Joy Godwin INless Bus Advantage a a a eo) : ae £ g =f s Cy 5 i=) a fe} is} ea) < ie} = a ic s fe} a Mt a} omBusiness Advantage Personal Study Book Upper-intermediate Joy Godwin & CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRE Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, $40 Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambrids The Bdini University Press argh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK www:cambridge.org Information on this title: wwwicat (0521281300 idge.org/9 © Cambridge University Pres 1 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge able rom the Britis A catalogue record for this publication is avai ISBN 978-0-521-13217-6 Upper-intermediate Student's Book with DVD ISBN 978-1-107-42231-5 Upper-intermediate Teacher's Book ISBN 978-0-521-28130-0 Upper-intermediate Personal Study Book with Audio CD ISBN 978-0-521-13218-3 Upper-intermediate Audio CDs Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Pre the accuracy of such information thereafter. 3s does not guaranteeIntroduction to the Personal Study Book 1 Competitive environment 2 Future uncertainty Reading 1: Food Retail in india Writing 1: Preparing presentation slides 3 Rewarding performance 4 Fostering creativity Reading 2: Entrepreneurship: two schools of thought Writing 2: Describing a process 5 Organisational cultures 6 Working across cultures Reading 3: Geert Hofstede Writing 3: Argument-led writing 7 Change management 8 Project management Reading 4: Peter Drucker and his talent to spot es Writing 4: Describing graphs 9 E-marketing 10 Branding Reading 5: The power of words Writing 5: Persuasive communication online 11 Accounting 12 Microfinance Reading 6; Microfinance for small business owners Writing 6: Formal andl informal emails at work 13. Corporate Social Responsibil 14 Strategic planning Reading 7: Henry Mintzberg Writing 7: First contact emails Wordlist Grammar reference Progress tests Audio scripts Answer key Acknowledgements 57 8-10 112 13 14-16 17-19 20-21 22 23-25 26-28 29-30 31 32-34 35-37 38-39 41-43 44-46 47-48 49 50-52 53-55 56-57 5B 59-61 62-64 65-66 o7 68-71 72-77 78-83 84-86 87-95 96Introduction ‘This books designed to help you test the grammar, v arnt through studying Business Adv Martin Lisboa, Al ne for each unit ofthe bo and skills you have age per-intermediate by Michael Handfor Koester veare 14 units Inaddition there seven Writing sect book. The covered in the St ns, each matching the relevant writing section of th ‘are also seven Rea ons related to the top unit follows the Students Book each of the three lessons in each unitof the Student's Book. You will find an Ansiver key at the back of the book losely: there isa section related 10 re are also three progress tests: one after Units 1-5, another of after Units 6-10 and the last one after Units 11~14, You can use the your progress. Ctra There are five stages in tod ating for and using the units. = Preparation: Study a unit or lesson of the Students Book thoroughly. When you feel canfident that you have maste the key words, grammar and skils presented, you are re: 3 Section or unit of the P plete the elev. (P38) = Practice. Each unit sonal Study Book ans bWo Sections — grar and skills These relate directly to the material in the Student Book, There are exercises in the skills section which include listening material: this gives you the opportunity ta hear and practise key phrases and pronunciation, intonation and stress related to the skill you have learned in the Student's Book Try to doall the que sin the section; each exercise tests one area of vocabulary, grammar or group of expressions from a skill area, = Checking. When you have finished al the tasks, check Ther work, ise the Answer key at the back of the book to mark your Ifyou have made slot of mistakes with one part, go back and check the Student's Book: review the key points to make sure you understand ther, = Can Do statements: At the end of each unit the an indication of w fe are two to three statements whic you able to do after completing the unit There ae twa boxes next ‘each statement (Yes, can do this think Ineed more practice. give yo haul be you can answer of the exercise es to all the statements and you have got most rect, then you are ready to move onto the next tnt. Fnot, refer back to the relevant unit ofthe Stu 4. mrropucion = Revision: Acer a the areas you is For example, | mpleting the statements think work on in the Furure and how you can dot YOU need to do more work on an area of vocabulary, thin fe a nate of it Its impor ‘ow you can do this and mak tobe realist idying ~ tak dont try todo too much. Iris better to earn five to six new terns, of ‘than try to remember more words when you are