ean ci yi suspen Bk Sate ll ese wll abo sete og," os el snot without its Grawbacks, sediment aepoa a any onBanics tape ec mpous 0 he team a 8 a ented TE UID PTE SP on soa tacon f AY AGUA ogo aon the bottom of streamesge 3 aon. 6 a most = std se of sis is common in mes ing oF heavy rung laces te ore eee te wrbidy ofthe waters ito which they have been introduc 33 FILTRATION Ata ag amb th sambe th fen loge on rel sas ‘strane irae wah ham to the mise ‘Sibley and ther sediments at sintotaeg be teanies Ar mate parole om ee ied oes aon much more sop fase bee dep coh and ie eno enor Mins start complete by the time water enters the 3 SaaS cy wh heal aque andere the stream at some point downstream. OAS TRANSFER Rea a ra te ad es pte no OF wae san important part of gets mpeg nen Toot to bacterial dee cieeehfanenash ie kame onygen om he sa the me eat et the ater by chemical and biol Pas Costly ti stmonee owed f= Sk es OS yen nding hese maura processes olka Sige ee Fig in which a eons ye mens uid is nitty pure with res? a 2 rant gt the hs. then US of gas wil begin leaving uid interface and BECO yh i ed tetee te ss equilibrium is reached, At this point, the numberof moleuls ating the gut Frefual to the number of molecules entering it again. and the liquid sad to be aepnuted with the pas. Equilibrium in tis case impbes 2 dynamic steady stat. ova static tate in which all movement of gas molecules woul stop once satura tion occured. “Pao characteristics ofthe above process that are important in water ate (1) solubility. the extent to which the gas soluble i the water fie. the concentra: tion of gs in Une water at equiv, and (2) transfer rate ofthe ate at which dissolution or release occurs Solubility The solubility of a gas in equilibria with Fas and is exprested mathematically by iis quaited by Henry’ Ia e eo iti re ein ofthe set 5 10 roles s(6d itt) es cence, twig fo & ‘coetlicient of absorption (Henry 's eneieiets a wee ore 11 ati fect ab Oy Bae se ad Ne li) ees Tee team after doled sam soe {ther saved mata te HATES. in which «is the eq xe ‘ol Scanned with CamScanner aunt cee the boud ooeupied bY a mixture op srt tiation. According to veisonnesuitia 9 1 10 Dalton’ as Sh snc rel PSE it PFOPTHION 10s pray enh oe Pain thst Peto + PIV or Pa sing ey E86 FOF hE Bn ny ature spam acoriah tes Sig. snsiican in the range of dissolved material usualy fess suet To be prsisely accurate the partial pi — esse of water Saul rit a2) and (23). Comerion of te eu sexsi concentration C, i ilastrated inthe foes m ton aa, ly found in natu me Fi Ci . seca can ts lity of air in water Calculate the sou : Sm resure. Asume other dissolved materials nevi Rata 2th spend 9. Henry's constant for air at C6 M4 0a lope he mmo fraction SoleFaion “stioncfairin waters found by £9.32) Os gs, Wn) = 231 x 10% x $56 an nmieanes ocr una sr 6 3. The satan ection Coe tae 0) mH» 29 e810 me 372 mpl. “ ‘The solubility os can as be found by wing its opens and Dato’ aw The omponents at hy eleme espana ao Nem, o=1% co, 200% 4, The molecular mas of ltoge 25 pmol and fom Tl C2 te appenn 529 x 10% a7 ay gp 0 y= DH 10 ag, A OY 6 3 10" molt, $3 x 10-4 ginal x 2h pmol « Wee 2825 mp. ‘5 The eglbriom concentration for 0, a CO, can been! siya are 1665 nd 002 mL respective “The euilbriam concateation ofa is 325-4 1665 +002 = 92mEL “The crepancy i accounted fr byte rounding of te eseage of NOs, co, a ‘Transfer Rate rato as transfer sam important para overmed by several actors and matali dcitt = (C.