TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (THANLYIN)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE-41014, DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES

USEFUL FORMULAE AND TABLES
 CE-41014, Design of Timber Structures

Useful Formulae and Tables

Chapter4

Design of Bending Members

ab= MC_ M
-1-- Z -<a FbFctFr

2
d +143)
Fct = 0.81 ( 2
d +88
2
_ (d +88+55S)
Fr-0.81 - -2- -
d +88
S = P2 ( 6 - 8P + 3P2 ) ( 1 - q) + q

5 ro 0 L4 1 PLL3
o=384~ 48EI 1

1 ro 0 L2
5 ro 0 L4 1 PLL3 1 PLL
o= 384~+8 GA k+ 48fil+4GA k
(I)
V= 2(L-2d)

V=P (L~d)
2
' lOP L-x (x/d) 2

v~9 L [2+(x;d)]
VQ -< CiFv
r=It
3V < Ci Fv
r- 2bd -

C~ JL,b2d
s -

ck~o.11s j:.
1
For Short Beams => F~= aFb

For Intermediate Beams => F~~ iiF b [1- ~ (~:) l

4

I E
ForLongBeams => Fb=0.4---z
Cs

Chapters

Design of Lumber Compression Members

For Short Columns => J = 0

L/ -11
For Intermediate Columns => J = d

For Long Columns => J = 1

k~0.671 Jlf
I

For Short Columns => Fe= O:Fe

For Intermediate Columns => F~~ iiF, [1- ~(~dYl

I 0.3E
For Long Columns => Fe= -
(L/d)

Combined Bending and Compression

PjA M/z+ PjA (6+1.5 J)(e;d)

-,+ p :::; 1.0
Fe aFb-J /A

f:
p/ = The portion of total combined stresses due to axial load
Fe

M/Zp = The portion of consisting from a side load carried by a bracket

aFb -J /A

PjA (6+1.5J)(e;d)
Pj = The portion organizing from an eccentric load
aFb-J A

or due to initial curvature of the column

2
For Short Columns ~ F~= aFc

For Intermediate Columns ~

=> F; iiF, [ l - ~ (L~b)']

k = 1.06 rT ---------------
~~
Condition A

k = 1.16 rT ---------------
~~
Condition B

~F·= 0.75E
For Long Columns c --------------- Condition A
(L/b)-
F' = 0.9E
c (L/b) 2 ---------------Condition B

Chapter 6
Fasteners

P = 1380 G2 ·5 D

P = 13 80 G2 ·5 D L
P = K Di. 5

P=2850 G2 DL

P=K D 2

P = 1800 G312 D 314 L

PQ
N=-----
Psin20+Qcos20

3
 Chapter 7

Wood Trusses
M = 0.107 ro L2

M/s + PfA £
_b_+ f
e < 10
l.15Fb l.15Fe l.15Fb l.15Fe - .

L3 L2
f1=32- xl0-6+ 28- x10-4
H H

Chapter8

Glued Laminated Timber

3Rv
de:-:-: [Link]

2dc,
Le= L- 12

de -de
C= -
y dtl

de
d = -(2d -d )
de e e

9roL2
f=----
x bde(2de- de)
f2 f2 £2
~+ xy
2 2
+ _J_2 < 10
- .
Fx Fxy Fy
2
Kr= A+ B (::) + C (::)

,~M
d=
baFbCr

Rm=R+ de
2

4
 1
Frt= 3«Fv

6M
fr= Kr--zs; Frl
bdc

(~)
2

Cc= 1 - 2000

2h~c
~H=-­
L

Chapter9

Design of Wood Bridges

L=S- 2bs (or) L=S-b 8 +t

M· = rooL 2 + roLbt (L - bt)

I 8 4 2
M=0.8Mi

x=3t (or)L/4

lfb1+x> L

V = roo ( -- roL
L x ) + -(L - x) 2
2 2L
lfb1+x::SL

roLbt ( L-x- 2
V=ro0 ( L -x) + L bt)
2

ro 0 L2 PL
M·=--+-
1 8 4

Vo= roo (~ - x)
L-x
VLu= Lx0.4W

VLo=k xVLu
1
VL =2 (0.6VLu+VLo)