st ‘area atatime and -abulary really thorough touse effectively Rea There a Reading secti ction after eac da Whitin and a Writing of the PSB, The reading topics look at the gurus behind the theories and other 10 the companies you have studied inthe Stucent’s Book. Al'the reading texts are based on authentic vals and here are understand these, 50 ma will probably contain sorne unknown words. some explanations and exercises to help yo do not worry if you do ns word the fi read the text. Fyau find some interesting new vocabulary in the tex! make a note oft and ty to use itn order to help you remember it 1g units 19 units match the topics covered in the w ok There are some exercises to practise different aspects and types of writing and each unit ends with a longer piece cof witng for you al -omplete, There is no Answer key forth activity. When you have tocheckit through c one the writing, ask your te hiss native speak you ifpossible, ly and try to make ot possible, read your wor ing even in your own language) is ap several stages: its unusual to write something Important without Remember, wi ‘making changes before you complete it | nape this book will support you while you Improve your busi English and that the execcises will help you remember and practise the important vocabulary, grarmmar and skis that you will need in your wo {hope you enjoy using the book and good luck wth your English oy Godwin joy Godwin ‘Acknowledgements for Business Advantage Upper-intermediate Personal Study Book The author would ike for thei guidance and input, Alsen Bew 1 Mastin Lisboa, Ar 3 material on which the exercises are bases thank Chis Capper and Net! ef loway at Cambridg al support an ‘Angela Pit or Michael Hana coudin the ergt ] Competitive Vocabulary and Grammar FEne 11 Match each business term to its definition, 1 gopoly | a itis more efficient for one frm to tire market t distlbution two oF mare, eg, water ation where a few firms dominate the market, eg, the soft drinks market in the UK erfect bas competition 3 business | € aset of forces (political, economic, social environment | technical) which are mainly outside the control ofa business and can have an Impact on it ronepely_| spect indsty | monopoly) aratet condo whee no bayeror le has the economic power to fx the price of 3 2 Complete the sentences by choosing the correct alternative from the words in brackets. 11 Whats the future of agriculture and the food sector in an Increasingly _____ worl? (competition / globalised / monopolised) 2 _ competition is characterised by many buyers and sellers, many products that are similar in nature and, as ares many substitutes, Perfect / Natural / Business) 3 The insurance sector in India was _— monopolised by prises until 1999. (increasingly / naturally largely) 4 In this tlk, we will explore the challenges and opportunities 19ers face in the current business (environment / competition / monopoly) 5 Despite su essive reviews by the Government and Ofcom, TV remains one of Britain mo regulated businesses. (largely / heavily / increasingly) 6 Some regulation ofa monopoly may be necessary to protect their captive customers. (na / globalised / large) environment Adjective and adjective+ noun combinations) 1 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets, 1 In 1665, Louis XIV granted patents to establish 26 glass ‘manufacturers: his main and agenda was to undermine the retlans'supremacy in the glassmaking industry, (politics, economics) 2 In 1684, St Gobain received an_—____and ‘order: mirtors forthe Palace of Versailles. impress, symbol) 3 After the Fry Revolution, the company last their ‘anal mo aly n the European glass market. (aw) 4 Between 1986 and 1995, St Gobain worked to restore and rowth. sustain, prot) 2 One word is wrong in each of the sentences below. Underline ‘the mistake and write the correct word at the end of the sentence. 11 Many people would like to see control of the banking system o the politics agenda 2 The ecor omical agende will lead to a cut in welfare payments 3 McAlpine blocks. received an impressing order to build the office 4 Tel Mex lost its legality monopoly and ses feral competito able to enter the market, public are stl not spending so itis untikely we will see a period of sustaining growth, —__ COMPETITIVEENVIRONMENT §oe e ee Read the history of Carrefour, the French supermarket group, and use the correct form of the verbs from the box below te complete the text. merge open expand annouince tokeover sell setup. diversify launch reduce 1959 The Fournier and Defforey families 1____ the Carrefour company. 1973-1975 ‘The company 2 its frst hypermarkets in Spain and Bravil 1984 ‘The company 3 into insurance 1989 The company opened its frst Asian supermarket, in Taiwan. 1991 The company 4 Euromarche and ‘Montlaur companies. 19903 The company 5 inte China 1999 Carrefour and Promodes ¢____t0 create the largest European food retail group 2000. Thecompany7__ lis online supermarket, ooshop. 2003 "The company 8 _— 15 hypermarkets in Slovakia and the Czech Republic to Tesco. 2008 ‘The company 9 overall energy consumption by 13.6%, 2009 The company 10, total sales of €962 billion, 2010 159" hypermarket opened in China 2 Complete the sentences using the correct tense of the verb in brackets. (our ____ (operate) since 1958. — (already, open) supermarkets in Brazil and Spain ersify into insurance services, have) supermarkets in Taiwan sit 4 During the 19905 i nd rapidly) Into China and by 2010 (open) 159 hypermarkets there. 5 Before it (merge) with Promades in 1999, it (already, take over) Euromarche and Montiaut 6 COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT 6 The company (oun) its online service, hop (redtuce) is overall year-end, Certefour yy 13.694 and hypermarkets in France, Italy energy ct and Belgium sready, decrease) their energy consumption 3 Complete the dialogue using the correct tense (past simple or present perfect) of the verb in brackets. Ac Hi, how's it going? 11 inot see) you for ages! B: Oh fine, 12 {be} busy with work, you know. know.13. 2) Steve yestercay and he a (say) yous. (go) on a leadership B: Yes, that’ right - we 6. ek spend) three days at an ing centrein the middle of nowhere A: Sounds fun—we 7 (not hav any taining since ewe 8______ (go) onlast: the computer sil and that 9 (not actly thing! B: Well ¥9____ gust there’ another leadership se next week - why don't you apply for it? 4 Read the biography of Hong Kong businessman and billionaire, Li Ka Shing. Correct the underlined verbs which are in the wrong tense. | Lika Shing’ fitherbas died 1 when he has been 2_____juse 12 years ol, leaving him as head of the family So, he was leaving 3 school to work ina plastics factory 4 provide for his family, where he has often wor 16-hour days, offand he was going company called Cheung Kong Industries. The company was growing | | 6 —_____ onto stare his own plastics manufsceuting | rapidly, and was listed on che Hong Kong | Stock Exchange in 1972, Cheung Kong (Holdings) Limited had grow up eo the presene day, through scquiting major companies such as Hongkong Eleesric Holdings Limited, LiKa Shing since he was starting 10, telecommunications, shipping, financial services and real esate. into many other areas in business, including | Forbes business magazine had estimated 11 the ‘wealth of Li Ka Shing co be 13 billion US dollars in 2008.| theuse of ellipsis, (ec ence EB isten toa speaker say The meeting was interesting four times all with different meanings. Match the recording with the «emotions below. keris worried speaker is bored b the speaker is amused the speakers relieved Listen again and practise saying The meeting was interesting using the emotions above. © uisten to the sentences below. Match each sentence to the speaker's emotion, [Wheres 2 They! b the speaker isa avent fol 3 [think hes on the way, Te the speakeris 6 4 The meeting has b EH Look atthe following minr-dialogues and underine the stressed words in B's answers. 1A Wh was at the meeting! 8: Well, Arben was there, but Nora wasnt 8: Well, the course was interesting, but the venue was 3 What did you think ofthe new restaurant’ The fr ut there wasn't mi 4: What was Pars tke? 8: We really enjoyed all the sightseeing, but the weather was awful Now listen and check your answers EC O) Lookat the examples from the recording of the pre-meeting ‘mall talkin Unit 13, listening 1.05. The speakers are talking about a meal in a restaurant, What are the missing words? an 30d meal out in Aachen’ 2 Downstairs or upstairs? 50d? 4 And 2 Look at the following informal conversation between colleagues and write down what the full version should be. A: Meeting OKI B: Really frustrating, actually. 2 - On B: Were there 2 hours, didnit decide much, 3 later? 6 © Now listen and check your answers. 5 Read the conversation between a customer and supplier. Make these responses shorter and friendlier by taking words out, A; Would you BO A: So, how ney? 3 B: OK but the light was delayed for 45 minutes. 4 lke a drink be yes please, ha Was there much trafic on the way here? §—__ B: No, it was pretty quiet, actually. 