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    Work Book companion to From The Ground Up

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    Work Book companion to From The Ground Up

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    82 views78 pages

    FTGU Workbook Full

    Uploaded by

    Brent
    Work Book companion to From The Ground Up

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 78
    Peet Renee RR are CRC ry Te Uk tr a errno en eee Pee a ee ee nk the ee From the Ground Up Workbook Companion study Guide to Fram the Ground Up, 250% Balto ‘This publication is designed to test you on your knowledge of the material covered in the textbook, From the Ground Up. The material covers the subjects that are particularly pertinent to the examination for the Private Pilot Licence and, jn as much, this Workbock serves as an excellent means to retain information on important practical applications and ‘theoretical concepts that you must know to cbtain your licence tof ‘A word about the use of this Workbook: a workbook can only yield its very best results for you If you write your answers to the questions in the spaces provided, Usea pencil ora pen, but please write to get the most cut of your studying and your use of this book. Answers to al of the questions fellow the questions within their rerpective sections, We encourage you to challenge ‘yourself First by writing and researching your answers to the ‘Questions using the references provided before verifying your responses against those provided inthe answer sections. By ‘use ofthis approach, you'll best be able to evaluate where you stand on your understanding of the material, and how best to maximize your knowledge and review of the information contained in Frov: the Ground Up, By your use of thle Workbook and by putting your answers © paper, you are seinforcing your retention of important {information vital to your studies, and co your ultimate “understanding af important seranautical concepts ‘with your knowiedge gained from this publication, and from its source reference From the Ground Up the publishers wish you ‘the best in your flying career -May every experience aloftbe safe, fun, and fulfilling, From the Ground Up Workbook 2 ition rsa o7s-09730086-60 67012 Aviation Publishers Co. 14. Al rights reserved Ne part ‘ofthis policstion may be eproduce, reprinted, transmitted Gf trandated in ny form without the writen permigson of the publisher Publsned by. Aviation Publishers Co. 12, 70 Box 1283, tation B Ottawe, Ontario Canada, arse Ea infobaviationgbishers om Website war aviatonpablisers com Design and Production by ‘ide Aveay Studios in. (47, ath Street South East ‘Medicine Hat, Alberta Canada, TIA OL ‘Website: wworbideawaystudios.com Printed by by: Dolico Intagrated Print Sohtlons 2240 St. Laurent Boulevard ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1G 68, Website: wwrw.dollco.com Ccover Design by Don Wong cover Photo Provided by (Cessna Aircraft Company ‘One Cessna Boulevard Wichita, XS usa, 67215 ‘website: wwurcessna.com ‘Also from Aviation Publishers Co. td + From the Group + Fying Beyond + The Conadion Frigate Plot Arswer Guide + The Canaion Commercial Pilot answer Guide + Fgh Test Notes *The New instrument Procedures Manual Table of Contents 1 Aircraft Operations 41.1 The Airplane 1.2 Theory of Flight. 1.3 Flight Instruments 1.4 Aero Engines. .. 2 Air Law. Sa 2.1 Aerodromes, Air Rules & Procedures. 3 Meteorology ........ : 3.1 Aviation Weather (Theory) ........ 3.2 Aviation Weather (Applications) 4 Navigation & Communications. 4,1 Navigation (Theory) 42 Navigation (Cross-Country). 4.3 Radio 5 General Airmanship. 5.1 Weight & Balance 5.2 Aircraft Performance. 5.3 Human Factors rahe Grund Up tne About From the Ground Up Aviation Publishers’ release of the latest edition of From he ‘Ground Up continues a publishing tradition for one of the ‘worlds leading, and longest-serving, seronauticel reference fd educational resource books for pilots “The newest edition of this award-winning ttl, first printed in the 1940's and used as a principal textbook by military plots in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan during WW rarks the 29th edition ofthe title which hes now been serving the general aviation community for aver 70 years. Packed with information aa never before, From the Ground Up ‘covers the broadest spectrum of aviation eubject matterinchid- ing the complete and detaod topes of aircraft Operations, Air Law, Meteorology, Navigation, Communications, and General Airmanship. Chapters within the book's main sections provide in-depth material on their subject matter: The Airplane, Theory of Flight, Aero Engines, Aerodzomes and Airspace, Aeronautical Rules and Procedures, Aviation Weather, Air Navigation, Radio, Radio Navigation, Airmanship, Human Factors, and Air Safety. Appendices include 2 sample Examination and an extensive Gloscary of Terms, UUsed a8 the primary resource book by all flight students in Canada, Ftom the Ground Up's new look offers exten sive information on every aspect of flying, Past edi- tions of From the Ground Up have won numerous awards ind PrivatePilot Magazine has described it as. being the only one to have arcund the house." AnbNsPORT, iy RF “ren ‘with over halt-a-million copies sold, this respected tile is alco used ae a primary textbook or secondary resource in such diverse places as the United States, Great Britain, Denmark, France, Norway, Australie, New Zealand, India, Africa, iceland, land the Caribbean, ‘The goal of Aviation Publishers isto provide armchair enthu sass, aspiring plots, and seasoned fiying professionals with ‘2 source for understanding the basics in aviation theories, principles and procedures, combined with information about the newest products, procedures and technologies found in the flying industry, Written to provide a primary knowledge base from which pilots can enhance ther skills as recrestionat ‘or professional slreraft operators, From che Ground Up, used for study or for reference, provides a greater appreciation of the multitude of topics critical to the proper operation of an aircraft, resulting in safer skies and greater enjoyment forall ‘those undertaking the challenge of fying. ‘With new and expanded content, a seamless organizing ofits subject matter, helpful section topic outlines, colour photos, refined diagrams, snd full use of colour throughout the book, Aviation Publishers has continued in its efforts to maintain the status of From the Ground Up as the most vital resource for acquisition of aviation knowledge, ‘Your use of From the Ground Up's companion, the From the Greund Up Workbook, will ensure that the fundamentals of flying are ‘nct forgotten in your efforts to recall the salient points of aero- ‘nautical theories and applications, and ultimately, to see you ‘through ta your own personal licence to ty. oy ves Award of Excellence “an outstanding contribution tothe betterment ofthe transportation industry. aircraft/n. (pl. same) a machine capable of flight, esp. an airplane or helicopter. operation/ n, 11a the action or process or method of working or operating. b the state of being active of functioning, ¢ the scope or range of effectiveness of a thing's activity. 