cane as eee What's Coming = in the 69 Cars b MONTHLY STRONAUT ADR = adventure from 001: A Space Odyssey” . the amazing movie hat predicts the future EXTRA! dee mo eS FOR YOUR CAR ema ame age Ca tlHOW THEY FILMED “2001: A Space An astronaut lost in space... moon cities... a voyage to Jupiter. And take a look, too, behind the scenes of the new movie 6y HERBERT SHULDINER PAINTINGS BY BOB MeCALL Thre future is here. That's the footing you get when you leave the theater after seeing 2001: A Space Odyssey, the most realistic science-adventure movie ever filmed. ‘Tt uses an astonishing combination of camera tricks and scientific fact to give you the closest thing possible to the actual Sensations of space travel. 2001 shows the boldness of a new breed ‘of heroes who conquer space to colonize the moon —and the heartbreak of death when a rescue mission fails and an as- tronaut becomes a satellite around the sun. Here's the fascinating scientific back- ground for the scenes that the camera caught — plus some of the amazing things you don't see on the screen that made it Possible. ‘The picture ranges from the dawn of man — which is shown with the aid of a revolutionary new projection technique — to the discovery of extraterrestrial intelli- gent beings in outer space. The existence of ‘such life somewhere in the universe is the absolute conviction of Arthur C, Clarke, famous scientist and spinner of science- fiction tales, and producer-writer-director Stanley Kubrick, who co-authored the screenplay. By the end of the movie, youmay be convinced yourself. Kubrick destroyed a mad, mad world witha nuclear-bomb orgy at the climax of his last film, Dr. Strangelove. Here he resurrects a far better world in which you find man routinely shuttling to the moon. The sarth’s natural satellite has been settled. Children have been born there and know no other home, Nuclear power and a highly developed, almost- human computerized technol- ogy make anything possible. ‘Why is it all believable? Kubrick and his staff did pains- Continued ‘Astronauts walk on the walls and cellings in the fantastic sets of ‘2001. They exercise in the centrifuge (left) which is part of the Discovery, a giant space probe, The huge wheel (shown in draw- ing above) Is 60 feet in diameter and weighs 32 tons. it actually turned during filming, but not enough to create centrifugal force. Specially mounted cameras were used to create the illusion fon the screen. The wheal had to be sealed for shooting. ‘centrifuge. Trained rescue guards stood by at ‘actors escape if a fire started inside the centef tines, to help JUNE 1968 | 63‘Astronauts of 2001 start thelr jourey Into space aboard aerospace vehiele called Orion (above). Do. Signed specifically to take man from earth fora shor trip inte space, it can take off like a. conventional plane and boost Itselt into orbit with rockets, oF it ‘can be launched into space by a rocket instead, Orion approaches orbiting space station turning slowly 200 miles above the earth. Space Station 515, 8 transfer point for ferries to the moon. It also con {ans scientific and weather labe staffed by scientsts, “The huge whee! was constructed in space by assem bling prefabricated parts sent up from earth, Control deck of Orion is a realistic mockup designed by scientists to simulate controle of 2istcentury spacecraft. Pilots must synchronize thelr course with rotation of the orbiting space station to make 2 proper landing in the core, Monitors give plots Feadouts on proper approach, Space travelers to the moon catch regular feries like Aries 1B (below), which fly to the moon bat from Spaco Station 8 on schedule. Aries 18 is p termed after existing LM (lunar module) designs; these require relatively little propulsion thrust to Journey through the vacuum of space. taking research to make sure that every- thing they show in this incredible movie will be achievable in 33. years, Recruiting scientists. Starting five years ago, they canvassed leading scientists from many nations to find out how far into space man would venture and how he'd get there. Consultants from the NASA Voyager program were hired to help cre- ate the spacecraft and sets. Their sugges- tions were given form by art director ‘Tony Masters at MGM's British studios, where the movie was filmed. Masters had 35 set designers working under him for the job. ‘Scientists at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala,, helped set the designs for six types of spacecraft seen in 2001. These space vehicles, Clarke pre- dicts, will influence designers of real ships for years to come. ‘Masters’ team designed an entiresystem of craft, all with unique characteristics, to provide