Master of Environmental Engineering & Sustainable Energy

Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Weather Analysis of Mumbai (India) and Warsaw (Poland)

Prof: Alfonso De Jesús GODOY MUÑOZ

Submitted by:
Ajay Manhas
Mumbai, India

Latitude: 19.07°N Longitude: 072.51°E

Tropical savanna climates have monthly mean temperature above 18°C (64°F) in
every month of the year and typically a pronounced dry season, with the driest month
having precipitation less than 60mm (2.36 in) of precipitation. In essence, a tropical
savanna climate tends to either see less rainfall than a tropical monsoon climate or have
more pronounced dry seasons than a tropical monsoon climate. Tropical savanna
climates are most commonly found in Africa, Asia and South America. The climate is also
prevalent in sections of Central America, northern Australia and North America,
specifically in sections of Mexico and the state of Florida in the United States.

The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Aw". (Tropical Savanna
Climate).

The average temperature for the year in Mumbai is 80.8°F (27.1°C). The warmest
month, on average, is May with an average temperature of 85.8°F (29.9°C). The coolest
month on average is January, with an average temperature of 74.7°F (23.7°C).

The highest recorded temperature in Mumbai is 106.0°F (41.1°C), which was recorded
in April. The lowest recorded temperature in Mumbai is 50.0°F (10°C), which was
recorded in February.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Mumbai is 95.7" (2430.8 mm). The
month with the most precipitation on average is July with 32.3" (820.4 mm) of
precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an
average of 0.0" (0 mm). There are an average of 107.0 days of precipitation, with the
most precipitation occurring in July with 28.0 days and the least precipitation occurring
in February with 0.0 days.
Mumbai Weather, according to India Meteorology
May is the hottest month in Mumbai with an average temperature of 30°C (86°F) and
the coldest is January at 24°C (75°F) with the most daily sunshine hours at 10 in May.
The wettest month is July with an average of 640mm of rain. The best month to swim in
the sea is in June when the average sea temperature is 30°C (86°F).
Poland Weather
51.9194° N, 19.1451° E

The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb". (Marine West Coast
Climate). The average temperature for the year in Warsaw is 47.0°F (8.3°C). This area
is characterized by equable climates with few extremes of temperature and ample
precipitation in all months. It is located poleward of the Mediterranean climate region on
the western sides of the continents, between 35° and 60° N and S latitude. Unlike their
equatorial neighbors, marine west coast climates are located beyond the farthest
poleward extent of the subtropical anticyclone, and they experience the mid-latitude
westerlies and traveling frontal cyclones all year. Precipitation totals vary somewhat
throughout the year in response to the changing location and intensity of these storm
systems, but annual accumulations generally range from 500 to 2500mm (20 to 98
inches), with local totals exceeding 5000mm (197 inches) where onshore winds
encounter mountain ranges. Not only is precipitation plentiful but it is also reliable and
frequent. Many areas have rainfall more than 150 days per year, although the
precipitation is often of low intensity. Fog is common in autumn and winter, but
thunderstorms are infrequent. Strong gales with high winds may be encountered in winter.
Temperatures in the winter tend to be mild, while summer temperatures are moderate.

The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb". (Marine West Coast
Climate).

The average temperature for the year in Warsaw is 47.0°F (8.3°C). The warmest month,
on average, is July with an average temperature of 64.0°F (17.8°C). The coolest month
on average is January, with an average temperature of 29.0°F (-1.7°C).

The highest recorded temperature in Warsaw is 99.0°F (37.2°C), which was recorded in
August. The lowest recorded temperature in Warsaw is -23.0°F (-30.6°C), which was
recorded in January.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Warsaw is 21.6" (548.6 mm). The
month with the most precipitation on average is July with 3.0" (76.2 mm) of precipitation.
The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of 1.0"
(25.4 mm). There are an average of 177.0 days of precipitation, with the most
precipitation occurring in June with 16.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in
February with 13.0 days.
We note that Mumbai and Warsaw have very varying temperature difference.
And hence, Mumbai being warmer than Warsaw requires lower heat gain from outside.
While, Warsaw, in winters requires lower heat loses from inside to outside.
Also, one can note that Mumbai has more sunshine hours than Warsaw, therefore
required proper shading in summer, and also it has got more potential of Solar PV
Panels installation.

Architectural Strategies
When the temperature outside is high(During summers) then thermal control objective
of the building is:

1. To reduce Heat gain from outside the building

2. Internal cooling system setup

When temperatures outside are low, the thermal control objective of the building is :

1. Reduce the thermal loss from the building.

2. Increase thermal gain from the sun (through windows)and external heat sources

3. Internal heat sources to bring building’s temperature to comfort temperature.

Cooling and Heating has significant share of energy share for a corporate or building,
Hence, new technologies for cooling and heating can lower the energy demand
significantly, and hence lower the cost.

Various architectural and structural strategies:

1. Shading devices:
The use of sun control and shading devices is an important aspect of many energy-
efficient building design strategies. In particular, buildings that employ passive solar
heating or daylighting often depend on well-designed sun control and shading devices.
Thus, solar control and shading can be provided by a wide range of building
components including:

• Landscape features such as mature trees or hedge rows;

• Exterior elements such as overhangs or vertical fins;
• Horizontal reflecting surfaces called light shelves;
• Low shading coefficient (SC) glass; and,
• Interior glare control devices such as Venetian blinds or adjustable louvers.

2. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)

Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are Photovoltaics materials that are used to
replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as the
roof, skylights, or facades.[1] They are increasingly being incorporated into the
construction of new buildings as a principal or ancillary source of electrical power,
although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology
Picture: The CIS Tower in Manchester, England

Picture: BAPV solar facade on a municipal building located in Madrid (Spain)

3. Green roofs and rooftop gardens :
The aim is to keep buildings cool and curb carbon footprint. Buildings absorb a lot of
heat, and growing vegetation on the roof can keep it cool. This, in turn, will reduce the
use of air-conditioners. In London, the energy saved from green roofs is about 4.15
kilowatt hours per square metre, which is quite significant. This value could be much
higher in a country like India, where temperatures across the year are probably more
than in northern climes. Thus, there is greater cooling potential over the year. Green
roofs are catching on in Indian cities like Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru. While many
might adopt a green roof for beautification, it serves a larger purpose: sustainability.
Another advantage of green roofs is surface water management, particularly during
monsoon.
Also, Green roofs and solar panels together can work well in a country like India with
high temperatures. Green roofs can cool solar panels and make them efficient to
produce more electricity.

References:
1. https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-
summary.php3?s=30034&cityname=Mumbai,+India

2. https://www.holiday-weather.com/warsaw/averages/

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate

4. http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/allindianew.pdf
5. https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-
summary.php3?s=57321&cityname=Warsaw,+Poland
6.
https://www.academia.edu/2004347/Evaluation_of_Suitable_Vertical_and_Horizontal_S
hadow_Angles_for_Shading_Devices_at_Mumbai_India
7. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/interviews/urbanisation/-green-roofs-can-help-cities-
adapt-to-climate-change--50850
8. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating