TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

401079
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION
AND ECONOMICS
CHAPTER 3: Optimal Operation of Hydrothermal
System

Nguyen Trung Thang, PhD

 CHAPTER 3: OPTIMAL OPERATION
OF HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM
◼ 3.1. Introduction
◼ 3.2. Optimization algorithms
◼ 3.3. Optimal operation of short-term
hydrothermal system
◼ 3.4. Application Of Optimization
Algorithms For The Problem

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 OBJECTIVES

◼ Understand the meaning of the scheduling of

hydrothermal system
◼ To be able to apply optimization algorithms
for optimal operation of hydrothermal system
◼ To be able to analyze the advantages and
disadvantages of the methods
◼ Can implement other algorithm for the
problem

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 3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.1.1. Hydropower plants
◼ Hydropower plants generate electricity depending on water
in reservoir
◼ Water inflow is from nature rivers, which is dependent on
weather and season.
◼ Water is considered free
◼ Hydropower plants can change power output so fast in
about three minutes for full power
◼ Generation can be adjusted by tuning water discharge via
turbines
◼ Water can be stored when generation required is low

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 3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.1.2. Thermal power plants
◼ Thermal power plants generate electricity by burning fossil
fuel and driving turbines
◼ Fossil fuels are very expensive and exhausted
◼ Thermal power plants can respond to the change of load
slowly, it takes about some hours for full power
◼ Increasing and decreasing power generated by thermal
power plants is slow
◼ The higher thermal plants generates power, the higher each
MWH is. Therefore, high generation from the plants is not
economic
◼ It is necessary to combine both thermal plants and hydro
plants
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 3.1. INTRODUCTION
VS (Mm3) inflow

THERMAL
PLANTS HYDROPOWER
PLANTS
~
Hydrothermal PHi
PTi
scheduling
~

PDi
MINIMIZE FUEL COST
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 3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.1.3. Optimal scheduling of hydrothermal system
Thermal plants Hydropower plants
Fossil fuels used to produce Water from nature river is
electricity are expensive and considered negligible for
become exhausted generation cost
The higher power generated is, Generation cost is considered
the higher the fuel cost is unchanged
The startup and the response Time for from startup to full
speed to load change are very generation is about several
slow minutes.
Fuel for thermal plants is plentiful Water in a year is limited
in a year
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 3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.1.3. Optimal scheduling of hydrothermal system
◼ Scheduling of hydrothermal system is to use the advantage
of hydropower plants to tackle drawbacks from thermal
power plants
◼ Fast response and fast change of power output from
hydropower plants is to meet the sudden change of load
◼ Water is discharge optimally in aim to limit high power
output generated by thermal power plants.
◼ However, the volume of reservoir must be run within
allowed limits.
◼ The optimal scheduling of the system is really important

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 3.2. OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS

◼ 3.2.1. Lagrange multiplier based

algorithm
◼ 3.2.2. Lagrange Hopfield Network based
algorithm
◼ 3.2.3. Others
◼ Particle Swarm optimization
◼ Cuckoo search algorithm

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 3.3. OPTIMAL OPERATION OF SHORT-
TERM HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM
Hydrothermal scheduling can be divided into three
sub-problems

Short-term: Medium-term: Long-term:

One day to one Some weeks to One years to some
week. some months years

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 3.3. OPTIMAL OPERATION OF SHORT-
TERM HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM
The short-term hydrothermal scheduling (ST-HTS)
problems can be defined as:

Scheduled time: Determine: Satisfying:

- One day -Thermal - System constraints
-Within one generation - Thermal plant
week. -Hydro generation constraints
- Hydraulic constraints
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 3.3. OPTIMAL OPERATION OF SHORT-
TERM HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM
3.3.2. Problem formulation
Fuel cost function of thermal plant
4000
1. Quadratic function
3500 Quadratic Function-Neglecting valve point effect
Nonconvex function-considering valve point effect

3000

2500
Fuel cost ($/h)

2. Nonconvex function 2000

1500

1000

500

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Ps (MW)

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 3.3. OPTIMAL OPERATION OF SHORT-
TERM HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM
THE MODELS OF HYDRO PLANTS

Glimn-Kirchmayer suggested:
ψ(h)=ah
As 2 + bh is
head +
K.ψ(h)= K’
cfixed
q=K.ψ(h).Ф(P) q=K’.Ф(P)
Ф(P)=xP2 + yP+
z
q jm = ahj Phjm
2
+ bhj Phjm + chj (3)
Where
qni: water discharge (m3/h) PHni: hydro generation (MW).
ahj, bhj, chj : coefficients of water discharge function (m3/MW2h, m3/MWh, m3/h)
M
Available water W j =  Tm .q jm
m=1

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 3.3. OPTIMAL OPERATION OF SHORT-
TERM HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM
SYSTEM & GENERATOR CONSTRAINTS
N1 N2
Power balance constraint
P
i =1
si , m +  Phj ,m − PL ,m − PD ,m = 0; m = 1, , M
j =1

N1 + N 2 N1 + N 2 N1 + N 2
PL,m are calculated using Kron’s formula
PL ,m =  P
i =1 j =1
i ,m Bij Pj ,m + B
i =1
P + B00
0 i i ,m

Hydro generation constraints

Phjmin  Phjm  Phjmax

Thermal generation constraints

Psimin  Psim  Psimax

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 3.3. OPTIMAL OPERATION OF SHORT-
TERM HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM
M N1 1) Fim =  asi + bsi Psi ,m + cs Psi2,m 
Objective function Min CT =  tm Fim  asi + bsi Psi ,m + cs Psi2,m 
m =1 i =1
2) Fim =  

