∙ The adult skull

∙ Skull is the skeleton of the head

∙ Skull is divided in to 2 parts

1) Neurocranium: divides into two

o Clavaria or skull cap or vault.
o Base of cranium.

2) Viscero cranium (facial bones).

Clavaria

Base

. Viscero cranium (facial bones)

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∙ The skull has 5 surfaces, called Norma
1) Norma verticals .

.Norma frontals ) 2

.Norma occipitalis) 3

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 4) Norma lateralis.

5) Norma basalis
▪ Basalis interna.
▪ Basalis externa.

Basalis interna. Basalis externa

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 1-Norma verticals
∙ Bones
o Anterior- Frontal bone
o Posterior – Occipital bone
o Middle on either side- Parietal bones.

∙ Sutures
o Coronal between frontal and the 2 parietal bones
o Sagittal between 2 parietal bones.
o Lambdoid between parietal and occipital bones.

∙ 2 Meeting points
o Bregma; Between coronal and sagittal sutures.
o Lambda: Between sagittal and lambdoid sutures.

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 2-Norma frontalis
∙ Bones
o Frontal bone
o Orbit.
o Maxillary bone
o Zygomatic bone
o Nasal bone
.Anterior nasal opening ∙

Points ∙
. Nasion ;On the root of nose o
.Glabella: The area between the eyebrow o

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 3-Norma occipitals
∙ Bones
o Occipital bone.
o Mastoid process.
o Part of parietal bone
∙ point
o inion ; Is landmark in the tip of external occipital protuberance.

Part of
Occipital
parietal bone
bone
external
occipital
. protuberance

Mastoid

process

Norma lateralis -4
Bones ∙
.Temporal bone o
.Sphenoid bone o
.Frontal o
.Parietal o
.Occipital o
Mastoid and styloid processes o
.External auditory meatus o

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 Points ∙
; o Pterion Is the region where the frontal, parietal, temporal and
spheroid bones joint together.
o Asterion Is the region where the parietal and occipital
and temporal bones meet.

Sphenoid bone
Temporal
External auditory
meatus bone

Mastoid processes

styloid processes

Pterion

Asterion

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 5-Norma basalis
▪ Basalis interna.

o Anterior cranial fossa

o Middle cranial fossa
o Posterior cranial fossa
Anterior cranial fossa

Middle cranial fossa

Posterior cranial fossa

.Basalis externa ▪