movie space travelers with all types of transportation, “It wouldn't do to have the wasteful kind of spacecraft that are used only once, like today’s,” says Frederick I. Ordway, a leading NASA consultant, So they created vehicles that, theoretically, could be used over and over. Here's an inside look at the technical background of 200/’s space thst: + Orion. It looks more like an aerospace plane than a rocket, The 50-passengor liner carries you from earth to an orbiting space station 200 miles up. Orion, which Continued Astronauts plot a magnetic map of the moor (ight), not far from Busy Clavius Base where ‘moon Settlers work and live, Spherical ferries take off from star-shaped moonport to shuttle betweer moon and orbiting space station. Relatively fon ‘things have to be Drought to the people who live of the moon, They even get thelr own water supply ~ by processing crushed rock snd recovering, wa from it. Crops are cultivated in pressurized green houses’ to furnish food and purify interior air ‘Spaceship stewardesses serve passenger ‘meals, which are prepared in a futuristic, designed by the Whirlpool Corp. The stewardess (below) is. Ina corridor transtersing from the kitchen tothe passenger compartment. In weightless, condition, she can walk up the walls with ease,“Traveler ta the moon enjoys a meal in space, Food Ferries land in huge moonpor, which is one of 23 Is served in trays with sealed compartments for huge sets duit for 2001 at MGM's British studs. diffrent “courses” — which are sucked in through Here the travelers dabark after a journey from an straws, Design prevents crumbs and lquld droplets intermediate stop. They wil then transfer to short from fying around the interior of the spacecraft range vehicles that wil take them to thelr destina hhurtles through space in weightless state. tions at various places on the moon,A journey a half-billion miles through space toward Jupiter looks like a far-out hypersonic jet, is si ilar in idea to NASA’s Dyna Soar proj- ect, You can get a good idea of its capa- bility by imagining it to be a much bigger X-15. The X-15, a supersonic, high-alti- tude experimental plane, could be modi- fied to boost itself beyond the earth’s at- mosphere, the way Orion does. ‘You experience weightlessness in this Luunar bus carries passengers and cargo short dis tances—up to about 500 miles—abeut the moon. Here, itis transporting astronauts from: the Glavius ‘moon base to Tycho crater to visit an excavatio site. Their mission: to investigate a strange art fact frst detected by its magnetic properties Tao find the mysterious. intelligence, an expediter Js launched toward Jupiter In a deeprspace probe, Discovery. The huge spaceship has nuclear propul sion (left) and a huge conte ates an artiiclal gravity for the ship's astronaut rew during the halt-llion mile journey. ‘Small space pod, one of three aboard the Discovery, is used in reseue attempt. Here, astronaut is launch: ing the craft from Discovery's pod bay, and head ing out toward his fellow erewman. The pod has two robotile. arms, contralled from Inside, that the rescuer will use to grab the helpless spacemen. craft when it leaves the earth’s gravita- tional field. But soon Orion arrives at a great space station, more than 1,000 feet in diameter. It has been constructed in space and revolves like a giant cele: Ferris wheel to create artificial gravity. © Space Station 5. At the core, where you land, there is practically no gravity, but as you go down the spoke to the rim, ‘Command deck of the lunar bus has realistic panels designed in consultation with scientists. Pilot is preparing for a landing at the Tycho excavation, Investigators find that the artifact has been left by ligent entities from outer space who set an ta alert them Wen man left earth ferna. Astronaut Sent cutside fixes Tn lator sequence, in return to ‘umbilieal cord is. torn away. forced to leave ship in a reseue try. Space pod Is maneuvered close to astronaut in ‘rouble and the mechanical arms reach for him. But later problems require that the man be jett soned. He becomes a human satelite, orbiting around the sun. The ship with Its sole-remeining live ‘crewman continues an toward stilldistant Jupiter.Ingenious frontprojection technique, employed on Kubrick to film scenes like this one at the very be dinning of 2001. Actors wearing ape costumes were Dhotographed against a projected mountain scene, eh 1s bounced to the screen off a mirror placed ‘45-degree angle to the projector. The success ‘he gravitational field gets stronger until it equals that of the earth. In this space city there is a scientific area where weather observations are taken ind relayed