5
 4
5 rooL
<>o= 384~
3
l PLL
C>L= 48EI

Chapter 11

Wood Foundation

Q BD2
cr1 2.37D+2.64 H2

1tLe 2 2
W =y - (B1 + B2 + B1B2)
12

B=C
1t

I 3.62E
F=--
c
(
L/r)2
PjA+ M/s<a
F~ FbCF -

nB 2
A=-
4

nB 3
S=-
32
4Q
v=-
3A
Be
r=-
4

Chapter 12
Formwork Design

L~ 4.46d (F!b) '!,

FvA
L= 13.3 -+2d
(l)

6
 ~ 1.69 (:)
1
L /,

L~ 10.95 (:S) l/2

F (Ib/ )
L=20 v Q +2d
ro
9000R 2
R::; 7 ft/hr => P = 150 + T (or) 15h (or) 2000 lb/ft

43400 2800R
7 ft/hr < R::; 10 ft/hr => P = 150 + T + T (or) 150h (or) 2000 lb/ft2

R> 10 ft/hr => P = 150h

7
 Table (2.17) Determination of the Governing Loading Condition for the Design of a
Given Column

Load,P Allowable Required Area,

Loading Condition Duration p
(Kip) Stress, a Fe -
O:Fc

22.2
(1) Permanent, D 20 50 years 0.9 Fe -
Fe

60.0
(2) Normal, D+L 60 10 years 1 Fe -
Fe

78.2
(3) Snow, D+L+S 90 2 months 1.15 Fe -
Fe

s 95 1 day 1.33 Fe
71.4
-
(4)Wind, D+L+2+W
Fe
-- -" -·-
····-·~

(5) Earthquake, 73.7

98 1 day 1.33 Fe -
D+L+S+E Fe

Table (4.1) Maximum Allowable Deflection for Structural Members by UBC

Seasoned or Seasoned Unseasoned

Unseasoned
Type of Member
DL
Live Load Live Load+ 2 Live Load + DL

Roof Member
L L L
Support Plaster, or - - -
360 240 240
Floor Member
 Table (4.2) Maximum Allowable Deflection for Sawn Structural Members by AITC

Use Classification Live Load only DL+LL

Roof Beams

L L
Industrial - -
180 120

Commercial and Institutional

L L
- without plaster ceiling
240
-
180

L L
- with plaster ceiling - -
360 240

L L
Floor Beams - -
360 240

L L
Highway Bridge Stringers -
200 to 300

L L
Railway Bridges
300 to 400
-

Table (4.4) Effective Length of Glued Laminated Beams

Type of Beam Span and Nature of Load Value of Effective Length, Le

Single Span Beam, Load Concentrated at Center: 1.61 L

Single Span Beam, Uniformly Distributed Load: 1.92 L

Single Span Beam, Equal End Moment: 1.84 L

Cantilever Beam, Load Concentrated at

Unsupported End: 1.69 L

Cantilever Beam, Uniformly Distributed Load: 1.06 L

Single Span or Beam, Cantilever Beam, Any Load

(Conservative Value) 1.92 L

 TABLE-A
ALLOWABLE WORKING STRESSES FOR SWAN TIMBERS (P.S.I)

Species
Symbol Pyinkado Teak Padauk In-Kanyin
Type of stresses
Fb Bending at Extreme Fibre 2500 2000 2500 1500
fv Longitudinal Shear 240 120 175 130
Fe Axial Compression 1900 1200 1700 760
Feb Axial Compression when combined with Bending 1900 1200 1700 760

Fe.L Compression perpendicular to grain 970 450 1050 400

Tension Parallel to Grain where Section Reduced by Notches, Daps, ..
Fte11 1600 960 1350 610
Connectors or Abrupt Changes in Section.
Fu; Tension Parallel to Grain where no stress Concentration exists. 1900 1200 1700 760
Ft.L Tension Perpendicular to Grain 60 40 60 60
E Modulus of Elasticity 1.9xl0° 1.4xl0° 1.65x10° 1.2xl0°
 TABLE-B
ALLOWABLE WORKIKG STRESSES FOR GLUED-LAMINATED TIMBERS (P.S.I)

