JORDAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE (JUCO)

A CONSTITUENT COLLEGE OF ST. AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY IN TANZANIA

FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

COURSE CODE : BSC 303.

COURSE NAME : ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.

LECTURE NAME : DR. CHURI

SUBMISSION DATE : 11th JANUARY 2024.

GROUP MEMBERS:

SN STUDENT NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER

i. ADAMU CHENGULA BSCCS/0065/2021
ii. FLORA ELIAS NGANGA BSCCS/0040/2021
iii. MABULA IBRAHIMU ZENGO BSCCS/0054/2021
iv. MPAJI NGUA BSCCS/0025/2021
v. ZABRONI AMINI BSCCS/0050/2021

QUESTION:

Question one:
What is known:
o 1. The law says that it is a crime for an American to sell weapons to hostile

nations: ∀𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧[(𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎(𝑥) ∧ 𝑊𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑛(𝑦) ∧ 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑧) ∧ 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒(𝑧) ∧

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑦) → 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙(𝑥))].
o 2. The country Nono, an enemy of America, has some missiles and all of its

1
missiles were sold to it by Colonel West, who is an American:

∃𝑥[𝑂𝑛𝑤𝑠(𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑜, 𝑥) ∧ 𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒(𝑥)],

o 3. ∀ 𝑥[(𝑂𝑤𝑛𝑠(𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑜, 𝑥) ∧ 𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒(𝑥)) → 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠(𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡, 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑜, 𝑥)],

o 4. ∀𝑥[𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒(𝑥) → 𝑊𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑛(𝑥)],

o 5. ∀𝑥[𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑦(𝑥, 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎) → 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒(𝑥)],

o 6. 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎(𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡),

o 7. 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑜),

o 8. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑦(𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑜, 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎),

o 9. 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎).

What to prove: West is a criminal. 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍(𝑾𝒆𝒔𝒕)

Question two
What is the probability that John has malaria given that he has a slightly
unusual symptoms: a high fever. Given that (a) probability that a person has
malaria regardless of symptoms is 0.0001, (b) probability that a person has the
symptom of fever given that he has malaria is 0.75, (c) probability that a person
has symptom of fever given that he does not have malaria is 0.14, and (d) John
has fever.
Question three
Write short notes about the following concepts as related to machine learning
a) Supervised learning
b) Unsupervised learning
c) Reinforcement learning
d) Deep learning
e) Semi-supervised learning

2
QUESTION 1.

We perform the analysis of the given information and see if we can prove that Colonel West is a
criminal.

1. The law states that it is a crime for an American to sell weapons to hostile nations.

∀x, y, z [(American(x) ∧ Weapon(y) ∧ Nation(z) ∧ Hostile(z) ∧ Sells (x, z, y)) → Criminal(x)]

2. The country Nono, an enemy of America, has some missiles and all of its missiles were
sold to it by Colonel West, who is an American.
∃x [Owns (Nono, x) ∧ Missile(x)]
∃x [Owns (Nono, x) ∧ Missile(x) ∧ Sells (West, Nono, x)]
3. For all missiles owned by Nono, Colonel West sold them.
∀x [(Owns (Nono, x) ∧ Missile(x)) → Sells (West, Nono, x)]

We combine all of the above statements to drive to the conclusion.

From statement 3, we have that all missiles owned by Nono were sold by Colonel West. From
statement 2, we know that Nono owns some missiles. Therefore, we can conclude that Colonel
West sold some missiles to Nono.

Now, using statement 1, which states that selling weapons to hostile nations is a crime, we can
conclude that Colonel West is a criminal: Criminal (West) Criminal (West)

So, based on the given information and the logical deductions, we can prove that Colonel West is
a criminal.

3
QUESTION 2.

use Bayes' Theorem to calculate the probability that John has malaria given that he has a high
fever. The theorem is given by:

P( F ∣ M ) × P(M)
P(M ∣ F) =
P(M)

Given information.

(a) P (M) = 0.0001 (Probability that a person has malaria regardless of symptoms).
(b) P (F∣M) = 0.75 (Probability that a person has a fever given that he has malaria).
(c) P (F∣ ¬ M) = 0.14 (Probability that a person has a fever given that he does not have malaria).

Now, we can substitute all these values into the Bayes' Theorem formula

0.75 × 0.0001
P(M ∣ F) =
0.14
0.000075
P(M ∣ F) =
0.14

P( M ∣ F ) = 0.0005357

QUESTION 3:

To write short notes about the following.

a) Supervised Learning. In supervised learning, the algorithm is trained on a labeled dataset,

where input data is linked with appropriate output labels. To enable the model to produce
precise predictions on fresh, unobserved data, the objective is to develop a mapping
function from inputs to outputs. The learning process entails applying methods like
regression or classification to minimize the discrepancy between expected and actual
outputs.

4
b) Unsupervised Learning. Training on unlabeled data allows an algorithm to search for
structures, correlations, and patterns without explicit supervision. This process is known as
unsupervised learning. Typical assignments include dimensionality reduction, which
reduces the complexity of the data while maintaining its key characteristics, and clustering,
in which the algorithm clusters together comparable data points.
c) Reinforcement Learning. Is focused on an agent that interacts with an environment to
learn how to make decisions. Reward or punishment feedback is given to the agent, helping
it to gradually learn the best strategies. This paradigm is frequently used in situations, like
gaming or robotic control, where an agent must choose a course of action to maximize
cumulative rewards.
d) Deep Learning. A branch of machine learning called "deep learning" models complicated
patterns and representations by employing multi-layered neural networks, or "deep neural
networks." It performs exceptionally well in applications like speech recognition, image
recognition, and natural language processing. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are two examples of deep learning architectures that
have proven to perform exceptionally well in a variety of fields.
e) Semi-Supervised Learning. Learning that is semi-supervised integrates aspects of
supervised and unsupervised learning by using a dataset that comprises samples that are
labeled and those that are not. To enhance the model's performance on the unlabeled data,
it makes use of the information from the labeled data. This method works well when there
is a shortage of labeled data and obtaining labeled data is costly or time-consuming.