2.an active process; a discharge of a funtion. 3 a piece of work, esp. one in a series. Aircraft Operations: The Airplane 1 Aircraft Operations 11 The Airplane ‘Name the labelled parts on the drawing of the wing inthe diagram below. (009) (A eB @ (@ D (oe OF: ‘Name the labelled parts on the drawing of the empennage in the diagram below. i/o (or a (or @ (a Di eb OF "The operating principle of a simple oleo isto take up shock by compressing air in the upper cyinder. The lower cylinder is filled with ol, There isa smal orifice between the two cylinders, What is its purpose? i) £00 7 ‘Umy should the pave brake be left OFF if the aircraft i left unattended for a period af time? i): ‘Most light airplanes have an adjustable trim tab on the elevator. What isthe function ofthe trim tab? (x U9) “The load factors the ratio ofthe actusl load acting on the wings tothe ofthe airplane, The load {actor of an airplane in straight and level Fight is often expressed as 16. Ifyou subject an airplane having a gross weight of 1,500 pounds to 2G turn, what will be its weight while those 2Ge are belng applied? (f° ‘Most light airplanes have a positive load factor limitation of 4 to 45, which means that you may exert that much aeceleration without damaging the machine. If, at high speed, you were to move the control column rapidly through ts full travel, itis possible to exceed that limitation. Because light airplanes do not normally come equipped with a G meter (accelerometer, ‘the manufacturer publishes 3 limiting speed above which abrupt control movement must not be spplied. What is this speed called and what is ts abbreviation? 2 F612) List the four parts gf the Technicel Log (er Fort (ant: (@: Parti Ge Part 0. n 2. a ‘What ie the purpose of the Journey Log? ‘What aizcraft logbook do you cerry on board the aircraft ifyon plan to land away from your home base?! In which Log de you, as pilot, ecord defects? ANSWERS 2 fo Landing ee. Wing tp (Pro spar (0) Rear spar Aeron. (): Chord (a) Fin. Snblizer. (9): Ruder): Rudder trim tb 9) Elueror (f) Elevator i a 23. erestricts the low of fro, and tote lower tylnder hus cushioning the landing Ska preventing {he airplare from vebcanding (as woulda spria) 4 Aminoreae im temperature could case the trapped hydraulic {id expand creating sufficient pressure to rupture the 5. The trim no wees the pressure on the elevator cove 5, All Up Weight (AU). 3,000 pounds. Aircraft Operations: The Airplane 2. Manaewering see or V, _Airfiame,Engne, Propel, stallion and Moditions. 9. The uray Log records the ir and fight time of he "oun made bythe itlane a owe a daly running ecosrt of he serviceability status 10, journey teg 11 Air Tame begins when the cnplne loves the surface and ‘ends when i ouehes down atthe next pint of lrg 12, Fight Time begins whan the citplane fis starts to ave and ends when ic comes rest a hoon of he light. Therefore, it incudes taxing time. 13, Journey tog. em the Grin Up ek Aircraft Operations: Theory of Flight 1.2 Theory of Flight 1 10. On the drawing below, sketch and label the four frees acting on an airplane inflight.) fou 829) How does an aerofll produce lift? jy 0 16) How does your answer ta question above correlate with Newton's third law of motion? Neveton's Thitd Law states: "To each ‘ction there isan equal and opposite reaction” ‘At what angle of attack is maxinur lift generated? Fig 4, F028 Fy. “There are two types of DRAG, pariste and Induced. Parasite drag includes two componengs, Form dag is the resistance created by the form or shape of the airplane as it passes through the air and refers to the tendency of the sito cling to the surface of a body over which itis lowing What Is induced drag? (%) How are wing tip vortices caused? If wingtip vortices are reducea, Is educed, an example of an aorofoll with lite induced dragis| the wingon a “The oppasite extreme is the Concord with its delta wing; its high angle of attack ‘and high wing loading (weight) on take off produce vortices capable of breaking up a light sirplane, 0/60» “The wing tip vortices produced by a Roeing 747 passenger-carnying aicraft are greater on take off than they are on lending ‘why is this 80? fp 1027 8 [At Vancouver, you are approsching to land behind a Boeing 737 from Victoria. How should you plan and execute your ‘approach path and landing presuming you are obliged to use the same runway? \What is the minimum wake turbulence separation specified in the regulations for alight airplane behind « heavy airplane? u. 2 2 a 45. 16. . 18, Fr 2, Aircraft Operations: Theory of Flight “The ratio of LIFT and DRAG is important. If the wing is producing sufficent LIFT to maintain altitude and, atthe same time, the DRAGis veducee to a minimum, the wing willbe operating a te most efficient angle of attack, This is known as the BEST ‘or MAXIMUM LIPT/DRAG RATIO. (+! F61 (ok At what angle of attack will « conventionsl wing attain ite Maximum L/D ratio? Fig:10 (FCU page 18) indicates fa zero degree angle of atack for the Clark ¥ airfoil section. See the ANSWERS for further information. @ tnaglie, you shi ly ata speed to give the (What the Boundary Layer? (hy F001) ‘As the aerfeil approaches its stalling angle (( 01:6 (ak What happens tothe airflow over the top of the wing? (by What happens Co the Center of Pressure? ‘To reduce aileron drag, most light airplanes have both and capacity in the design oftheir ailerons, (2 P01 1») Engine failure causes the nose to automaticaly drop. What forces form a couple to assist this movement? (Fc 20) Describe the following (ij Fou 6, 8.80021. F {a The angle of incidence (i: The angle of attack ‘Wash Out not only reduces the stalling angle at the wing tip thus retaining sleron control into the stall, it also does wht? ‘A flap increases the camber of the wing, increasing the lift but also the drag, What are the advantages of using flaps on approach and landing? (3 £0022) ‘What are the disadvantages of using laps on approach and landing in alight airplane? (of 200) ‘An aft Center of Gravity will cause Instability Methods by whieh lateral stabllty is achieved are dihedral, sweepback and nef Fo From the Ground Up ec Aircraft Operations: Theory of Fight 2 23, 4, 2 26, 2 2, 28. 30. a. 2. 23. 3. 5s. 36. a ‘An airplane with 2 3 degree dihedral drops a wing due to turbulence, What must oceur for that alrplane to return to level ‘Aight with na corrective action by the pilot? (is) 50 1f directional stability is tobe achieved, the keel surface must be aftof the Cof G than abead of ‘what two forces tend to yaw a propeller-drlven single-engine aleplane tothe lft in a climb? jie) #1 Best Rate of Climb (¥,) is defined as of Feu 27 Best Angle of Climb (V,) is defined as FOU 27 ‘when isan aisplane NOT in a state of equilibrium? (ss) 164 1.80028 Fa. 26 In a level turn at a constant airspeed, if the bank is increased, the load factor ‘ the rate of tur, + the radius of turn and the stall speed (V,) “The etall speed increases withthe application of G or load factor. IV, st 40 knots if 1.G, what will V. become when in a 60 degree bank level turn? (5 5-0) ‘Why does the use of antispin aileron (tight aileron ina left spin) aggravate the spin? (1 Lift acte through the ‘As the angle of attack increases, the C of P movee forward until the wing roaches the stalling angle, then it moves ‘This movement tends to rotate the airplane and the angle of attack.) !0 96.94 9 For a particular wing, what single iter never varies atthe stall? (2) £1. ‘What force makes the airplane turn when itis banked? (i ‘what is the “Clean Alreraft Concept"? (ij 511% 26 ow does frost on the top ofthe wing xeduce lift and ineresse drag? 1c ‘Besides reducing lift and increasing drag, what other factors may the pilot encounter if the airplane acquires a load of clear Jee during a flight? iss F6:59,29 255) ‘Who ie responsible for ensuring that ALL surface contaminants are removed before take-off? 29, 40, a. 2 a Aircraft Operations: Theory of Flight ‘What isthe method usually applied when the airplane cannot be stored inside and the ambient temperature and weather conditions are conducive tothe formation of henvy frst? (50 Aftar landing, why does clear ice sometimes form on the upper surface ofa wing outlining the fuel tanks? e781 9 ‘What isthe procedure for recovery from a spin? (i ‘Wat isthe procedure for recovery from a spiral dive? +) rou \Wheelbarrowing sa situation where the airplane runs down the runway on its nose whee, Fo 2) (@: What could be the end result of wheelbarrowing? (O} What causes wheelbarrowing? (@: How does one prevent wheelbarrowing? “The following questions deal with Ground Effect, is! (0?) (Why is Ground Effect less pronounced on a highwring than on a low wing airplane? (0) With alow wing airplane, approximately by how much could you reduce the induced dragif, on take off, you raised the nose well above normal? (9: At what height ie the majority (bout 85%) of the ground effect no longer effective? (@ tn winter, ifyou do not remove the frost from the wing and you attempt to take off, what problems might you encounter? (@): In fight taining, whereis ground effect utlized to the pilo’s advantage? ‘The laminar flow wing is nearly symmetrical with its thickest part near the eenter of the chord, (tis thinner than & conventional wing end is flush riveted. (2 £< (@}: Whot its primary advantage over « conventional aerofoll? (Oy Whats ite disadvantage? From the Ground Up vn Aircraft Operations: Theory of Fight ANSWERS: 2 Reres acing oman plane: Nes 2. Air flows faster over the upper surf crating a 0 of ew pressure while the ar below the wing is pressed The resulting forces Wt the wing, 3. Thecamber and angle of ata force the a hind the wir down. the cppast reaction i to ere the wig wp 4. Murr Hs generated jas pri to the seal with ‘conventional wing, Thi is 16 to 18 degre angle attack. (Demo jorge at ft is claye weight angles to the rdatve afl, NOT to the chor) 5. Induced drag is sin fron. The drag profuced as result of he wing producing ft 6. Air louing tcuard over the rp ond cutvad fom ner the bottom ofthe wing cause wing tip vores. At thet ‘he air lls oer te tip nan nward evar motian 7 Induced drag, ler 1 Thestrengh of vries is dvety ropertoral 0 ueigit. On take of, he Bong 747 is fully oad. ‘on landing thas burned off mast of i fe 9. Approach at least 109 feet above the Boeing 737’ aide pa 4nd lard frther daw the ramuny beyond he pine where the nse wheel ef he 737 was ured to he ground 10, 6s, 11, (ok +4 degoes (by MAX L/D RATION ‘ote: Copies of th Lit/Drag curves eater from dhe RAF AP 129 andthe CF CEP 169 (1) whith show the Mox 17D Ratio at 44 dees flow, Rar to hem for yu ansuer to 12. The boundary layers thin layer ofr over the surface ofthe wing tha mes ates than the fe steam speed, fly ie sioth ard lous the crvature ofthe wing, Ast mers te trating edge, it breaks ‘auay ard a sal turbulent unke is ured. 13. Aste aso approaches its staling angle {Tne boundary ayer separa from the upper surf Creating a tureulen ayer over de surface ofthe rg (te meves forward. 136, Differential and frie. 435. The coupe between Lf and Weight. 16, They ae (0): The angle the wing makes with che lngiudial axis (0) The angle he chord makes with the ratve ef edues wing tip vortices and, conseqvet, the ce drag, 18, The use of flaps results na shorter nding re. By reducing the V_ and allowing 2elower approach peed (with a sje margin ove sal, te apne ands ae @ slower tow down speed. Raps allow aszeper approach, with improve visibly becouse the nse ewer 19. The mereased ft makes the airplane more susceptible to ‘ust. The ver speeds, and the banking eect thatthe {flaps have onthe rudder, re the rosin capa. 20, Longitude, 21, The pendanseffetof having the weight ‘Stung below on igh cing aie A sie ip must take place. 23, Gromer 2%, Sipstreare and asymmetric thst tend to yaw a prope dren single-engine airplane tthe left machi 25, The most gain in Helge forte east time ‘skrun a the Best Rate of Clint 26, The mast gin eight forthe eas! stance 's kum as the Best Arg of Cm 27. atwrm and airplane snot in equ 2B, Incense, erases, Decreases Inweases 29, 56 hms, 40 times the square ret 20, fe inereases the ange of rac of the doumigoing wig, vcentuatng ts stot conto, increasing is drag and reducing sft The end result stat te spin ighens 1p he aepone rls abot the spin axis ote. 19x14 =56) 31. Cente of Pressure Backusnds. Deerensex 32. The angle of aack 33. The tnvard component of Wt makes he inpane turn win iis bank 34. The CARS prohibit takeoff when fest, cecrsrow ave ahering to any cial surface af theater ‘vation Pblihors Co Limited See wuaaenpublahercern 45 36 59. 