Species Pyinkado Teak Padauk In-Kanyin

Symbol
Type of stresses Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet
Fi: Bending at Extreme Fibre 3500 3000 2850 2150 3900 2900 1875 1650
Fv Longitudinal Shear 248 240 140 120 175 175 145 130
Fe Axial Compression 2300 2000 1725 1200 2450 1700 1150 760
Fci:. Axial Compression when combined with Bending 2300 2000 1725 1200 2450 1700 1150 760
Fe..:. Compression perpendicular to grain 1080 970 625 450 1350 1050 430 400
Tension Parallel to Grain where Section Reduced
Ftc,'I by Notches, Daps, Connectors or Abrupt Changes 1850 1600 1380 960 1950 1350 920 610
in Section.
Tension Parallel to Grain where no stress
Ft1_. 2300 2000 1725 1200 2450 1700 1150 760
Concentration exists.
Tension Perpendicular to Grain '
Fu 60 60 40 40 60 60 60 60
E Modulus of Elasticity 2.4x10() 2.2x10() j 1.78x10() 1.6x10() 2x10() 1.84x10() 1.84x10<> 1.44x10()
 Table (5.4) Built-up Columns with Mechanical Connectors

Lib Percentage of strength of one piece column .

6 82
10 77
14 71
18 65
22 74
26 82

Table (6.1) Nails and Spike Sizes

Diameter, inches
Penny Spikes
Length(inches) Common Hardened
Weight Box Nail
Nail Nail
6d 2
0.113 - 0.120 -
8d
2Yz 0.131 0.113 0.120 -
lOd
3 0.148 0.131 0.135 0.192
12d 3 Y4
0.148 0.148 0.135 0.192
16d 3 Yz
0.162 0.148 0.148 0.207
20d 4
0.192 0.162 0.177 0.225
30d 4 Yz
0.207 0.192 0.177 0.244
40d 5
0.225 0.207 0.177 0.263
50d 5 Yz
0.244 0.225 0.177 0.283
60d
6 0.263 0.244 0.177 0.283
70d
7 - - 0.207 0.312
80d
8 - - 0.207 -
8 Yz
- - 0.375 -
90d
9 - - 0.207 -
 Table (6.3) Minimum Nails Spacing in Nail Diameters for Lumber
--···
No Pre-bored Holes Pre-bored Holes
End Distance 20D lOD
Perpendicular-to-Grain Spacing lOD 3D
Parallel-to-Grain Spacing 20D lOD
Edge Distance SD SD

Table (6.5) Coefficients for Computing Loads for Fasteners in Seasoned Wood

Specific Gravity Lateral Load Coefficient (K)

Range Nails Screws Lag Screws
Hardwoods
0.33 - 0.47 990 2310 1870
0.48-0.S6 137S 3190 2090
O.S7-0.7~ 1870 4400 2420

Softwoods
0.29 - 0.42 990 2310 16SO
0.43 -0.47 1240 2970 1870
0.48-0.S2 lSlO 3630 2090

Table (6.6) Size of Common Wire Spikes

Size Length (in) Diameter(in)

lOd 3 0.192
12d 3 V4 0.192
16d 3 Yz 0.207
20d 4 0.22S
30d 4Yz 0.244
40d s 0.263
sod s Yz 0.283
60d 6 0.283
5
li6 7 0.312

% 8Yz 0.37S
 TABLE (6.7) Lag Bolt Dimensions

L (in) D (in) S (in) T (in)

D (in) Dr (in) E (in)
1 jli6-Yz Y4 %
3/16 0.12 5/32
1Yz jli6- Yz o/s 1Ys
Y4 0.173 3/16
jli6- %
2 Yz 1Yz
5/16 0.227 Y4
2Yz jli6- 1 /4 1 1Yz
o/s 0.265 Y4 )li6-j/s r)/s
2Yz Ys
7/16 0.328 9/32
2Yz 'li6-)/s % 1%
Yz 0.371 5/16
j li6- 1
3 1 2
9/16 0.435 o/s
4 j/16-l 1/4 1 Yz 2Yz
5/8 0.471 o/s
5 jli6-l 1/4 2 3
% O.S79 7116
6 jli6-l 1/4 2 Y2 3Y2
Ys 0.683 Yz jli6-l 1/4
7 3 4
1 0.78 9/16
8 jli6-l 1/4 3 Yz 4Yz
9 jli6-l 1/4 4 5
10 j/16-1 1/4 4% 5Y4
11 jli6-l 1/4 5 Yz 5Yz
12 j /16-1 1/4 6 6

Ratio of thickness of attached member to shank diameter Factor (f1)

of lag screws
2 0.62
2Yz 0.77
3 0.93
3 Yz 1.00
4 1.07
4 Yz 1.13
5 1.18
5 Yz 1.21
6 1.22
6 Yz 1.22