to earth regularly. You get a glimpse of the space terminals of the fu- aire, with touches to make you feel right at home: spacious lounges in which you ait for the ferry to the moon, a Hilton Hotel for catching a night's sleep, gift ‘hops, even a Howard Johnson restaurant. ‘You can use a credit card to call earth ind speak to loved ones on a Picture- shone. It’s no prop; it was created with ‘he help of Dr. John R. Pierce of Bell Labs, who designed the Telstar com- nunications satellite, All these comforts should make waiting for connections in of the front;projection technique is made possible by aNt's amazingly reflective High Intensity Projec tion Sereen, whieh can produce a very bright picture from a relatively low-wattage source. The image, al ‘hough it washes over the actors and foreground, is rot visible. Mirror and camera must be aligned within a fith of a degree for best results. bases like Space Station 5 not much dif- ferent than in today’s airports. @ Aries IB. Soon you're off for the moon in an advanced lunar shuttle. It looks like a lunar module of perhaps 20 or 30 years from now. Aries IB lands in a busy, self-sufficient moon base where people live and work Although no moon photos from Ranger were available when the film’s lunar sets were started, the lunar surface is remark- ably realistic. For one fantastic set, an excavation in the moon crater Tycho, workmen dug a hole 60 by 120 feet and 60 feet deep. ‘Then Kubrick had samples of sand brought in from all over the British Isles [Continued on wage 184] JUNE 1968 | 67'WEL-DEX “ine ARC WELDER a eae cel cai iat cia eeearnee te te a ro ‘have reed Sout, buts brand new 196869 "Poe fat wer ceraa es aeS ae or Turd wm ne rp Set art atten as See ene Tak rt de ad seed Ge ne rape ge = peut Ae ir Stil HE" alr Siealon: ite soma lint ects a fei extn oes aig et pete ol AD Remember’ MECDEx is ‘tot law he Ol eshoned id at er ih you maybe fad we ‘NE Sent $1805 an, ty 42 dee on LOD" eed 5d mpocn foxy ENGINE ENGINE CLEANER, and DEGREASER Just spray it on hose i oft 1e+ | poruar science “2001: A Space Odyssey” (Continued from pace 671 in an attempt to match what lunar earth would look like. But no sample seemed right, Their solution? Buy 90 tons of ordi- nary sand, wash and dry it, then dye it the color it should be before dumping it in the hole to form the excavation floor. Color photos from Ranger later confirmed that they had hit the color and texture right on the nose. Operations had to close down at one point in the shooting when a bat invaded the crater. ‘There aren't supposed to be bats on the moon, even in 2001. ‘The shooting resumed when the bat was final- ly routed. © Lunar bus. You get to the Tycho crater from the moon base in still an- other vehicle—a lunar bus. This is a short-haul. vehicle similar to the lunar flying-vehicle prototypes produced by Bell Aviation, It’s designed for routine cargo and personnel movement. '® Discovery. This deep-probe craft, half-billion miles to the vicinity of Jupiter. Conventional rockets burning chemical fuel would be inadequate to propel a manned spacecraft to so distant a target, so the designers of Discovery looked into the future to provide it with a more ad- vanced propulsion system. ‘The basic design for the craft came from starting with the idea that it would need nuclear propulsion similar to the plasmadyne engine GE worked on for NASA deep-space probes. ‘The 2001 design team conferred with GE's rocket engineers on utilizing this ‘concept for Discovery. They came up with a stunning design. Discovery has an enormous propulsion section in the rear that’s separated from the command and living quarters by a huge boom. It is scaled to look 700 feet long. The great Iength attenuates the radiation and helps shield the crew. Actually, Kubrick built a magnificent 54-foot model of Discovery, and addition- al sets for the command and living mod- ules—which form a giant centrifuge that really turns. The mammoth wheel in- cludes: © A command module and a computer"2001: A Space Odyssey” that is almost like a member of the crew because it thinks and speaks. The com- puter controls and monitors all aspects of the spaceship operation. It even plays chess with the astronauts. © Living quarters where the astronauts work and relax. There's a specially de- signed, space-age kitchen and recreation facilities, ® Garage for space pods, which are small space capsules used for limited ex- ploration and reconnoitering around the mother ship. ‘The living quarters also have four hi- bernaculums—chilled cabinets—where nonworking astronauts are put into hiber- nation. The sleeping cocoons were de- signed with the help of Dr. Ormond