40 a, ‘The rough spas the moth flow and cases sepracion ofthe boundary layer When tha happens, the lot presewe on he top of the wine breaks dawn, reducing WR, Farther, the rough surface amplifies the many lite vortices on the trang ge, neresing the dag. ‘The stl sped rcewses, conteclabity ereduced, ‘a fight characteristics arated, weight Increase, the C of G may subsea shift andthe all warning system may no longer be acute “The plcncomsan, ‘The best method isto spray the airplane wit deer Fad, Solution of heated water and Frezing Point Depresant (FPO) oe: The hase of FPD is expen gj, the same product you put nto Ye raha of your cz Dung a flight a: very low teriperatures, ee ful cals (0 below freezing. ‘The cold fim the tons cam soci the alarinum wing surface hat mice in uid taro an il tu ocr ie ove the us tank kd soaking) Tis cis hard to se cause ti frozen from perfect clam wate, the surface is ever and the ce Iyeris tint does, however have the sare dleeterius effect as a substantia layer offre, se the treet, apy fa angie rude, conta clan forward. Wher te spin beaks, centralize the rade, level the wings with aero an ease out of the de. lose the ace, ee she wirgs with lezen, beep raght with rider and ease oof eve Aircraft Operations: Theory of Fight 412 Wheetbarrowing is situation where the aeroplane runs dou the rumuay ots nse whee (a; Ary sg bsurbane to directional cov! wit nae the airplane round lop (pivt wiley about the nose whee, (0): The plot hd the coma cola hard {rward on take off oho main wheels some ‘irkorne, OR the alt shoves the nose down when attempting to and at tc high a peed (oon the recommended tbe of ard landing spots and wchigques 45, With respect to Grown Efe (@): The wing of a Figh wing airplane ore not so near the geund as tose of ow wing pte, consequently the eduction nthe ued drag sn 30 rorounced about 43% (0 One half the wing span (A): The frost ase the boundaty kaye tobe up so thai ne beng generated by te tp ofthe wing. f the plot rises tke rae hig enouga, the airplane becomes tirborne Because of he aroure effect but has insufcient yet sustain fight wen the ground effect sageors (Soft Fett Toke Off 464 Wik aspect othe laminar flaw aero (aj thas es rag (i. An abrupt change nang of attack sn cause violent stall From he Ground Up wonton Aircraft Operations: Fight insiruments 1.3 Flight Instruments \With reference tothe diagram below, what pressure operates the following? (2! 8058 9 tena Veacy Angad taper crnel (Altimeter: (Vertical Speed indicator: (Q: Airspeed malcstor: ‘when the sub scale Is set to the Altimeter Setting for the location, the altimeter reads ‘Adjuetment ofthe sub ecale corrects for only. fe #00 35 ‘You park your airplane on Friday night. On Sunday, when you prepare to fly, you find thatthe akimeter has decreased 300 feet fom 1,200 feet (he Feld eight to 900 feet i) £0 (What is the barometric pressure change in inches of mercury? (Assuming there is no FSS, what do you set nthe altimeter? (9: What othe weather likely to be? Density Altitude ie Pressure Altitude corrected for temperature and is used for calculating and also for calculating performance.) ‘True altitude is the exact height above mean sea level. On January 2, you are flying from Calgary to Vancouver at 12,000 feet Indicated, with an altimeter setting of 3042 He, from Calgary (which is 3,557 fect above sea level). The OAT is -40 degrees C. ‘What is your True Altitude? (2) FU» How willa strong wind funnelled through a mountain valley affect your altimete:? Explain your answer, (9/60!) ‘The Airspeed Indicator measures the difference between and pressure and displays it as Indicated Airspeed 14S). 9) 0 ‘The Airspeed Indicator fs colour coded, What do the following codes indicate? i) 10 (9: Upper end of white are (®) Lower end of green are (@: Redline ‘You have flight planned st 6:00 feet The OAT (outside sir emperature) is 44 degrees C and your TAS is 100 knots. What should the 1AS BE?!) os 0) a Aircraft Operations: Flight instruments 20. FGU states that a frozen pitot pressure source may cause a complete loss of airspeed indication. This is not always the case. It epends where, and on how fast, the ie forms. Hf, during 2 climb, the pitot pressure source dows freeze sold, so as to rap ‘te pitot pressure, what will the airspeed indicator raad as you continua to climb? (i) 0 9) The Vertical Speed Indicator operates on the principle of slow bleed off of static pressure between the aneroid and the case. ‘what will the VSt read i the static pressure source freezes ove 22, Ifthe static pressure source fraazes aver and you have no alternate squrce of stele preseure, what can you do to make the instruments operate reasonably accurately? (£00) ‘what are the characteristics ofa gyro thar enable its use in modern gyro instruments? “4. Explain gyroscopic precession: ie) 100 ‘You aligned the Hesding Indicator with the Compass before take off but, after 15 minutes flying, you find itis in error by 5 degrees. What cmused the Hl ta move off the earrect heading?) ©) At 100 knots, what bank is required to secure arate one tar? (ho 17. On acceleration, there is slight lertor inthe Attitude indicator. ie) =» Axes) 18. After completing a steep turn of 180 degrees, with the wings again level, the Al will show (s/s 19, Inmostlight aircraft, what power source operates the following gyro instruments: (sf (@): Ture Coordinator (Heading Indicator (Ge Attitude indicator 20. What two forces eet on the ballin the Turn and Slip Indicator and the Turn Coordinator? 21, How does the Turn Coordinator, whichis primarily arate of turn instrument, indicate direction of bank when rll is applied? 22. The primary directional control instrument isthe rap Row a 23, What causes northerly turning error in the Magnetic Compass? © 28, On tumeto the north, the compass and, on turns to the south, it raf Fo) 25. There sno turning error on headings of east and west. There is, however, acceleration and deceleration error. fyoulower the nose of necelerate on an easterly heading the apparent turn will be tothe FOU 83) From he Grune Up tat Aircraft Operations: Fight instruments ANSWERS 1. (Static (Stati (Static and Peo 2 Indicated height above sea evel Pres. (0.3 Ho.) Feld begat (9 Good 4 Take Off Cin 5. man fet ‘Step 4. Cleat the Pressure Atitude @O.42 29552 = 5 = 500 feet. Pressure Altitude is 12,000 - 500 or 11,500 fe. ‘Step 2, Using he comer, apply the temperature conection tothe coum ofeod a (11500 - 3.557 Pig faimeter 000 fed), Cored oa cium is 6.850, Add fie height of 3557 Trae ateude is 10, Not: You mnt apply he temperature coreton tw thecturn of eld betwen you ard the round and NOT tote ful Pressure Atade {5 Thealtnater wil over ead The fanning eff ofthe ‘viel swegpng down the mountain vay produces a veturt cffrt which ours the pressure. Since the akimeterseteg 15 nat changed (Dcause you drt row there was 2 pressure change), your actual atu ie lower tha indicted 1.000 feet of err isnot unusul 3,000 fet is possi, Sati ett, 18. Thocalour ales ndcate (0) Masur speed for fap estrcion Y,) (0; Power cf stat see, cea (V,) (9: Never enced sad (V,). 