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    10 views22 pages

    انترودكشن التشريح

    Uploaded by

    minayayoongi2004

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 22
    Introduction to Clinical Anatomy All clinical material relevant to this chapter can be found on the CD-ROM. setionsof muscles, the alleation of poston fea, or the tact location of selling ot or ‘Terms Related to Position All deeriptions ofthe human body are bated on the assumption hat he pron aang erect, wih the upper inn by the ses od the fae ard pa of teh ‘Sretedfovard (Fig.l), This scaled the anatomic Position. Th vaous panto the body ar thn dered in "ation to cern imaginary planes, Median Sagittal Plane ‘This isa vertial plane pasing through the center ofthe body, dvd tino eal right and left halves (Fg 1-1) Planes situated to one or the other side of the median plane and parallel to it ate termed iam, Ase tore stated nearer to the median plane ofthe body then nother issaid tobe medial tothe other. imillyastue- reson ane Introduction to Cina! Anatomy 3 ture that lies farther anayfrom the median plane than nother ssid to be lateral fo the other Coronal Planes ‘These are imaginary vetical plans at right angles to the median plane (Fig, 11, Horizontal or Transverse Planes ‘These plane at at rght angles to both the median and the coral planes (Fig. 1) The terms anterior nd posterior late ued to indicate the font and baek ofthe body epee: tively (Fig. 1-1). To describe the relationship’ of two srctures, one structre ist be anterior o poser to the oer inaar ait clover othe anterior or oseior ‘ody sue In deserbing the hand, the terms palmar and dorsal surfaces ate used in place of aneror ad posterior, and in eseribing the foot, the terms plantar and dorsal surfaces Figure 1-1 Anatomic tara used in relation poston Note thet he eubocts aro ‘Standing nthe anotome poston 6 chapters | Absction: Movement of ib ay fom the midline of the bd inthe eoronal plane (Fig 12) 1 Adduction: Movement of im ows the boy the oral plane (Fig. 1-2) Inde ges and toes, abdue- ton ir apliedt te spreading af thee arctic, and !vetion applied Yo the crowing together of there Structres (Fig. 3). The movements ofthe thunk (Fig. 13). which ae a litle more complicated re described on page 03, 1 Rotation: Movement of pat ofthe body around slong 1 Medi rotation: Movement that rruls in the terior sues ofthe part facing medal ‘sa gen 1 Lateral rotation: Movement that reals in the nero surface ofthe pat facing laterally 1 Pronation ofthe forearm: Medial rotation ofthe forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces poses (Fig, 13). © Supination ofthe forearm: Lt forearm fom the pronaed pe palin ofthe hand comes to a 13) ' Circumduction: The combination in sequence of the movement offi, extension, abduction, and addue- tion Fig 12), 1 Prottcton: Moving forward mathe so that the teiny (Fig a gure 1-4. General etre ofthe skin and i retatoneipto te super! tsi "Net that hal folie eond down io tha par part of he Gar reve no the ‘Stparicl sc, whereosswent lads extend Seely to the super oa 1» Retraction: Moving buchward (wed to describe the forward and backward movement ofthe jaw atthe temporomandibs joint). 18 Inversion: Movencnt ofthe fot thatthe sole fe in medial direction Fig 13). 1 Everion The opposite mavernent ofthe fot otha the sole faces ina ate direction Fig 13). Basic Structures ‘Skin “The sin is died it to pas the sper par, be ride nde dep prt te ders (Fg 14) The ‘Sibel eclian chne cls came a ‘Spees th mate and the sce. On he ples ti the hands and es of the et the epider ‘Srl itn te went torus in ite rego Inthe ofthe or samp he tnt uie of ic am and feat, he epic in The dems compo of deceive fontaing many bool sent hp see, and Senet ibs conde auto a tins in ‘kere prof tn ody, tending to be hiner on he tote ann he oer tie Meta a roms than fren The den of he sin ence the lhing dpi bone he peril ea, ‘Shen nr beaten awe “Tein creature plate tinea (rig 13) Ares he intern ‘Svc andl tered tuneyng stro Song band ef fos awe. Ineroduetiont tna Anatomy 7 ‘The appendages of the skin ae the mals, hai flies, sebaceous gland ad sweat glands. sis areKeratnized plates onthe dors sues ofthe jprofthe fingers and ines The proxinal edge of the plates the rot ofthe nal (Fig. 1-5). With the exception ofthe dil edge of the plate, the nll s surrounded and over. lapped by fl of skin known as nal folds. The surace of Min coveted by the mil isthe nal bed (Fg 15}. Hairs ‘ais gow out of flies, which ave imaginations of the epidermis into the dennis (Fig. 1+). The fallieles lie ‘biqely tothe ain sac, and ther expanded extrem tes, ealled hai bulbs, penetate to the deeper pat ofthe dermis, Each haie bulbs concave a