6 CEF Can Do statements Now you have completed the exercises in this unit, reed the following statements, Tick the boxes that apply to you Yes, ean dothis. think Ineed more practice 4 {anvusekey terms to talk about competitive markets, _ lean us ange of past ten talk about past events aN use intonation to sound friendly ‘and build business relationships if yourneed more practice an points 1-3, check your Stud Book: 1 Lesson 1 2lesonl2 3 Lesson 1a Make a note of cand this the ateas you want to practise more and how you COMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTv2 Future uncertainty Vocabulary and Grammar STEEP analy: 1 What do the abbreviations STEEP and FMCG stand for? s F [ eeeeneeee yee E c ce 6 2 Use the clues to find the words. Toby p. letters) 2 very age (letters) 3 influence s____ (Setters) 4 5 natural foods g (10 letters) theotherhand ¢_— 3 with no chemicals o—______(letee 1d produced from seeds engineered in a lab ratory —— m_______(11 letters # letters) 7 insufficient supplies s (Sleter 8 thinking again (13 eters) 3 Complete the text with the words from exercise 2. Inthe future, we're going to have to think more carefully about our food supply: food 1_____, which have inthe past fe common in developing countries, will also start to happen in developed cauntres. Some scientists have argued that 2___ foods the answer: producing crop: which 13. nvironmentali disease and pestresis ave argued that 4__. food is the way forward. Ether way, as consum sme more aware of these arguments, they are 5 _— the type of food they buy and this will also 6______the market and the products which are available in the future, Food and food processing isa 7 business and the decisions we make about what to 8. as individual consumers will have far-reaching effects 8 FUTURE UNCERTAINTY er Ss ‘T Complete the expressions for the different types of consumer goods sectors. 1 food and d 2 consumer e. market r hand b, 6 home. 2 Complete the sentences with the expressions from exercise 1 1 The company specialises in ____ products, such as, cosmetis, haircare products, medicines etc, 2 The. sector has seen a huge rise ove he past few rest years as more and more p nthe rush to get the computer technolo. 3 Ourrange of products has everything you from kitchen and bathroom cleaning to garden maintenance, reland’s £32 billion ast year, Agriculture and 5 You can now buy all your from our online store, including laptops, 1V5, mobiles, PCs and more, 6 ____ giants, such as WalMart and Tesco, are being blamed for the decline in small, independent grocery stLook at the predictions about trends in the consumer goods industry and underline the verbs that are used to talk about the future, 1 Technology wilco sbits and 1ue to evolve and impact on consumer pectations 2 Some peaple could become fed up with the amount of save back to more face-to-face business 3 Car manufacturers might consider selling direct to the consumer Via their own websites, 4 COp issues in the future may mean that computer manufacturers ‘on recycling component parts 5 Marketing and selling online will probably grow much further, particularly in certain fields 6 Faling birth rates will definitely result in decreased demand and eater competition as the number of consumers fall 7 Due to incre highly un 8 The regulations for companies producing hi ing to become stricter, e35 there may be more global products ike Coca-Cola, which isdrunkall 10 Ilooks probable that the subject of CO, emissions wil dominating subject over business ike reall sing health awareness in developed countries, its kely that the demand for GM foods will ise, hare products yer the world, he € next few years Match the sentences above with the correct degree of certainty a possible 2 Complete the sentences with the correct expression, depending on how certain the speakers are. Some letters have been given to help you, : —— welll have to wait until the boss is back from hat decison, (possibe) that the project will 190 ahead ifthey don't gat any mor government. (probable) S | 1A ssions will get tou: in each pai it probabe that regulations controling CO> ) We ie unt results of the survey have come back. (possible the most certain, | guess we will have to do things dferently in the future. Ie probabl rear before they have broadband in rural areas, We might well recruit forty new people in the New Year | suppose well have to refund them ifwe dont. get the order them on time. ItJooks probable that the company will offer him a prot There could be a problem with tha We may have to move people to other departments Hlbe back by then, I’ highly unlikely thatthe fight will be cancel foo Sales could increase o led becaus fe the holiday period, Some renewable fuels may even be doing more hat to the environment than oil and gas. Companies will need to take a more multicult business approach to FUTURE UNCERTAINTY 9Toma (EET ster so vacks 9-10, which are from the Student Book. Notice how the speake ‘organises her presentation the Cet 1 Look at the following examples and underline the discourse markers. 