Shank diameter of lag screw (in) Factor (f2)

jli6 1.00
l/4 0.97
'jli6 0.85
j/s 0.76
1
li6 0.70
Yz 0.65
'j/s 0.60
% 0.55
'Is 0.52
1 0.50
 L/d Ratio of Bolts

Lid Ratio 11 to the Grain (%) .lto the Grain (%)

1 100 100

1.5 100 100

2 100 100

2.5 100 100

3 100 100

3.5 100 100

4 99 100

4.5 98.5 100

5 98 100

5.5 97 100

6 95 100

6.5 93 99.5

7 90 97.3

8 84 96

9 78 91.5

10 72.5 87

11 66 81

12 61.5 75.5

13 57.5 70.5

14 53.5 65.5
 Diameter Factor for Loads Perpendicular to the Grain

Bolt Diameter Diameter Factor

1Y4 1.19
1 1.27
% 1.33

% 1.41
% 1.52
Yi 1.68
% 1.95

Y4 2.5

PERMISSIBLE WORKING LOAD FOR BOLTS BEARING PARALLEL

TO THE GRAIN
EFFECTIVE
PERMISSIBLE
TYPE OF JOINT TIMBER
LOAD (P)
THICKNESS (L)

·-{ r-r
(a)TWO MEMBERS

(b) THREE MEMBERS

J
,•
Smaller of
t _. I~.:·1 2b1(or)2b2
•· llu
.. •.
YiK1x Lx dx Cpar

=! I : l-1~:
Smaller of
2b2 (or) 2b1 (or) K1x Lx dx Cpar
2b3
I
l
(c) MULTIPLE MEMBERS
-r Al b1
A-B, Smaller of
b1 (or) b2 K1,2 x L1,2x dx Cpar
~----'--~-----' -- b2 B-C, Smaller of
·- c I b3 b2 (or) b3 Ki,3 x L1,3X dx Cpar
D - b4 C-D, Smaller of
- E_J bs b3 (or) b4 K3,4 x L3,4X dx Cpar
D-E, Smaller of
b4 (or) bs ~.5 X L4,5X dx Cpar
:ETOTAL
PERMISSIBLE
LOAD
 PERMISSIBLE WORKING LOAD FOR BOLTS BEARING

PERPENDICULAR TO THE GRAIN

EFFECTIVE
PERMISSIBLE
TYPE OF JOINT TIMBER
LOAD(P)
THICKNESS (L)
(a)TWO MEMBERS
r
rY-
Smaller of
l Y2K1 x K1x L x d x Cperp
2b1 (or) 2b2
T
I I· · . l
bi hr
(b) THREE MEMBERS
ill 1 I
r'\r-i ,-!\;-

(i) b1 but not > 2b

I f

f·-·-l·------------·---·---i----·-·l
b b2 b K1x K1 x L x d x Cperp
(ii)
1

~
I I I I
(ii) 2b but not > b1

b b2 b
(c) MULTIPLE MEMBERS
A-B, Smaller of A or B KA,B x K1 x LA,B x dx Cperp
1
r'\r-,
I
.--'\r-i ,J\,-
I B-C, Smaller of B or C KB,c x K1x LB,cX dx Cperp
C-D, Smaller ofC or D Kc,ox K1x Lc,ox dx Cperp
A~C~E D-E, Smaller of D or E Ko,E x K1x [Link] dx Cpem
L TOTAL PERMISSIBLE
LOAD

H H
b2 b3
Table (7.1) Formulae for chord bending moments for trussed rafters under uniform
loading

BOTTOM
TOP CHORD
CHORD

I I I
lo
~~
......-\" . I
rol 2 rolo 2
- 0 -
9 8
/
-

lo

//l''"(
-----;> I 11 I f--}z---71 }3--71

_,.,T~ ~c2+l3)
2
(J) cs+16) 2
,/ ~ ·1 10 2 I 8 2

/
/-----;> I 11 If--15-----71 16--7 I

-----;>I 11 I f--}z---71 13--71

/~',
/!\~
2
~(l2+l3)2 : cs;l6)
.. ,-/
. ! '· 10 2
! t
lf---15 >I 16 >I

-7 1 11 I ~Iz7 I f-h---7 I ~le~ I I ~c2+l3)2 ;cs;16f

11 2
or or
2
~c3+l4)2 ; c6;l7)
11 2
-7111 I ~15-----7 I ~16-----7 l~h--71
 Table(7.2) Effective Chord and Web Length in Compression

Member Effective Dimension (d) Effective Length (L')