it end, and the omen occupied by vascular eometve tise called ‘he hai papilla. band efsmocth musele, the aector pil connects the undemuaceof the fli Yo the supertcil fat ofthe dermis (Fig. 4). The mcle is innersated by Spmpathtic nem lesan its contaton causes the hai {move into amore vet poition it alio compresses the sebaceous land and cases it to exe sme af sere tion, The plo he mantel cates dmplingfthe sin suc, or soled gooseflsh, Hai are dtbited in at. fous numbers ver the whole surface ofthe bod, eeept on the lip the pals ofthe hands, he ses of te finger, the dans penis and elit the labia minora and the neal Siac ofthe aia major and the soles andidesof the et i the side ofthe es. Figute 15, The vious skin creases onthe palmar surtce of he hand and te anterior ‘toc ofthe writ aint The reltnship of he nto ther rrucures af the ger 8 chapters Sebaceous Glands Sehaceous lands pou thei screton, the sebum, onto the Shafi of the hata they pass up though the necks ofthe Flic, They ae stusted onthe loping nderutare of ‘he Flic and ie within the demi (Fig I). Seba ‘molly material that helps presen the lexbilyof the merging i. Italo othe sufceeplermis around the ‘out of the fli ‘Sweat Glands ‘Sweat glands are long, spiral tubular glands distbuted ter the surice ofthe bod. except on the red margins of the lip, the nal beds, end the sans penis and ltrs (fig. 14, These land extend trough the fl thickness of the Gers, a her exerts may We in he super Foil fein, Therefore, the mest glands ate the mot Aeeply penetrating structures of all the epidermal appendages Fasciae ‘The fascia ofthe body canbe divided into superficial ane deep fase, and they lie banveen the kin and the underly fing eles and bones. ‘The Superticial Fascia The superficlal fascia, or subcutaneous sue ita misture flee sea and adipoetsue that unites the deri of ‘heskin tothe undeing deep faci (Fig 1-6) In the scalp, thebickof the neck, the palma sears and he soles of ‘he fc, tcontsine numero bundles collagen bers that hold he skin ily to the deeper strctres. nthe eli, ule ofthe er, penis and srtum and els, the super Fei fi ideo of aipoe Hie The Deep Fascia “The dep facia it a membranous yer ofcomnective ise that clothes the musclesand other derpsrtures (Fig 8). Inthe hoes and abdomen, iti just thin Bl of areoit tee covering the moles and aponerors Inthe Tim, the dep ula forms definite sheath around the mse and other structures, lding them in pee. Fibrous septa ted rm he dep sree of te membrane, between the ‘goupsof muscles and, in may places, dive the inleior of the limb into compartments (Fig. 1-6). ln the region of joint,the dep fascia maybe considerably thickened form ‘etraning bands ealled retinseula (Fig). Thelefanetion ‘stoholdundedngtendonsin postin orto sere aspulles around which the tendons may move Muscle ‘The three ypes of muscle are sel, smooth, and eta. ‘Skeletal Muscle Stel mcs proc the movement ofthe slleton; they ae someting allel voluntary mle sd ae ade ‘tp of ped muscle Ges. A sell mse has tro or ‘reaches The atzchren hat moves the leat ‘ford tart rg ad hon tt nove os ‘Shed te neston (Pig. 1-2), Under varing scare Snes, he dee of moby of he ascents may be ‘eed heb tm nan oan ae Saget "Teles pt ofthe muscle refered t belly (ig. 15). The ends ofa muscle are atached to bones, at ‘lage o ligaments by cords fous sue called tendons (Fg 19). Occationaly, fattened susele are atached by 3 Figure +8, Secton though he mie of he "gh erm showing the wrangement ofthe super (2h and oop fea. Nate how te rout spe ‘Snend betwen groupe of muss hn the gute 1-7 xanso: natu on te posterior uta ‘ofthe writ olin the uncon tndons ofthe xtarser ‘muslin poston (Fg. 19). A raphe i an intergtation ofthe tendinous sds fers of at muscles (Fg 19), ‘Smooth Muscle Smooth muscle consists of long, spindleshaped cells lonely arranged in bundles or sheets PS Function of Smooth Muscle Inthe tubes of the body. smooth mute provi ‘motive power for propelng the contents trough he Ii ‘men. Inthe digestive systm, it alao enuses the ingested food to be thoroughly mixed with the cigestive juices. A wave of contraction of the crelany arranged fbors passes along the tube, miting the contents onward. By {heir contraction, th longitudinal Fibers pul the wall of the tube proximaly over the contnts. This method of ‘ropusion i relered to os paratala, Instorage organs such asthe urinary bladder nd ‘tras the flare are regulary aranged and itr ‘vith one another, Tek contraction slow and sustained tnd bring about expulsion ofthe contents of the organs In the wals ofthe blood ve ‘oth mule Introduction to Clinical Anatomy 9 ‘bers ae arranged crularly and serve to modiy i caliver of the lumen. ‘Depending on the organ, smooth muscle ors may ‘be made to contract by lea sttching of the fibre, by ‘nerve impulse rom autonomic nares or by hormonal Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle const oftrited msce fiber that branch nd unite with each ther. I ors the mycardia ofthe Iiact The fiber of endae mule tend fo be aranged in whorls and spa snd they have the property of pont ‘neous and thythmicel contraction. Specialized cadise ‘sce fiber frm the conducting stem of the heat ‘Caciae muscle is supplied by autonome nerve fides Joints Aste where wo or mote bones come together, whether ar rnotmovement oceursbetwee themed aot ois ate clasfedsecordng tothe Hues tht lie between the boner fibrous joins, cartilaginous joints, and synovial iain Fibrous Joints “The atcltingsuacesof the bone ar joined by fibrous tae (Fig, 1-10) and tha, ey litle movements pole ‘The sutures ofthe vault of the skull and the inferior biol jlo ar examples of Rous ois Faure +8 fn.nrion any ofa ss: 10 chapter (i cexmen rain ibe earn ‘te gusto ad Bone ot mony mes Cartilaginous Joints Primary Cartlaginous Joint A primary cartilaginous joint it one in which the bones ate ‘united by plato ba of aie cailge, Thus, the union between the epiphaisad the dap of growing bone andthe union between the Bint nb andthe mansbram Stemi ae examplesofsucha jin. Nomovemets posible Secondary Cartlaginous Joint -Avecondaryeatilagins foots one in which the bones reunited bya plate of fbrocatlage andthe aticulr surfaces ofthe bones ate covered by thin ayer of byline ‘ate Esamplesare the joints beeen the etebralbod- Figure 19. Cxample ofA) tendon, Sponeursi ond (8 eon. ‘es (Fig. 1-10 and the symphysis pubis. A small amount of rmovertent is posible. ‘Synovial Joints ‘Theaticularsufacesfthe bones ae coveredbyathin yet of yalnecatlge separated by a ont ea (Fig. 110). ‘Thitmzangenerd peetisa ga deqeccfieefom tare ment The exit ofthe joint lined by synovial membrane, tthich extends from the margins of one area race to those ofthe the. The sori membrane is protected on the ouide by tough fibous membrane refered oa the cxprlof the oink The ticular uice ae lubricate by 2 sous id called synovial fluid, which is produced by the synovial membrane. In certain mova joins, for Arteries Arteries transport blood fom the heat and dist i to the aus tes ofthe Body by means oftheir ranches (Figs Band -4), The smallest arr, <0.1 mm in d- ee, ae called ateriles. The joining of banca of arteries i called an anastomosis, Arteries do not have thes Introduction to Ctniesl Anatomy 13 Anatomie end arteries (Fig. 1-14) are vessels whose temninal branches do not anastonore with brnches of arteries upping adiacent ares. Functional end ateis fre veel whowe teminal branches do anstomove with thse of adja ates, but the eaiber ofthe anatowonis isinsfcenttokeep the tise alive should one ofthe ater. ‘es become blacked and now blood veal ech the tendon rough the mestenson 14 chapter ipscommen cat anary Figure 1.13. Genetl plan ofthe blood vse system. Veins ‘Veins ate vesel hat wanspot blood back th heart many ofthe poses ales. The salle ens te called venaer (Fg. 14) The slr seins or toutare, unite fon lager ens, which nay jin with one another fom enous plone. Neiman dep tere re fen aecompanicd ‘bymo vein, one on each steele vnae comitantes. ‘Veins leaving the gastrointestinal tact do not go iret to the heat but converge on the portal vein; his tein eter the ver and beaks up apata ino wins of Aiinshing sie, which ulimately on eapillanie ves Capillaries Capillaries re microscopic vel in the form of network onmecting the arterioles tothe venues Fig. 1-14) ‘Sinusolds tide resemble capillaries in hat they are thin-walled blood vel, but the have an iegulr cos diameter and ate wider than capillaies. They ate found inthe bone mar spleen live, ad some enesine gland. In sme ress ofthe bo, pincipall the ipso the fingers and os, direct connections oecr Between the atertes and seins ‘vith the intervention of expla. The sts of such ‘conection are tlerred io 21 ateriovenous anatrnans (Fig 14) Inroduction to Ctnical Anatomy 15, spor mesic artery eymoatere wy 4 + sect ratoicendarey tna a airy vate cin ce a > Ee Figure 1-14 iret ype of blood vsses ad her mathods of union. A. Anasomo- tetecen the branchen ha superar messmterart'y 8 Acapiary network ran relovenou aestomosis C. Anatomic nd artery ad funcional en aay BA poral Symone Stucure ofthe curl vabe i ven, 16 chapter Lymphatic System Lymphatic Tissues Lymphatic tsues ate a pe of connective comais large numbers of hphocts. phate sues fxganized ino the flloving organs or structures: the igus the Inph neds, te spleen, andthe rope opr 0 peg ut nodules Lymphatic tse is exential forthe immunologic

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