11 So why do we really want to upgrade besides the impacto 2. Well. we want to reduce the isk of maintains 3 And as you can imagine, as time goes by, that figure's gol goup. 4 Aight, think » 5 So what is our basic. 6 Itsimportant that ws approach going ad looking into alternatives. bbe in Japan? obviously we've bee 2 Complete the informal presentation with the correct discourse markers. The first letters have been given to help you. fay by looking at the wel discuss where we go from here only got wet keep let's start with the background ... The night not even get the contract, thing fs quaranteed .., On th h Ifwedo, then nally, before | a ickly to meet the deadlines ... An nd over, i ay thanks to everyone forall your hard work 3 Lookat the following extracts from a presentation and put them in the right order. 1 | mean, ifwe stick withthe same type 0 had, think we're going to get left behind, so although there is a riskchangi 1,1 thin 2 Right 2 pro i's necessary ct We tothe ange our image is i our proposed cl to have something n ih to prese fe think time toc 3 50, hi this spring and! fo we de now y done some marke research which suggests 4 Ok lev’ get started pipeline for 1 probably know, this product has been in the some tim {ke to give you some informe 10. FUTURE UNCERTAINTY BUD Now listen and check your answers. CEF Can Do statements | Naw you have completed the exercises in this 9) | Yes lean dothis. following statements, Tick the bo 4 Fcan use vocabulary connected wth a STEEP analysis anid the const goods rian 2 | can talk abou dunce fare events i ing.a ange of suse discourse markers to bel shakeit Blea ‘organise an argument a 59 t0 follow, uhinkere more pra If you need more practice on points 1-3, check your Students Book: Tiesson2u22 2tesondt 3 Make anote of the areas you vari cen-da this, and haw yo| | | | Reading 1 Food Retail in India 1_ Retail is being hailed as India's industry of the future, incited by the country’s huge urban middle class ‘and grocery is the second-largest segment of the retail industry and the potential for new entrants in this segment is enormous, particularly in untapped markets like rural and semi-rural areas. Growing at the rate of 30%, Indian food retail is going to be the major driving force for the retail industry, 2 = Fuellad by large disposable incomes, the retail sector is witnessing a remarkable change in consumption patterns, ‘especially in terms of food. Food retailing has come of age = from a period when food items were sold in small road side grocer shops and bazaars by vendors to a stage when food products (processed and groceries) are retailed through supermarket stores where consumers can inspect, select and pick up the products they like in a comfortable ambience and stil pay a fair price. Shopping for groceries is no longer a strenuous and uncamfortable affair. 3 ‘The first visible sign of the change in food retailing was seen in the mid-eighties. Around that time @ few new food stores ‘were set up in all metro cities in India, pulstion. Food Until the late 1990s, food retalling in the form of hypermarkets, supermarkets and neighbourhood stores: ‘was concentrated in the south of the country. The reason being that most entrepreneurs who started organised rotall came from southern India and the cost of real estate in the southern region was less than other regions. Since then, organised food retailing has emerged across the country, inspired by the h potential markets in the north, west and east as well as the success of some non- food retailers and food services companies in these regions. howew jo ‘There are various factors paving the way to revolutionising f00d retailing in India, Among them are: * Increasing disposable income Growth, Growth and More Growth Increasing numbers of working women Change in consumption patterns Higher aspirations among youth Impact of western lifestyle Plastic Revolution — increased use of credit cards and debit cards With changing food consumption patterns, consumers’ need for convenienca, choice and value for money, the setup of the retail format is changing. Indian consumers have always visited about eight to ten outlets to purchase various food products. These outlets include neighbourhood kirana stores, bakeries, fruit and vegetable outlets, dairy ‘booths and chakkles (small flour mills), which is a very time- nsuming and unproductive way af shopping for food. With changing convenience in f styles, there is a scarcity of time. So, shopping is emerging as an important diver of growth for one-stop retail formats that can offer the consumer ‘value for time" in addition to ‘value for money’ In every retail format, the food trade is growing, A huge increase is expected from the