9 94ntAs Step 1 Calelate the CAS on Ch computer Sep 2 Use he Altsped coretion “Tube to convert CAS to AS. 10. As you climb, te speed indicator wil over rad. if the pressure sources frozen ard he pitt presse stoped his pressure remains constant as ot lib. The stave presse continues to derese wth alade As a rest, de aropecd indenter, measuring the cifference, shows an evens in JAS. u Fr 4. 6. vu. 18, ‘The vStreturns wo ero and stays there. The Bee yore aflous the pressure to equalize on each se ofthe diaphragm, Break the glass onde VSE. This wil give you an alerrate static source from inside the cockpit However, entry to the sta paring is through the calrated cxf. There vl be considerable agin bth ister an ASE Rigid n Space (Syrosopc Mera) and Precesson When afore ap oa spinning gyro, the monerent tocar at 80 degrees to he drcton of rotation Preesion caused by beng ition, aggravate by rugh Flying, on cause te HI 9 wou off the corect heading 17 dearer. The formula is based cn TAS rather than TAS, nah aera at fw eve, the TAS and TAS re quite cose together: therefre, use he 1AS for TAS 47 = Anaef Bone convenience Farm: Nose up The actleration cause ne prac vs, heave abea he diet of moverent. oe open and he other to coe Treats ata! oe ui moves 90 deg oe longi ston xe uertion 29) andres ose up etn othe A A sigh bank nthe opposite ect he urn ard ines wp inieation Te foes api on he 979 i ha ur eed he cag of erecting foes he Alpena vanes, Absit 15 seca of righ and es igh ua binge A Bakes (0) Bee; Voewum, Vacuum, ray aa Coen oe The gyi ute ot 35 deo ert sng & he proper an Aide Incemor ina seondary capi Compass Dip. Lage Leads Nom The aetnym “ANDS" stand fr Acseaton (apparert rm North, Deeeaton (apparent tun South ation Publshere Oo Limited gee“ weiationpubisets om Aircraft Operations: Aero Engines 1.4 Aero Engines 4. From the Ground Up shows & Continental horizontally opposed engine. £8) (@k How sit cooled? (Where isthe carburetor? (9: How many magnetos are there? (@} How many spark plugs are there per cylinder and where are they located? 2. What the correct nomenclature fo each stroke of a four-stroke cycle aircraft engine? | 5. The timingis set so thatthe spark plugs fire before top dead centee. Why?) 4 lane engine has @ maximum oil capacity of 6 US quarts. When you check the level, its only half full Oils available from your fuel supplier in litres. (9). Are (@) How many litres do you need to ada to bring the level to full? What should be the minimum oil level for & local ane hour fight? 5S. Why dose the power output of « normally spirated engine decrease im climb? o/s vas) 6. Inthe gravity fuel system as shown in From the Ground Up on page 56, Figure 18? (i) Fo (@ Why is only one tank vented to the atmosphere? (OF Why should the primer be locked after use? 7. Way should the fuel tanks be kept full when the aixplane isnot in use? (0) 16026) 8 Light airplanes normally use three grades of fuel, 80, 100LL and 100. (2 26:57) (@): What are their colours? (OF What isthe significance ofthe number 80? @: tyoucoutd not got fuel of the correct octane rating, would you use tractor gas, car gas, diesel fue, aviation fuel of the next higher octane rating or the next lower octane rating? 9. Detonation is nota prcblem if you operate the engine as recommended by the manufacturer. However, not everyone does (@): What is detonation? ©} What causes iz? From the Ground Up vero = Aircraft Operation: A Sis 10. u. 2 13. 4. 16. vy. 18, 19. (9: How do you recognize it? (How do you correct for i? Why isa RICH mixture used in a climb? ‘Whats the approximate ati of fulto airby weight when the sireraftengine i leaned for its lowest rate of fuel consumption? ‘What is the function ofthe ventur in the cayburetor?(./ ow do you lean the mixture to get the “lean mixture best power” getting? (1) 1 Under certain atmospheric conditions, ice may form in the carburetor at temperatures ranging anywhere from © (ng reve ‘When you set Carburetor Air to HOT, you have accomplished two functions First, you have selected an alternete scurce of air and, second, you have supplied the carburetor with hot rather then cold ait. The significance ofthe first function i often ‘ovetlooked by the mote dromatic effect ofthe second function fupplying hot ai) (>) (a): What are the advantages of being able co select an alternate source of engine sr? (: During run up, how do you check for carburetor ice? ‘Why isit advisable to apply carinuretor heat before starting a descent at low power setting? (hi °°) ‘Why do you enrich the mixture before descent? (7) i ‘When flying an airplane with a constant speed propeller end 2 manifold pressure system, what isthe fret indication that carouretor ie is forming? ey Fuel injection engines do not use a carburetor to deliver fue! tothe aircraft engine's cylinders. Wht ate S advantages ofthe fuel injection system for aicraft applications) 0°») 20, a. 2 22, 2s, 2, 2. 20. a Aircraft Operations: Acro Engines fyou tum off the Master Swit in flight, what will happen to the engine? Why? ‘Why do aireraft engines have dual ignition systems? (£0: cs) ‘Why isthe battery in 2 light airplane only half ae big as the one in your car? (1 ‘What isthe primary advantage ofan alteretor over a generator? sf) ‘With the propeller set to fine pitch, it will develop the best performance during and In coarse pitch, its performance will be best in and at ‘with a fied pitch propeller, why does engine RPM incresse es you accelerate on take off if F079." % ‘with a constant speed propeller, where do you set the RPM contol for take off (i ‘On the Tachometer, whet does the yellow colour code signi How does water vapaur (humidity) reduce the power output? 41/5) ‘Why should you stop the engine if the. being started? (ie) 1607) pressure has not registered on the oil pressure gauge within 10 seconds ofthe engine ‘On starting the engine, there iss loud bang (a backfire) and you se evidence of burning and emake atthe front ofthe engine, (Gi What happened? (Bi What action do you take? (@: Suppose thatthe engine won't start. What do you do? When you move both switches to OFF during an engine test its called the magneto check end more properly done at RPM just before shutdown, (cf £0020) rom the Gd pinks Aircraft Operations: Aero Engines 22. When you inspect the propeller, tis @ good idee to run your hand along the leading edge. Why? (7275) 33, Why do pilots turn the engine over several tines by hand (that ig turn the prop by and) prior to attempting a startin extremely cold weather? 