- Oe ge ofthe onsestratin of ain he Ss and the atl concentration, Ce este uration concentration and te 2a coneeS reper an sean eB ene rosa aan ie sess when ee Ba eT ‘fk isk to depend upon the era seo he cber. ‘yo movement (rom ONE the ott ‘hte for tan ne ST Aree gli eft of tenet emer alr ceria aeration. Theat of transfer ily expeesed 38 where dC isthe instantaneous ate of han Scanned with CamScanner 2 ye tl stat see etWeen the 9 i eager hn phi SPP ing-mas transfer ist diemt.C, = € erent bet often ex Resistance fo mass transfer must be overcome for the process to oceur, and eae 7 ast ee el POE! Y Les eda, eae ses lab ali io Siretwane The mo ao, te ere is composed of i qittgh sep sicher the os fevsencs tothe moement fas moe, Domes cer ree obewanseeest kms tay tention antiepres ney on tonsea veme Spetman etic ngsee Tie macnn niace ate en (ESE anil. ony fon eimciesen — iyiotunema yeaa Seeger eee gid SUPeatrated with rept Tn most natural water, sufficient aptation of the bulk phases exists and the ounce ele wl bein the reverse direction (Farsi lmtacome the ming fcr. In general gasesthat are eh sole in mae, oe a : pe ie teed coer arias ceo ste that ee th guid sie. that Serve as a bari Se rset yo erpicallyi9 Fig. 3-20. Tn order ge the eat of mass transfer is most 35 HEAT TRANSFER Bodies of water lose and gain heat much more slowly than do ln or at mass, fand under most eieumstances, water temperature suits constat a changes ‘radaly with the seasons Consequently. aquatic plants and ails have not fevcloped sulfeient adaptability to deal with abropt changes in temperature Sand only the most haedy species survive such changes Thus, heat increases tend to decrease the number of species of aquatic plats and animals. [3-17] Furter- ‘more increases water temperate aft oni stength eomdutinity, dssoea- ion Concants, slubiity, and corrosion poten ll fctors aseciate wth water quality. iten constant meeorlogicconions, water thortll egaes an in finite time of exposure to attain equibium after a Beat le mote th Insite scfue trea would be required to cool warm water inexlucd to 3 Fae ie he equibriam temperature, Howeve, Bea temperature desing bene parti, equtibrium can be closely approached within prac= tneterongcal sariables~plos st the ae of ea Wa deat by or ein ver seve eset reacting eg oly Igy soe aii ee Fry rose) mach more slow tha coking in Steams wih eee thet Beata noe hare oy ition oe war rein ke te ue ot ae ee Swell contol by a phenomenon known as SFA thmal evi Fresh watts each hie maximum densi at °C QP Fine U2 Taorfln Scanned with CamScanner we sie ste monestovar KE Hezig pj sit Se oe arm S808 2 ining fee te at Pe! bef WA Ulin dena puer ayer of cool, relatively undisturbed paolo aera separated By the thermo ron Te cling ogy nt algae. THS Uaieaion i shown pt we sc usually interrupted in autumn (Fig. 3.45) 0 Me ‘sre ie aye alee sk. Wind ation can then ease circulant nt trover inthe ke’ sat PO tpi of waler reverts @ uniform tempesmene tia, spon fe Wales eeze Over 85 Winter ses ey eh tegen tan the colder waters above, form a layer aon 2, iihernnlthe quaticecosistem survives as Tong as sufficient ne sie icles 34 nie ‘cata ates are warmed by ineeased solar radiation, [32] tee! - [og 950 10 20 30 “a Temperature, “C o 10% Peat pce natu sve 73 ‘oa ee fe. bak coer | ‘ I Hypotmean re #0 4 Avot Seventer < os tt = % gee 34 Temperate pros of + dey isk, honing ermal ero) 2 Crelan; wiserstgraton and ing neem Apion Mommer ‘The nature and extent of strairation sates depending upon these depth, configuration, and {errain of the boly of water, arexvolumestage celabons trientation of prevailing winds, and hydrologic (t induced) iow aod outfow ‘chareteristics, a well swith easonal variations in texperatere. [ ‘Chemical Processes [Natural watercourses contain many dissolved minerals and gacy that ict nonedacton. chemivaly with one another in coraplet and vari ways, Ousaton-e ‘solution preciptaion, and other chemacal conversions may atermatcly 2 or ‘obstruct natural purification processes of natural water ems 34 CHEMICAL. CONVERSIONS sin omserns tht iy pa a and il ee ree ie doled Secu stein eee acini ot Biogen ct iene 9 nan ou ston. ‘rime watercourse the toa at ey won em Toth antag fe He Oe xe Su Sell-pucication of Wat be discussed subse Scanned with CamScanner aus are usually considered the mcg onus Maxcrials are equallly imMPortant gy Mi, ‘ are needed in lesser amoun, oy { cobalt are micronutrients usm ! ns that may Lake place in w, ily Try ble and therefore usable bi Cay Hous ay © art " sg puosPh Nn ol varpgttt tT bw courses ankton. ’ slybdentim- anc : version hat is solu jun iO nis A moly “ ine. ' cl emicall col dl into a form ¢ occur mn reservoirs and deep lakes Play, peril witty of phosphors Phosphorus may enter th e . rove in th yeessT™ gq settle to the bottom with these partic, ne oluble orthophosphate and become jing, mec the bottom. When ferric iron j, Nbr tromass that vel = she folowing Teac pnver sionsthat ea w i the water as ntually settles 0 tion occurs: Fe’ + PO,2> ——> FePO, § ‘he insoluble ferric phosphate is precipitated and settles to the bottom: f. the relative absence of oxygen, the iron is reduced to the ferrous form and: gointo solution. During spring or fall turnover, the phosphorus is mixed cout the entire depth of the lake, with some of it being used by plant lit recombining with ferric iron and reforming the insoluble ferric piv> oe that precipitate again settling to the bottom to await mic Ci = frags that take place in streams and lakes can helpto= cxronate(C2CO,) di fen For example, limestone and other formse!=* Solve readily in water containing CO3. [3-25] H,0 +0, H,C0,* H,CO,* veogn ins ths == H* + HCO; highly soln 4S formed Shall jum cx Uble calcium and a ies slightly soluble calcium ca carbonate ions. === Ca?* + HCO} ufler to . jos ® ie ‘stems, Protect a stream from pH fluctuatio” SO gf 8 rp the Hoch. antsy ni chemical uy ly ‘ll rg, ona tern Median! Heagg: ang ttn iatgg Sti Othe Surge Se Thee ONS in Thay cher gy tee Iese Volved j 7 ayy Burg OF Chem Ved ii . . ic , Mae tens itegy em i reat self-purification Pr pul Nese this 2 or jie: "eACtio, aneol , Matas etivgy tiation, jens ate Not spomtanee: alee WVatinn HON. In the anne tindaorada ‘Scanned with CamScanner Response of Streams To Biodegradable Orga The self-purification of natural water systems is a complex process that often javolves Physical, chemical, and biological processes working simultaneously. Chemical and biochemical reactions are conversion processes rather than re- moval processes. The nature, and perhaps phase, of the waste may be changed, put the products remain in the water until physical processes remove them from suspension by sedimentation or by transfer to the atmosphere. This is illustrated py the reaction in Eq. (3-4). Here chemical processes combine iron and phosphate into solid form, and the physical process of sedimentation removes it from sus- peasion, Another example is the metabolism of organics by microorganisms. Biochemical reactions convert the organics to biological solids and other end products that may be recycled several times (Fig. 3-8) before ultimately being incorporated into bottom sediments or released as gases to the atmosphere, both by physical processes. The self-purification processes can be modeled, provided the waste character- istics and the system variables of the water body are known. The modeling process is complicated in lakes and estuaries by dilution and dispersion characteristics that are variable with time. A complete discussion of water-quality modeling is beyond the scope of this text. However, some examples will be used to illustrate the interaction of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes described earlier. The examples chosen relate to the assimilation of organic material by streams and the resulting’ effects on the oxygen balance and the ecosystem. Al- though these topics are the ones most frequently covered in the literature on natural Purification processes, the reader should be aware that other self-purification Processes, with respect to other contaminants, may be of equal importance. 