corporate players, which will help grow the entire food retail sector. Retailers are offering kage of convenience and freshness, and have an ‘edge over manufacturers that focus mainly on packaged The past 4-5 years have seen increasing activity in food retailing. Various business houses have already planned for investments in the coming 2-3 years. Though the retailers vill have to face increasingly demanding customers and intensely competitive rivals, more investments will keep flowing in andthe share of the organised food sector wil grow rapidly Organised food retailing in India is surely poised for a take- ‘off and will provide many opportunities both to existing players as well as new entrants. Source loess‘| Read the article about food retailing in India and decide ‘which section the following headings refer to. a The future of food retal bb The food retal story ¢ Fond retall industy of the furure Food retaik-a changing marker & Drivers for development 2 Read the article again. Are the statements true (7), false (F) ‘or not stated (NS)? 1. Food is the largest sectod ofthe retail incstey, 2 People dlorttshopin toadside shops anymore 3 Food retalexpanded throuahout the countiy in the 1990s, 4 Property inthe south of india was cheaper than other regions '5 Changes in the way people ive her ives ave affecting the food retail industry. 6 People have tess time and move money and this has changed. thelr shopping habs 7. Big companies ae expected to rake a small investment in this ‘market in the near future 4 Find words or phrases in the article with the following meanings. 41 encouraged by (paragraph 1) 2. unexploked (paraaraph 1) 3. made larger and stronger (paragraph 2) 4 become mature (paragraph 2} 5 dlificult, demanciing (paragraph 2) 6 making ft easier, helping along (Garagragh §) 7 lack (noun) (paragraph 6) 8 have advantage (paragraph 6) 9 competitors @aregraph 7) 10 ready, prepared (paragraph 8) 12 REXDING1 4 Complete the sentences with the words and phrases from. ‘exercise 3. You may need to change the form of the verbs. 1 The new modal val mean the company ___their competitors this field 2 The company is for ts next hase of expansion ‘which could include takeovers and mersers, 3 Scstiists hope that the data wil foramore detailed exploration of Mars. 4 The team have now won twice as many tities as any of their 5 Thesesources the west of the counvy remain lawgely due to a lack ofinfrastructuie 6 the fantastic advertising carppaign and the following problems sunphing stock, consumers were panic- buyng the prod swhich resulted in a lack of stock, 7 Alper years of undeveloped potential, ave business networking sites finaly. 2 8 Cimmate change hasled toa of water in many regions. 9 Although demand forthe new products has increased, = Consumer optimism, analysts warn may not fast 10 Afi ato} ‘thal they were ready for the new Season practice session, the team announce, Sonn SERRE EEREseat etal Preparing presentation slides 1 Look at the slide from a presen Shopping and match the headings to the pictures. 2 Demand for olganic food! Rise of intesnes tetalling «¢ ‘Demand forocal produce’ d Convenience shopping’ 2. Look at the following sentences from a report about trends in the food retail business in India. Summarise them into bullet points for a presentation slide. Some words have been given to help you. 2 Major spending on food and increasing food consumption ‘utside the Home representa sighficant opportunity for food retallers and food service companies Example: Food. spending and. consuerption increasing ~ copportrity for retailers and. service. comparies, b Food is the largest share of consumer spending: food products account for about 50 percent of the value of private consumption. SOpeicent — food. « Consumers have a growing need for convenience, with less tine svaliable for shopping, less needed, 4 People spend up to 60 percent of ther food bil. on unbranded products and this is ncreasing Unbranded increasing Loreena ‘2 Organysd food retal presents a unique Investment opportunity ‘for corpo lookitig to civersiy Pood ave, Food retalis set to attract foreign investment as well national players Food 2 Change the bullet points you have written in exercise 2 to. high-impact micro-bullet points (three words or less), eee! 4 Complete the gaps in the sentences to expand these bullet points, using the correct form of the verbs, ‘Example: Charge in consumption pattems =» Consumption palternsare changing, Increasing numbers of working women The numbers of working nomen bb Lack of logistics providers ~The retall sector logistics providers at presen. © 1990s - development of argerretal stores In the 1990s larger fetal stores Last ten years ~ note hypermarkets open ln the last tert years, ‘more hypermarket. @ Next 10ye0rs bal players enter the market? + inthe next 10 years the global play he market 5 Think about the trends in an area of business or society that you know about or are interested in, e.g. food retail, electronics, travel, sports). Write five slides to summarise the ‘main points - use both standard bullet and micro-bullet points. Also think about any images you could use.i Rewarding performance Vocabulary and Grammar Desa ng earnings “1 Use the clues to find the words which are all synonyms to describe earnings. 