2/160 81) ANSWERS (a): ts ar cote. (9: the undersie tis an updraft conor To9. To, tp abate ofeach ier, Inetion compression, pauer and exhaust. |. Taming is cet bare top dead corre in order to beg ‘combustion a litle fore the piston stars on the down: suoke, When te pisto son the way down, maximum gaseous expansion (power) willow. 4 (oh Tove (0) Four quar. 5. Asyou dim, the air becomes es dense Effient engine operation res about 25 pounds ofa 1 pound f foe As aera: powered by norway agprated engines (engines that ae not supercharged or turbocharge) cis to gher atiudes, he lr becomes Jess dere. The "Sarge hs ess burning capacity and, a5 «result, the power stoke is weakered 5 With ference ote gravity fue sytem: (The rig ait is voted to he eft tank rma panes, the caps oe aso vem (2): To ensure ht tr wit nat be dau into ‘the Fuel stem throug the primer 17 unt ants shoul be hep fl to prevent condensation forming inside he canard water creamiration cf the ful Wit reference aircraft fs: (30 rd, 1OOLL Bue, 100 green (The numer 80 represents the percentage of “eta the Jue a compared to heptane (which suculd be 20%9, Octane is a substance possessing minima detonating qualtis. Heptne isa substance posessing maximum detonating quai (0: Fa of te nex higher octane rating. Hower, art cergeey, the engine wll Yux en automobile gas AAOGAS) 9, With ference to detonation (o): Expestoeburing ofthe mintwre (2): Bite oo lan or use of fue thats oftoo san octane (@: The power decreases. There is ubrain andy cor high evinder head temeratue, (@ Reduce power, emvich the wixeure Use fuel ofa higher octane ving, 10, A RICH mitre is used i a ns because its close ta the ‘est power sti (14), adit asst in engine cling ‘when @ RICH mire elec, some of he col fu not urna href, cas a cooing effect on the eines nie 12, The cauretor's venta speeds wp the fw far creating a low prosure which draws Fuel rr the nozzle a fine spy, 18. Mowe reat conte towards LEAN url REM oaks, Continue tuards LEAN ut the REM Jat stars to dtp. Eose the contro back towards ICH uni she REM retro ts peaked poston This wit give you the covet fst ai asc 20. ‘Note: Carburetor icing may cause complete engine alr. fhe ie buds up and substan reces ‘he induction fw ofr ine te engine 25, With reference to carburetor ieing an Pat a selection (tf he bea fer has become pugged with foreign rater (ram, snus, sand, grasshoppers, et), Dae engi would, ofcourse top, duet ar deprivation. AN aernate sou ofc woul ap the engine running, ern suee is usualy ina psi where il nt be fouled, eventhough it may ingest some foreign pats, Diy is betier than none (Set he RPM o rx up pour: Move te carburetor ait ‘canta to HOT. There wil be a drop m REM whether not hae is ie, Wait 25 easonds Movethe earbsetor ir conte to COLD. the RPM returns tots vigil setting, (here was ri ee. Ifa higher RPM is attained, here was ice Net there's substantiate when the conta is moved to ‘HOT, thee wil ve o considerable decrease nthe engine RPM ‘nd wil run rough, As We ee eas, the RPM wil cease. 16, The engino is mare susceptible tor at low power settings when the engine ie nat producing as much neo. Even a rel, amount ofc coud frovze te buttery atl) vale clase preventing it from opening it when you ned tad power 11, As you doscen, air becomes denser but che ful input remains ‘heave you do nt enrich de mixtre Consequently, the Suerte becomes muck ane. Detonation and even ‘engine flare are ists when you pen the trot to ive! of 38, A drop et manfeld presse isthe free Indication af caroaeter ce forming vistonPablshersCo Lined A worw intionpuschers com 18. ver sributon of fl tal ender, Bete colina. Fuel saving. ceased power. Biminaton of earburetor ima Noshing, 1 wil continue ran as before The master ‘wien controls only the cure fromt Debate to the fect system. The aero engize fie Ce engie of 4 car) derives the spar tote lags fom the magneto or fiom sold state gtion parks which are power bythe altematr Bath ar separate fom the eect system ‘fone inition system fas, he the wl kee the engine runing, but a educa poser of about 25% ‘The oad on the ara btery is much es as the irra’ ignition system (nagnetae or cid te) suppl the power (spore) to gs the fcr intare inthe cinder. ea car, tat power is sup by the battery which must, therefore, have areaer capaci. ‘The alternator wl produce maxi currant a ow operating sped (Pie Ptchy Take Off. lind. (Coarse Pick) Cruise igh Attu ‘When dhe trots Fly open but te irplareisnot roving, the engine is under mexirur oad andthe propeler has its maximum angle attack. ste airplane accelerates, some ofthe relive iow comes fram i nt Tis decaes the ange of attack, of fading ‘he engine witha resultant neon nthe RPA ‘ily ferwacd (he fl fang of attack postion) a 2. Aircraft Operations: Aero Engines Cutis ange (All yeiow cou cade blz CAUTION) ‘he water vapour displaces some af he ay, tus reducing the *horge™ the fuer mia Io pressure doesnot este, it means that snot bing delivered in sufetet quarity to the basrings Without suffice ofthe bearings wil quickly eed With reerence to a becfve (0); There was fae inthe ntake wach gna back trough the intake valve, (@): Cominae cranking the engine When it starts, he fe will be suck trough and Bown out the exaust. (oStap cranking Move the suche to OFF, he fs o OFF, ‘the mixture to OFF. Get out of the arraft and put out the {re wit you fre extinguisher. just slam the base of he extinguisher trough the iter ad squirt in te intake Live. Smal nicks ae not easily sen bu they can bf wrth te hand Aviation cil not oly cangel when very cold but wil aso forma sei between te ving pats. nextel the rag from eawy oon pistons provers he crakshafe from ‘uring fel. Rotating tne propel tarirg the engine ove) by hand beer start up Fp bre the sn, rs moving parts and debates a (bration) to her. t iso reduces thea onthe battery and starter maton, From the Ground Up law/ n. 1a rule enacted or customary in acommunity and recognized as enjoining or prohibiting certain actions and enforced by the imposition of penalties. b a body of such rules. 2 the controling influence of laws; a state of respect for laws. 3 laws collectively as a social system or subject of study. 