Chord h 0.B(la +lb)

2

b lp

Web b 0.8 lw

Table(7.3) Heel Plate Adjustments for Pitch

Slope of Top Chord Load Factor

Under 3:12 Slope 85% of Allowable

3:12 to less than 4:12 Slope 80% of Allowable

4:12 to less than 5:12 Slope 75% of Allowable

·-···-·

5:12 to and including 5.5:12 Slope 70% of Allowable

Over 5.5:12 Slope 65% of Allowable

Table (8.1) Approximate Location of Maximum Deflection for Single Tapered Beams

Approximate Position of Maximum

Range in Cy
Deflection(Distance from Shallow End
Divided by Total Length)
0.1 -0.6 0.46
0.7-1.1 0.45
1.2- 1.4 0.44
1.5 - 1.7 0.43
1.8 - 1.9 0.42
2.0-2.2 0.41
2.3-2.5 0.40
2.6-2.8 0.39
2.9-3.0 0.38
 Table (8.2) Polynomial Approximation to Kr

Angle of Upper
Tapered Surface, 0, A B c
Degree

2.5 0.0079 0.1747 0.1284

5.0 0.0174 0.1251 0.1939

7.5 0.0279 0.0937 0.2162

10.5 0.0391 0.0754 0.2119

15.0 0.0629 0.0619 0.1722

20.0 0.0893 0.0609 0.1593

25.0 0.1214 0.0605 0.1238

30.0 0.1649 0.0603 0.1115

Table (8.3) Variation of Size Factor

Span to depth ratio (Lid) Percent Change

7 6.3
14 2.3
21 0
28 -1.6
35 -2.8

Nominal Widths of Glued Laminated Members and Nominal Widths of Glued

Laminated Stack

Nominal 4" 6" 8" 10" 12" 2+12; 4+10 4+12; 6+10

Actual 3" 5" 11

6%" 8 %" 10%" 12114" 14Yi
 Figure (8.4) Graph for Determining Tapered Beam Deflection under Uniformly
Distributed Load

2.5

2.0

de
M
w1
,.........
de IK?i.·..:!Nik .·A;p ·'·i:·.cc•. ,:;•,<!
Single tapered
"?j., lf--L------71
("<)

I
"?j"'
...._, ~
ori
1.5
,D
1.26 1.27
~ de de
N
('<)

1.0

0.75

0.68
0.5

~"'
_,,/
0.45 Symmetrical ~
~----
double tapered

0.0 I _.-:::::
~
- 0.07 I I I I
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
de-de
Cy=--
de

Truck bt,iD
H-10 10
H-15 15
H-20 20

Floor bd, in
Plank Width plank
Laminated 15
Spike Laminated
Doweled Laminated 4t
t > 5Yi Laminated
Table (9.1) Actual Fraction of Rear Wheel Loads for the Determination of Bending
Moments in Interior Stringers

Traffic Lanes

One Two or More

Timber Floor
Plank S/4.0 S/3.75
Strip 4" thick or multiple
layer S/4.5 S/4.0
Floors over 5" thick S/5.0 S/4.25
Strip 6" or more thick (TfS>5', use Foot Note 2) (If S>6.5', use Foot Note 2)

Concrete Floor S/6.0 S/5.0

On timber stringers (If S>6', use Foot Note 2) (If S> 10', use Foot Note 2)

Class of Material Allowable Value (psf) Maximum

Value (psf)

Compact well-graded sand and

gravel. Hard clay, Well-graded
Good 400D 8000
fine and coarse sand (All
drained so water will not stand)

Compact fine sand. Medium

clay. Compact sandy loam.
Average Loose coarse sand and gravel. 200D 2500
(All drained so water will not
stand)

Soft clay. Clay loam. Poorly

Compacted sand. Clays
Poor containing large amounts of silt. lOOD 1500
(Water stands during wet
season)
Table (11.4) Dimensions of Preferred Standard Sizes of Douglas Fir and Southern Pine
Poles

Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10

Minimum
Circwnference at 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 15 12
Top, in

Ground
Length of
line to Minimum Circumference at 6 Feet from Butt, in
Pole, ft
Butt, ft