1.Power balance constraint  (

 + d si  sin esi  ( Psimin − Psi ,m ) ) 

N1 N2

P
i =1
si , m +  Phj ,m − PL ,m − PD ,m = 0; m = 1, , M
j =1

N1 + N 2 N1 + N 2 N1 + N 2

2. Available water constr. PL ,m =  P

i =1 j =1
i ,m Bij Pj ,m + B
i =1
P + B00
0 i i ,m

M
W j =  Tm .q jm ; j = 1,.., N 2 q j , m = ahj + bhj Phj , m + c j Phj2 , m
m=1

3. Hydro generation constr.

Phjmin  Phjm  Phjmax ; j = 1, 2,...., N 2
4. Thermal generation constr. Psimin  Psim  Psimax ; i = 1, 2,...., N1
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 3.4. APPLICATION OF OPTIMIZATION
ALGORITHMS FOR THE PROBLEM

3.4.1. Lagrange multiplier based algorithm

3.4.2. Lagrange Hopfield Network based algorithm

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 3.4.1. LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER
BASED ALGORITHM
From the following objective and constraints

Take partial derevertive of L with respect to each vriable

L C ( P ) P
= Ti T Tmi + Ti i ( Li − 1) = 0
PTmi PTmi PTmi
L P q
= i ( Li − 1) +  n . ni = 0
PHni PHni PHni
L M N
= PLi + PDi −  PTmi −  PHni = 0
i m =1 n =1

L I
=  qni .Ti − VnS = 0
 n i =1
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 3.4.1. LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER
BASED ALGORITHM
Bước 1 Nhập giá trị
ban đầu

Xác định lưu lượng

Bước 2 xả ban đầu

Bước 3 Tính PHn1, λ1

Bước 4 Tính μn

Bước 5 Tính λi, αn

Bước 6 Tính PTmi, PHni

Bước 8
Bước 7 min
PHn  PHni  PHn
max sai Hiệu chỉnh
new new
min
PTm  PTmi  PTm
max PTmi , PHni

đúng
Bước 9 Tính Vn

Bước 11

Bước 10
Vn −VnS  
sai Vn −VnS
 = +n. S
new
n
0
n
Vn
đúng
Bước 12 Stop

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 3.4.2. HOPFIELD LAGRANGE
NETWORK BASED ALGORITHM
Lagrange Function:

 
( )
M N1 M N1 N2
L =  t k as + bs Psk + c P +  k  PLk + PDk −  Psk −  Phk 
2
s sk
k =1 s =1 k =1  s =1 h =1 
N2
M 
+   h  t k (qhk − rhk ) − Wh 
h =1  k =1 
Energy Function:
 
( )
M N1 M N1 N2
E =  t k as + bsVsk + c V +  Vk  PLk + PDk −  Vsk −  Vhk 
2
s sk
k =1 s =1 k =1  s =1 h =1 
M  M  N1 sk −1 
N2 V N 2 Vhk
+  Vh  t k (qhk − rhk ) − Wh  +    g (V )dV +   g (V )dV 
−1

h =1  k =1  k =1  s =1 0 h =1 0



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 3.4.2. HOPFIELD LAGRANGE
NETWORK BASED ALGORITHM
The implementation of HLN for solving the problem

Step 1: Initialize neurons

( )  PLk 
N
1 1
inputs and outputs using V(k0) =  t k bs + 2csVsk(0) 1 −  (30)
N1 s =1  Vsk 
( 0)  PLk   qhk 
M
1
V(h0) =  k  V
V  1 −   t k  (31)
M k =1  hk   Vhk 
Step 2: set n=1

dU sk E dU k E
Step 3: Calculate =− (18) ; = (20)
dt Vsk dt Vk
neuron dynamics dU hk E dUh E
=− (19) ; = (21)
dt Vhk dt Vh

Vh = Uh (29)

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 3.4.2. HOPFIELD LAGRANGE
NETWORK BASED ALGORITHM
Step 4: Update inputs and outputs of neurons
( n −1) E E
( n)
U sk = U sk −  sk (22); U ( nk) = U ( nk −1) +  k (24)
Vsk Vk
( n −1) E E
( n)
U hk = U hk −  hk (23); U (hn) = U (hn −1) +  h (25)
Vhk Vh
 1 + tanh ( U sim ) 
Vsim = g (U sim ) = ( Psimax − Psimin )   + Psi
min
(26)
 2 

 1 + tanh ( U hjm ) 
Vhjm = g (U hjm ) = ( Pmax
−P min
)   + Phjmin (27)
hj hj
2 
 

Vk = Uk (28)

Vh = Uh (29)

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 3.4.2. HOPFIELD LAGRANGE
NETWORK BASED ALGORITHM
The implementation of HLN for solving the problem
Start

Initialize neurons inputs and

outputs

Set n=1

Calculate dynamics of
neurons

Update inputs and outputs

of neurons

Calculate Errmax

Yes
Errmax
max > ε and n < Nmax
max n= n+1

No
Stop

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS

◼ In this chapter, we have learnt:

➢ Hydrothermal system scheduling
➢ Characteristic of thermal plants and
hydropower plants
➢ The meaning of scheduling of hydro plants
and thermal plants
➢ Two optimization algorithms consisting of
Lagrange multiplier and Hopfield Lagrange
network
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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS

◼ Assignments: implementation of the two

optimization algorithms for the optimal
scheduling problem.

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