39 DISSOLVED-OXYGEN BALANCE Dissolved Oxygen is one of the most important constituents of natural water — Fish and other aquatic animal species require oxygen, and a stream lie font 4 Minimum of about 2 mg/L of dissolved oxygen to maintain higher species At least 4 mg/L of dissolved oxygen is required for game fish and some impo a wty fequire more. In addition to this life-sustaining aspect. oxygen is Portant because the end products of chemical and biochemical reactions in aNserobj ; in a UDie systems often produce aesthetically displeasing colors, tastes, and odors ater anys biodegradable organics are discharged to a stream containing dissolved along nro Eanisms begin the metabolic processes that convert the organics, ‘This Guan the dissolved oxygen, into new cells and oxidized waste products, dem ty Of oxygen required for this conversion is the biochentical oxygen Mill depen Us8ed Im See. 2-13. The rate at which the dissolved oxygen is used rade on the quantity of the or; the case with which they are bic- and the dilution capacity of the stream. Scanned with CamScanner sed om the SHEA MUST hep oat ee nanisms are KNOWN 0 gy, paseo Seen by al photosynthesig Shey hy in 0 87 : iu betes er ne With cag, ect cnt nat, Pen sia ten dp Bow the aU yn My ot doch om the atmosphere io the water Ty se on eration ad the actual eoncentaig SR, a te elt CO ented mathematically by oy sitesi ; Seta gen For canst equim condition, fh . = of ‘ed snes atthe same rate thatthe oxygen is used up. Tiedschel oxgendeftiste diving force for reaetation. The grease eee peat a of rexeraton, I follows, then, from Eq, (24) the ‘aracsion inmencs asthe concentration of dissolved oxygen deste Ap Pansy [ate reeett tpt alae metabolize inorganic compounds, with ole “rz ruatbeng ong Tefallowing formulas a simpli ep, ©:421,0 “#. cHo+o,+H,0 vo a — eh a th eed jah the ear oan malately available to replenish the Seton may te See of exesive nutrients und bie! 8 Set Th,c', osse 8 much oxygen thatthe water besom® die ac Std the deficit has negative valve in 2 itth excessive algal growths often CONES it te ee oats edu. Because age use the waste produ ATOM Pores hataaL sar #5 pueteria metabolism, majo algal atv tam within he are of rete bre at ALS, ithe absence of gh Ai tepresented By the Following usally curs downstream fom rather algae patil) Wher the oxygen is neded the cage a Energy rom endogenous casket, ‘i rection contest the aygendeman ofthe stream, ne Mather than tothe oxygen ‘heduseonsenconcamltny wh sel go in ring re nae ram hats acre a ina Cet et the endogenous catabolism may depiete the dsohed onyees the pga BARE ore, eerste Dest ofthe acy hoop pout ones ence icone het eens ie oer atin Howerr.1 include photosynthetic oxygen inadinohed epee ‘where algal growths are heavy, is 340 DISSOLVED-OXYGEN MODEL. Most all ofthe dissolved-onygen models in curent we cla in some ma 10 model developed by Streeter and Phelps in 1925. This model pret changes in the deficit asa function of BOD exertion and stream ezeration Rate of Oxygen Removal The rate at which dissolved exygen disappeats fem the steam evinces with the ‘ale of BOD exertion. Therelore it ae Substituting into Ea. (36) ay @ ana ion resus in am increase in ‘ofirming that an increase inthe rate of BOD exert ‘Me rate of change of oxygen deft. In Sec. 2-1, twas shown tha i lg Scanned with CamScanner - therefore a fixed value, . ges BOD and " ’ post! uth a Oy T mine fh. kb, i pions in Eas. (31) and 310, the sing agen st foto snipe ‘ Dou, a en seat dere dange inthe dslted oxygen deficit ties seme ne le ge aes Aner conven frm of Ea (3-12) 8 kbs en eerste lle form asthe rate of change in the oxygen dt {acts og lui, The reaction rate constant k, is the same parame doce ne: 23 andere rom laboratory tests on the wastewae Tt ‘asi adj fr temperature changes, but is not usually adjust ‘eee tan wih be seam wate eel Ox Adon rit 34. re teagan i isorder reaction with °F amin ole oxygen deci. This is expressed mathematically Sherer isthe i ae ‘tear det a h*® OX¥EEM becomes dissolved from the atmé ans net G5) and sa reneraion rate coms seine fleas te fact that an increase ares orygen df, Factors aetna tec of acy ea channel characteris | heat one eae Temperature corrections are MN iit | ig moat commen, Several models M3} re ss [316 34) the development | el, opie?) ts otal yet ‘ube 32 Reseraion constants Remit, Seika ipa and watts (Gren han ros Ater Meal & Ey le (15) opposite effets on the dtc. Ths shown praphicaly in Fig 3-12-The ate of Rig in the debit sm ofthe te nian IE Tevet z a kb, =D oy The actual oxygen concentration (C, ~ D,) has a characteristic dip as shown in Fig 3:12 resulting in the term oxygen say cure, commonly used 0 describe the proces. Conaeic ose Sipe ied NW Chances oft oy HEINE Scanned with CamScanner aes fre he oy5 COREE, 9 sate , " wo qacmd tneartne cg Ry eae en Rene EE so Petar petting eston is obtained te ™ 2D yap = hiboe as o% psn een te fm Bap senate) Tews oft aso section For Ea (16) the ae tre dita et oa eit betes of Ey 16) by the ight side of Eg (3-17) ils 278 sabe = kyLoetM" ge Tat ide egtin canbe trea fllows ra 01 pet =e Le a noe ae Spec wists iepaing fete = ata fom Me | ‘Stall ic ils | o* (army ge 1 a i tet tliat eo SP Dar se neaabe ermine fromknown bourse" iby a 14¢ NC oct aA SE rhe final solution becomes pet a Kile an in final Form om In this equation, represent the tne of tel in he sem fom the pot af ities and ts the onbytdepenert arabe inthe eqnton The ten of eaSam he point of charge any ven dowaste pot i en nbere x is the distance along the stream and vith steam veoety, The wis wPrmust always be days, Substituting values for tor x. into Eq (5-20. wail esl in a value of D for that point inthe team, point onthe oygensag curves ea th pot offowest Fepoia represents the maximum smpct on the doled W docharge This pint sclled the cial deft Dead ime, Recognsngtbat thera [i expressin for Dycan be fonygen due to wastews the ime of rave to this pots termd te crit of change ofthe deft s zero atthe maximum debt found from Eq. 0-16). Ady bbe ana be 2 p= tle oe) serial va ort wich some Te souion of his uation depend Arla te © ‘at moe diet obtain. Ft Ba 30 "ero, again because D, isa maxim 8 Diviin Scanned with CamScanner < oo wot , Guo “ yaree ete PRT she gah oF Bot sides yt ade ese ) 63 a tag png BOD ag ae A muncpa wastewater ft SS ei ae Stam, The wots eaios te est sees mo te sea flow ow and water tempera (se acum mem te ade the ahoratry and lt SE cso ete meen and seam ows. The wate? ‘tstecunsinws fo raed Iso dy, 2 BOD, of mp 868 eda empcatre of 5 C, The stream ee Res td ahve» minimum Row ate 05 oe So ote Tm seach of the stream Woe See "rosa ‘ ‘Se wasenseratram mite. sone 8011468 067 mt nop [ia Oh san 2 DA Ie ao. 10405 0m e os on = 1A. Convert to limate HOD (Roun y = 0.23 tr mare) or = W2met « Dissohed oxygen: to x05 4204007 . 7 -65mat. 4 Temperature: Bass sear on -nee 2 Cone eactin comstans or emperatre © BOD reaction ate (Eq (228) Anse =teatoar?™) aren tea 1 Scam earn rade tes wand tah, } Desermine na open bt Be iba ili ANT 22h the equi oven XE ne Scanned with CamScanner waren ronmeston noc nanvnat sos 99 these pat ar connetel by 8 sto ove as shonin the accompanying fare Toes he deste oygen pelle the stream g — e i i Racal outa dane of {482k dorpsream fom point of éiechargs S teense pts 2 75.an 10 km from the point of cha te 5 3s 0 * Diseoe and magnitude ofthe crital deci are related tothe system ae Em = 173 km rae tot tcl by he vaes of ky and x whi the magn oe defi is mst alfected by the vale. Not oy do Be cay these conditions oxygen is ranserred nat a Bh te arse material To Be ulizing the orga = 10173 «S44 a by fcatve organisms tha 3 in th ee amas Roush | Medien | Byanaerebicmetabotism. Ins decp stream. trae anaetois SET TT yay Pama Martha, Onl ater een NE Nason ees | Ese GA) lei conditions bre yeam wb stow and be sues wien! At ey ows sae acute ‘Limitations of the Oxygen Sag Curr . inn utd tea ove apparent The 3 “eto | Seoggenation an theeate sf 4c 3 “ne hice mad makes no allwanss "wos at each point ae found 10 Pe he moe sk Ba i WD. Additional discharges can De taken i

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