20 4 21.0 19.5 17.5 14.0

25 5 23.0 21.5 19.5 15.0

30 5.5 34.0 32.0 29.5 27.5 25.0 23.5 20.5

35 6 36.5 34.0 31.5 29.0 27.0 25.0

40 6 41.0 38.5 36.0 33.5 31.0 28.5 26.5

45 6.5 43.0 40.5 37.5 35.0 32.5

50 7 45.0 42.0 39.0

60 8 48.0 45.0 42.0

70 9 51.0 48.0 45.0

80 10 54.0 50.5

90 11 56.0 53.0

100 11 58.5 55.0

110 12 60.5 57.0

120 12 62.5 59.0

Table (12.2) Concrete Form Design Equations

Support Conditions
Design Condition 1Span 2Spans 3 or More Spans

Bending
Wood t=4.0d( F!bt €=4.0d(F!bt e= 4.46d( Ftr
e=9.a(F!sr f=9.a(F!Sr' e= 10.95 (F!sr
Plywood
Shear
e=9.a(~sr f=9.a(F~sr e =1o.95 ( F12:8 t
F.A
Wood €=16~+2d e=12.a FyA
w +2d e= 13.3
FyA
w +2d

Plywood e= 24 F,.lb/Q + 2d e=19.2 Fslb/Q +2d C=20 F,.lb/Q +2d

w w w
Deflection e=5.51 ( S:: Y4 t'=6.86( E~t €=6.46 (.?l:r
If A= }{eo t'=1.72(~t <!=2.31 (~t t=2.13(~t
If A=~ t= 1.57 (~Y' £=2.10 (~)~ t= 1.94(~t
If A= %eo C=1.37(~r t=1.83(~t t'= 1.69(~t
p
Compression f0 or fcJ.. =A
p
Tension ft=)\

Notation:
e = length of span, center to center of supports (in.)
Fb = allowable unit stress in bending (psi)
FbKS =plywood section capacity in bending (lb x in./ft)
Fe = allowable unit stress in compression parallel to grain (psi)
Fc.i. = allowable unit stress in compression perpendicular to grain (psi)
Fslb/Q = plywood section capacity In rolling shear (lb/ft)
Fv = allowable unit stress in horizontal shear (psi)
fc = actual unit stress in compression parallel to grain (psi)
f0 .i. = actual unit stress in compression perpendicular to grain (psi)
ft = actual unit stress in tension (psi)
A = area of section (in.2 t
E = modulus of elasticity [Link])
I = moment of inertia (in. )*
El = plywood stiffness capacity (kPamm4 /m)
P =applied force (compression or tension) (lb)
3
S = section modulus (in. )*
~ = deflection (in.)
b =width of member (in.}
d = depth of member (in.)
w = unifonn load per foot of span (lb/ft)
*For a rectangular member: A= bd, S = bd216, I= bc/3/12
 Table (12.3) Properties of Ply-form (Courtesy American Plywood Association)
All Properties of Account for Reduced Effectiveness of Piles with Grain Perpendicular to Applied
Stress
Properties for Stress Applied Properties for Stress Applied
Parallel with Face Grain Perpendicular with Face Grain
Appre; Moment Rolling Moment Effective Rolling
Thickness Effective
Weight of Shear of Section Shear
(inches) Section
(psf) Inertia, Constant Inertia, Modulus, Constant
Modulus,KS
I Ib/Q I KS Ib/Q
4 (in3/ft) 3 4 3
(in /ft) (in /ft) (in /ft) (in /ft) (in3/ft)
CLASS I
~ 1.5 0.077 0.268 5.127 0.035 0.167 2.919
% 1.8 0.130 0.358 6.427 0.064 0.250 3.692
% 2.2 0.199 0.455 7.854 0.136 0.415 4.565
Ys 2.8 0.200 0.553 8.204 0.230 0.581 5.418
1 3.0 0.427 0.737 9.071 0.373 0.798 7.242
1 Ys 3.3 0.554 0.849 9.872 0.530 0.986 8.568

CLASS II
'h 1.5 0.075 0.267 4.868 0.029 0.182 2.871
% 1.8 0.130 0.357 6.483 0.053 0.320 3.890
% 2.2 0.199 0.455 7.002 0.111 0.530 4.614
Ys 2.8 0.200 0.553 8.031 0.188 0.742 5.716
1 3.0 0.421 0.754 8.614 0.301 1.020 7.845
1 Ys 3.3 0.568 0.869 9.571 0.429 1.260 9.o:n