4 binding force or effect (their word is law). Air Law: Acrodromes, Air Rules & Procedures 2 Air Law 21 Aerodromes, Air Rules & Procedures 1. tn the Southern Domestic Airspace, runways are numbered to the nearest Dearing. In the Northern Domestic Airspace, which is north of @ line running from : a 1 + 7 the runways are numbered to the nearest bearing, (xf 8949 2 You are to fly inte an unfamiliar aerodrome. Whst publication should you consult to find the necessary aerodrome data? (i! 3. You approach the uncontralled aerodrome (Hephazard) reproduced in the diagram below from the southwest with the intention of landing. fof #0 (ak What frequency should you use to alert local traffic of your presence? (he Fi 99 (When should you call"Haphazard Trafic"? (@: Atwhat height should you cross the field to observe the windseck and runway? (/ (2 What do the two crosses on the coutheast end of runway 30 mean? (hs F091) (ef Atonhat altitude do you fly the elrelt? jr rcv 99) (9: What runway should you use? (Gi When you are joining the circuit at the airport, at what altitude and from where, should you cross the runway from the upwind side? (fo) £00") (0): Approximately how much serviceable runway is available? (Dison Air Law: Acrodromes, Air Rules & Procedures ‘Tecolouroftherunwaylightsis -thetaxiwaylightsare : ‘Across the approach end of the runway, there is row of slights and across theupwind end arowof fights. (ef £00 9 ‘The VASISis set at 25 degrees to 3 degrees lide slope. Pencil inthe red lights in the diagram bolow when you areon the glide lope, of F192 Pp ad an LY og = ‘You are on spproach to a runwey served by a PAPI instellation, All 4 lights of the wing bar show red. Whats your pesition relative tothe approach slope? (i ‘What is the purpose of 2 “Mandatory Frequency"? In what publication will you find listed the radio frequency that is Prescribed for use in the specified area where a mandatory frequency isin place? r ‘What are the approximate dimensions of the Alimeter Setting Region? (i (a Horizontally (0: Vertically ‘What do you set on the subscale ofthe altimeter when you are flying in the following? (i rou 9 (Standard Pressure Region? (0) Altimeter Setting Region? “The Canadien Domestic Airspace is divided into seven classifications each identified by a single letter ofthe alphabet, Class A Airspace includes all controlled high level airspace between 18,000 fect ASI. snd FL. 600 inclusive. Class 8 Airspace includes all controlled low level airspace between 12,500 feet ASL and up to but not including 18,000 feet ASL. As a Private Pilot under ‘raining, you will not use either of these two classes of airspace. Class F Airspace includes Restricted or Advisory Areas, Deseribe the airspaces in which you wil fly when under training under their respective letters: ©, D.E BG." P00 10! 20 class ¢ lass D lass & Glass ¢ Fra he Ground Up wee Air Law: Aerodromes, Air Rules & Procedures un, + are low level sirways that extend out from snd into VHP Omnirange stations. They are approximately + autical miles wide, They are bated at | and extend up to the base of the ATC control is trafic, (6) 0 05), 12, Near Vancouver, there is an area om the map that is marked CYA 125 (7). What do the leters and numbers mean and in what sirspace will this area now be included? 13. AVER position report should include (a cy @ ae tee ©: 4 You plan a VER trip from Victoria to Squamish to go skiing at Whistler. Must you file a fight plan? (00 0) 15. You find ieimpossible to file « Might plan from Rosetown to Shaunavon, Sask, What do the regulations require with regard to this fight? gag rcv ce) 26, Halfway to Shaunavon, you decide to divert to Moose Jaw to attend the band festival. You land ata friend's farm and head for ‘own, forgetting to call your responsible person st Rosetown, What should this person do? (s) £!1: 17. You file rom Eémonton to Port Angeles, Weshington, and include ADCUS (advise customs) on your Might plan. When you Jand, there are ne Customs personnel waiting for you. Why not >. 16, You plan to fly the Vietor Airway from Regina to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, You have no ADF equipment, but do have VOR, (8k What isthe class of airspace you will use? (©) Whats the minimom altitude at which you should fy? (@: What action must you take with regard to your Might plan st Saskatoon? 19, Whats an ale traffic control clearance? (10) ‘Whats an air traffic control instruction? 20, This question deals with Minimum VER altitudes (@ What isthe minimum altitude you must maintain over open water in the Gulf of Georgia in Class G srepace? (O} What isthe minimum altitude et which you may fly over a town? 2. 23, 24 26, 2. 2 Air Law: Aerodromes, Air Rules & Procedures (©: Whst is the minimum altitude at which you may overfly an aerodrome? (@: What isthe minimum altivude at which you may overfly a penitentiary? ‘You are flying westbound on a VER flight from Toronto to Thunder Bay, Ontario, What should be your cruising altitude? (./ Fill in the blanks with the eppropriate VER weather minima, Cass Visibiity + Cloud: Horizontally Vertically class D: Visiviity } Cloud: Horizontally vertically Cass G above 1000 feet above the surface: Visibility } Glows: Horizontally Vertically ‘What is the visibility limit for Special VER? oF ‘when Flying Special VER, fo) °00 21052 (ah: What isthe vertical visibility requirement? (0): Who is responsibe for obstacle clearance? (6 Whereis it authorized? ‘You depart Hornby island (near Comox) for Victoria. As you nesr Victoria, che weather deteriorates and the ceiling drops to {600 oF 700 feet above the water level There is some fracto stratus hanging below the general ceiling which you fly around. ‘The visibility ia reduced to about 1 mile.) "00 060107 (Are you legally VER? (8); WII ATC clear you into Victoria to land? (eo way! (2k What course of action is open to you if you are prohibited from entering the control zone because of conflicting IFR traffic? ‘To conduct a VFR Over the Top (VFR OTT] flight, your departure and climb, descent and arrival must be conducted in conditions, even though the cruise portion is conducted atleast ‘over a eloud layer 5 (00 91) ‘VER flight may be conducted in Clase B Airepace, What are the applicable conditions?! (e Oo Inadaition tothe asic information that is required on a VFR Fight Plan, what additional information must be clearly defined for VER fightin Class B Airspace? (i 'No person shall operate on aircraft over land unlees there is carried on board survival equipment, suficont for the survival fon the ground of each person on board, given the geographical area, the season of the year and the anticipated climatic variations, that provide a means for ()10u @ Oe ©: @ From the Grund Up wets Air Law: Acrodromes, Air Rules & Procedures 30. You are inbound to Vancouver from Port Hardy, in the TCA, being vectored by ATC. Itappears that your present heading and altitude will take you straight into a mountain near Horseshoe Bay. Whois responsible for terrain cleerance