G. Mitchell, Assistant Professor of Anatomy at New York University Medical School, specialist in the development of hiberna- tion techniques for humans. ‘The nine- month journey of Discovery to Jupiter requires only two astronauts to work at a time, 50, to conserve the life-support sys- tems, other astronauts are put into con- trolled sleep until their shift arrives. Realistic control panels. ‘The vehicles and sets in 2007 are compact and look functional. You don’t see the phony con- trols that are the rule in most science-fic- tion movies. ‘The control panels were meticulously worked out with help from Honeywell, which has done a great deal of work on space-control systems for NASA. Honey- well prepared a massive study for Ku- brick’s scientists and designers to guide them in creating realistic cockpits and spaceship interiors. Even the dialogue has been thought out, to sound like the kind of talk that goes on between astronauts in flight and mission control on earth in 2001. Honey- well compiled a glossary of space terms to guide the film makers. ‘Then a man who could speak the terms without sounding like an actor had to be found. Kubrick hired a veteran Air Force warrant officer in Europe with many years in_control-tower work, who could play mission control convincingly. Real star photos. You could expect the sky and stars to figure prominently in this film, and they do, but not haphazardly. Pictures taken through the giant tele- Continued codes Meet the sharper ‘The brandnew Kodak nee 814 camera lets you shoot sharper, clearer pictures your very first time out. ‘And fore reasons One, isha he superb new super-sharp q-element f/2.8 Rodak Ekta ens Two, itdoes practically everything for you the film. Autornatically, the new “814” adjusts for the film speed. Automati- cally adjusts for the light, too...tells you if the batteries are okay... warns when to use flash, And for easy shooting, both film and flashcube advance automatically. ‘See this sharper shooter, less than dealer's. $240, atyour rie subjecrto change without notice Kodak Instamatic’8i4 Camera. JUNE 1968 | 185Now you can easily stain all hard to brush places. Furniture + Shutters + Shelves » Cabinets « Picture Frames - Drawers - Also wicker, rattan, matting ‘and other fiber materials. Choose from 7 wood colors. Dries in 30 minutes. Uniform, durable colors. Perfect for “shading” and “toning Write for FREE colorful Spray Stain Fol DEFT) ine wo01 tth poole 1:12 Maple Avenve / Torrance, Caton 90503 Its the *MUST" screwdriver — the fits tool you | reach for when fs you're doing a job. WedgeAction POWER gris the Screw rigidly inside the screw sot. Lets you concentrate on starting and driving the screw without fuming ‘A precision hand tool of finest ality stel and plastic you'll be proud to own or give. 14 sices Unconditonally Guaranteed | The original “Wedge-Type” screwsriver QUICH-WEDGE ert eked 157 Kan. Brera CR tL P.O, Box 287, Sall Lake iy, Utah 84110 “2001; A Space Odyssey” scopes of Lick, Palomar, and other ob- servatories provided the skies for the film. The spacecraft were placed against the sky backdrops so that they would be in the right relation to the stars. The pic- tures had to be constantly changed to keep up with the various voyages. In some cases, little was done to im- prove on present-day techniques, for fear of taxing the credibility of viewers. The spacesuits worn by the actors seera quite ordinary—but, as Clarke says, there won't be much change in spacesuit design in the next 33 years. But advanced control boxes for traveling outside their space- craft give the astronauts something that’s still not available. Credibility also dictated that the as- tronauts fly to Jupiter rather than Sa- turn, as the script originally called for. “If we tried to create the landscape of Satur,” Clarke says, “people wouldn’t believe it—it's too fantastic.” But by the time 2001 A.D. rolls around, things may be more fantastic than the picture shows. Today’s scientists may be overconservative in their predictions—and overpessimistic about what man can ac- complish. Clarke echoes these sentiments. He feels that because outer space is a “be- nign environment”—not as rough on man as the Antarctic—the hazards are proba- bly overstated. ‘The skeptics claim those hazards will prevent man from exploring outer space extensively, Clarke says, but the doers always seem to find ways.” BE] Baby shark comes into the world Many an amateur beachcomber has picked up a “mermaid’s purse”—the dis- carded, horny shell that protects the eges of some types of sharks. In this rare photo from Marineland of the Pacific, a baby shark is emerging from its birthplace. tee | Poruuan science