STRUCTUR
ALI
Yz 1.5 0.078 0.271 5.166 0.042 0.229 3.076
% 1.8 0.131 0.361 6.526 0.077 0.343 3.887
% 2.2 0.202 0.464 7.926 0.162 0.570 4.812
Ys 2.8 0.288 0.569 7.539 0.275 0.798 6.242
1 3.0 0.479 0.827 7.978 0.445 1.098 7.639
1 Ys 3.3 0.623 0.955 8.841 0.534 1.356 9.031

Ply-form Class I Ply-form Class II Structural I Ply-form

Modulus of Elasticity
(psi) 1650000 1430000 1650000
Bending Stress (psi) 1930 1330 1930
 CONCRETE FORM DESIGN

Section Elevation

I
~1 tt--...f
(1m)
w I
.,I·
~
t1
i'
.\
w ""' design load (lb/sq ft) [kN/m2]
W1 = 1 X W = W (lb/ft) {kN/m)
a. Sheathing

j.-- s2--.I
,I w I W2

f J<MstslJ ~ Joists

14-- Sa ·+· '2 -+I

s2 = spacing of joists (ft) {m)
W2 = W X '2 (lb/ft) (kN/m] ,.. t2 __,

b. Joists

I• S3 1rl
w
-
Joist ~ ~ ~ Joist

~ Stringer
t
Stringers

I· Sa ·I· Sa ·I ~ -shores
Sa = spacing of stringers (ft) [m]
w3 = W X s3 (lb/ft) {kN/m)
{3

c. Stringers

Figure (13.1) Design Analysis of Form Members

Table (13.7) Section Properties ofU.S Standard Lumber and Timber (b =width, d =
depth)

Nominal
Size Actual Size Area Of Section Section Modulus Moment of Inertia
(bxd) (S4S) A s I

In. In. mm
- Jn.a 10 3 mni' in. 3 10 5 mm 3 in.4 1011 mm4

1x3 0.75x2.5 19x64 1.975 1.210 0.7812 0.1280 0.9766 0.4065

1x4 0.75x3.5 19x89 2.625 1.694 1.531 0.2509 2.680 1.115
1x6 0.75x5.5 19x140 4.125 2.661 3.781 0.6196 10.40 4.328
1x8 0.75x7.25 19x184 5.438 3.508 6.570 1.077 23.82 9.913
1x10 0.75x9.25 19x235 6.93D 4.476 10.70 1.763 49.47 20.59
1x12 0.75x11.25 19x286 6.438 5.444 15.82 2.592 88.99 37.04
2x3 1.5x2.5 38x64 3.750 2.419 1.563 0.2561 1.953 0.8129
2x4 1.5x3.5 38x89 5.250 3.387 3.063 0.5019 5.359 2.231
2x6 1.5x5.5 38x 140 8.250 5.323 7.563 1.239 20.80 8.656
2x8 1.5x7.25 38x 184 10.88 7.016 13.14 2.153 47.63 19.83
2x10 1.5x9.25 38x235 13.88 8.952 21.39 3.505 98.93 41.18
2x12 1.5x 11.25 38x286 16.88 10.89 31.64 5.185 178.0 74.08
2x14 1.5x 13.25 38x337 19.86 12.82 43.89 7.192 290.8 121.0
3x4 2.5x3.5 64x89 8.750 5.645 5.104 0.8364 8.932 3.718
3x6 2.5x5.5 64x 140 13.75 8.871 12.60 2.065 34.66 14.43
3x8 2.5x7.25 64x 184 18.12 11.69 21.90 3.589 79.39 33.04
3x10 2.5x9.25 64x235 23.12 14.91 35.65 5.842 164.9 68.63
3x 12 2.5x11.25 64x286 28.12 18.14 52.73 8.642 296.6 123.5
3x 14 2.5x13.25 64x337 33.12 21.37 73.15 11.99 484.6 201.7
3x 16 2.5x 15.25 64x387 38.12 24.60 96.90 15.88 738.9 307.5
4x4 3.5x3.5 89x89 12.25 7.903 7.146 1.171 12.50 5.205
4x6 3.5x5.5 89x 140 19.25 12.42 17.65 2.892 48.53 20.20
4x8 3.5x7.25 89x 184 25.38 16.37 30.66 5.024 111.1 46.26
4x 10 3.5x9.25 89x235 32.38 20.89 49.91 8.179 230.8 96.08
4x 12 [Link] 11.25 89x286 39.38 25.40 73.83 12.10 415.3 172.8
4x 14 3.5x 13.25 89x337 46.38 29.92 102.4 16.78 678.5 282.4
4x 16 3.5x 15.25 89x387 53.38 34.43 135.7 22.23 1034 430.6
6x6 5.5x5.5 140x140 30.25 19.52 27.73 4.543 76.25 19.52
6x8 5.5x7.5 140x191 41.25 26.61 51.56 8.450 193.4 80.48
6x 10 5.5x9.5 140x241 52.25 33.71 82.73 13.56 393.0 163.6
6x 12 5.5x11.5 140 x 292 63.25 40.81 121.2 19.87 697.1 290.1
6x 14 5.5x13.5 140x343 74.25 47.90 167.1 27.38 1128 469.4
6x 16 5.5x15.5 140x394 85.25 55.00 220.2 36.09 1707 710.4
 (Continued)