and what action do you take? (rej 20 ar 51, The Certifieate of Airworthiness must be renewed annually. How is this done? xf 01:0) 82, What do each ofthe fllowing light signals mean to an aircraft in fight? (wy 100%» (ak Steady Green (Oy stwady Rea (9 Mashing Green (Flashing Red (ek Red Mare ‘What do the following light signals mean to an aireraft onthe ground? (0: Fashing Green (a: Steady green (i): Flashing red (Steady ree 38, Define night’ ro rou 299) 34. Must you wear a parachute when flying aerobatics in Canada? (£00 pbithersCo United yee wrarviongblches ccm ANSWERS 1 Ten dagres magnetic. Invik, Yetauke, Charity uatal 10 degrees true 2 The Canada Fight Supplement. (ar Use te assigned ME or ATE (Cll before entering the specie ae, downsina,on fine and wher sear ofthe rumoay. (9): Cross wel above at est 500 fet) circuit height (i): They init that te portion of the runny, berwwen the two cesses is unsuitable for aircraft se. (1,380 fet. (f): Rummy 30.) Cross about 2 ofthe way down a crt height, (9 1.000 foe 4 White Blue Gree, Red With refrence to VASIS cy (ead ey og “= 6. Ten kava below the aproach slope Iris asset frequency for use within Smits of he sirgort for ubich airport data ond traffic advisories are brondast. Plots are to reprt onthe ME, so ‘ha al traffic rhe vei s known. Canada Fight Suplemers 8 @ lis the same asthe Southern Domestic Aepae, i: From the surface 017999 fc. 3. (@) 2992" Fig.) The aimee sexing ff he neces station en out 10. Arspace desriptons: 6: Gontrk Zones and same TCA, ute psive contre of al arcrft ‘0 Contetd airspace bro B and ouside of. This eludes al teow vel areas ond aways up 10 12,500 feet, the Cone Zones not designated as Cand mest TCAs. The egpace above FLECD. ssrtially the same as Css D expt nat above FLEQ0. No separation is provide for VER otro 6 Unconrlled sapace 11, Visor ainonys 8.68. 2,200 feet AGL, verpng agit aepace TER 42, Vanccuver Advisory Area Number 225, wherein there is extensive fight raining up fo 2000 feet Cass F, Air Law: Aerodromes, Air Rules & Procedures 15, VER poston reports shoul nb: (oh: Moticatian; eg. Cessna 172 Charke Coif (oscar Unf Char (not “old Une Chat). (0): Boston; eg 10 eas, OR Over Denby (at “Oh prety coe’) (9: Times eg 1644 (nea quarter to five) (ay: attude eg Four thousand five hundted (08). fe: VER Fgh Pon Destination, Thi the place yo intend to land ret your nat reporting poi. 14, You ave repute to fila Fight Phn or leave Fight ierary wit a responsible person, 135. You mst lecve a Fight itinerary with respone person 136, Twenty four hows afer your shaded TA, the person uth whom you left the Flight nerary Should roy somecne in authority (ATC, REC, 55, CR, ACU hat you havent reported 17. In practic, transbrder plots have found at ADCUS on a light plan sompy cs nar work ures hee i 24 leur cutors eerie esablahed atthe aor. a some cases, even then Customs has nat beer nctified of our arrival, Rather than be embarassed and deayed is se to phone Customs beer eving sf tere is ony shu os to their avabiley ot your or oferty 48, (ab. (8 6.500. (9: lean arrival report with ATC. 19, An authorization fom ATC to prcee within cored sirspace, under specifi conations and, once aoeped, must be complied with directive by ATC for cit tne contol and ust bs complied with proved the safety ofthe arrat sna jeopardized 20, (@): $00 fs. (9) 1,000 fet akon the highest cbsace within 2,000 fet of the leraf. (2: 2,090 fe. (@): AT panies tre vested sirapace. You may not fly over tham 21, Buen thousands plus 500 fet. 22. C3 miles fight and ground visibly. Cloud - 2 rile erizontaly and 560 fet very, 3 mis igh wisity. Cleud- 1 mie horizontal are 506 fat vertaly. above 000 feet ACL: Vsbitty - 2 mile by day, 3 aes at night. Cloud - 2,000 fo heriontay and 500 fet vertically. Note: Fight Vsiity mast be 2 les in certain rmourtaious regions, See AIM RAC 212 28 For Special VFR (SFR): Fghe and ground vitlty of ast 1 mie For th Ground Up Weise Air Law: Acrodromes, Air Rules & Procedures . (a): You must be abl tose the ground or water (The pilot.) fa Cortvl Zones (@:¥o. (9: Yes, providing heres no FR conf (¢) Because the weather is equal to Special VER Lite (@: Return to Hornby and ret tie check the weather forecast. ‘VFR. 1,000 feet (ohn clas 8 Aitspace, ER fight must be conducted in accondance with the procedures fer 1% fight (Bt must he conducted in VER conditions. VER alte Route a) Starting ae: Breviing she (Providing or purying woer Visual signang aires. ‘You, os plo ncommand, are responsible for terrain clearance, You must take he appropriate el: turn away and eee Conti a 2. ‘The aircraft must be maintained in aecodance with CARS ‘art V. The owner must ensue that ADs and maifations ‘ha ae carried cat ae recede nthe Journey Lg. [Note The € oF Ai intended to be a permanent document. Tks kept in fore and is valid ont by the entries of the work above so entered and certifi nthe Journey Log. (a): Clear tan. (8 Do not land. Conta in the Cheut Give way to ether eet Recall The angort i unsafe. Dont land. (Do nt lar for the time beng (): Cleared ro tax) eared for tae off (2) Ta cea ofthe adng aren.) Step. "Nigh" ia defined as dat te when the centre of the sans ses & degrees or mre blew the herizon. OR, Ore hal pour after sunset 0 one half hour bfoe sunrise 1, ‘Aviano Pulsars 09 Late ake are arahorpbaberscem processes and phenomena of the atmosphere, esp. a5 a means of forecasting the weather. 2 the atmospheric character of a region. Meteorology: Aviation Weather (Theory) 3 Meteorology 3.1 Aviation Weather (Theory) 1. The name given to the atmospheric layer in which alreraft fly i the “The top of this layer i called the ef FOU 32 2. The ICAO standard atmosphere for sea level is? (F120) (ah Precsure (Temperature (@: Lapse Rate 3. Clouds are broken into four major categories: high (above 2,000 fet), middle (6,500 to 20,000 feet low (surface to 6500 fet) 1nd clouds of vertical development. Name the different types of low and vertical clouds. ie F01 1258 125) Low VERTICAL ( ( @ 4. Whats the name given to the various types of sky condition. What isthe extent af cloud? (25) NAME: ABBREVIATION ‘ctoup Cc : © (a (er 5. In the diagram below, label the Low, High, Trough, Col and Ridge. m 13. x. 1s. Meteorology: Aviation Weather (Theory) Wind blows bout a LOW and about a HIGH. At altitude, ‘he circulation (wing) is to the contours, Near the surface, friction causes the wind to ‘change direction, (ry 700 1508 19) (a): Which way? (How much? (Ci Is this called “backing” or “veering”? on the accompanying diagram, show the direction of winds about a LOW and a HIGH. Use broken arrows to indicate the

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