Nominal
Size Actual Size Area of Section Section Modulus Moment of Inertia
(bxd) (S4S) A s I
- --
in. In. mm ln.2 10 3 mm 2 ln. 3 10 5 mm 3 ln. 4 10 6 mm 4

6x 18 5.5x17.5 140x445 96.25 62.10 280.7 46.00 2456 1022

6x20 5.5x19.5 140x495 107.2 69.19 348.6 57.12 3398 1415
6x22 5.5 x21.5 140 x 546 118.2 76.29 423.7 69.44 4555 1896
6x24 5.5x23.5 140x597 129.2 83.39 506.2 82.96 5948 2476
axa 7.5x7.5 191 x 191 56.25 36.29 70.31 11.52 263.7 109.8
ax 10 7.5x9.5 191x241 71.25 45.97 112.8 18.49 535.9 223.0
ax 12 7.5x11.5 191 x 292 86.25 55.65 165.3 27.09 950.5 395.7
ax 14 7.5x 13.5 191 x343 101.2 65.32 227.8 37.33 1538 640.1
8x16 [Link] 15.5 191 x394 116.2 75.00 300.3 49.21 2327 968.8
Bx 18 [Link] 17.5 191 x445 131.2 84.68 382.6 62.73 3350 1394
8x20 7.5x19.5 191 x495 146.2 94.36 475.3 77.89 4634 1929
8x22 7.5x21.5 191 x546 161.2 104.0 sn.a 94.69 6211 2585
8x24 7.5x23.5 191 x597 176.2 113.7 690.3 113.1 8111 3376
10x 10 9.5x9.5 241 x241 90.25 58.23 142.9 23.42 678.8 282.5
10x 12 9.5x11.5 241 x292 109.2 70.48 209.4 34.31 1204 501.2
10x 14 9.5x 13.5 241 x343 128.2 82.74 288.6 47.29 1948 810.7
10x 16 [Link] 15.5 241x394 147.2 95.00 380.4 62.34 2948 1227
10x 18 9.5x17.5 241 x445 166.2 107.3 484.9 79.46 4243 1766
10x20 [Link] 19.5 241 X495 185.2 119.5 602.1 98.66 5870 2443
10 x22 9.5x21.5 241x546 204.2 131.B 731.9 119.9 7868 3275
10x24 9.5x23.5 241 x597 223.2 144.0 874.4 143.3 10274 4276
12x 12 11.5x11.5 292x292 132.2 85.32 253.5 41.54 1458 594.2
12x 14 11.5x13.5 292x343 155.2 100.2 349.3 57.24 2358 981.4
12x 16 11.5x 15.5 292x394 178.2 115.0 460.5 75.46 3569 1485
12X 18 11.5 x 17.5 292x445 201.2 129.8 587.0 96.19 5136 2138
12x20 11.5x19.5 292x495 224.2 144.7 728.8 119.4 7106 2958
12x22 11.5 x 21.5 292x546 247.2 159.5 886.0 145.2 9524 3964
12x24 , 1.5 x 23.5 292x597 270.2 174.4 1058 173.4 12437 4276
14x 14 [Link] 13.5 343x343 182.2 117.5 410.1 67.20 2768 1152
14x 16 [Link] 15.5 343x394 209.2 135.0 540.6 88.58 4189 1744
14x 18 13.5>< 17.5 343x445 2362 152.4 689.1 112.9 6029 2510
14x20 13.5x19.5 343x495 263.2 169.8 855.6 140.2 8342 3472
14x22 13.5 x21.5 343x546 290.2 187.3 1040 170.4 11181 4654
14x24 13.5 x23.5 343x597 317.2 204.7 1243 203.6 14600 6077