1 Afxed amount of money that you eam, usualy paid weekly, especiallyin ajob that needs physical skills or strength, w — aieters) 2 Ageneric word to describe the money you receive for doing letters) 3 Atechnical word, often used in advertisements for senior regular work p. positions and describing money which is included as part of the. whole package of working conditions. (2etters) 4 The money that a person, region or country eamns from work or receives from investments (letters) 5 Something you are given or money you recelve as aresult of good (letters) 6 Money received by office workers, usually paid directly into performance at work. ‘employees bank account every month, s (letters) 2 Complete the sentences with the words from exercise 1. 1 The company ate offering a very attractive package, including a company car, medical insurance and relocation costs 2 The basic rate of. is relatively low, but itis usually boosted by commission, 3 We have a company suggestions scheme and we give employees 3__iftheirsuggestion is taken up, 4 The unions are negotiating for an increase in the minimum as workers inthis sector have traditionally earned less than elsewhere. 5 Average. levels in india have risen in the las evs years, creating a bigger middle class who have new demands, 6 The. levels than for their private sector counterparts, scale for government employees has far more 14 REWARDING PERFORMANCE Cornea eee + Abusiness consultant is giving advice about incentive schemes. Choose the best word to complete each gap from t! alternatives given below. "Wel fist ofall is important to 1 anincentive to sta, even ifthey already have a good pay 2 “The most effective system is one which will work for all levels in the company, not just one 3. incentivise the high achievers. Traditionally, the employees who are the mos + 4__incentivise ae those with less responsibility, 5____ incentives, suchas 6 —pay, common, but dont always work for these employees. There are other ways to Incentivise 7 ichieve better results ‘example by offering extra holidays, Remember, perks and Incentiy work best alongside good pay 8. ‘and working conditions. When setting up the scheme, its important to brief ste fully on how it works: just telling them there is a new incentive 9 _— may even have the opposite effect of demotivat them. Finally, you need to be sure that incentives are not just abot pay 10 they are about making the staff fe! value ‘and motivating them to perform better 1 Aarange Bprovide take 2 Arete Bpackage scheme 3 Adesigned to Banrangedfor C planned to 4 Raware of Bresponsible to C difficult to 5 ABorus BFinancial Reward 6 high-performance Bbonusrelated € performance-rela 7 Astaffin Bstafito labour to 8 Apackages Beonditions — Cerms 9 Afinance Boay programme 10 Arises Bexecute — Cconditions2 Complete the sentences with pay or payment(s). 1 The presenters et to receive a 25 percent five for staying on the show. 2 Union representatives are seeking a new —offerin negotiations with the company today. 3 The new regulation would ensure borrowers are alerted to the risks of loans with variable 4 Performance-related_____deals, whereby executives recelve bonus have been citcsed by unions 5 In some cases, more exible texms can be arranged. ‘1 Match the words to make compound nouns. There is one extra word you don’t need to use. 3 Complete the gaps using the correct form of the word from the box. There is one word you do not need to use. 1 By sett goals that are difficult to attain, you risk demotivating the workforce. 2 The poskive development of volumes and profit continued forthe company’s Shanghal subsidiary 3 The remuneration package is based on responsibilities, experience and compensation levels for similar positions in companies 4 Our programme for senior executives includes an annual base salary, stock aptions and bonuses. 5 Many companies were less generous In allocating stock options and other awards last year. 1 operating cash a rates a 4 Choose two words from the words in brackets which make an 2 annual base b value appropriate compound noun to complete the sentences, 3 increased shareholder © revenue | | 4 [product / retention / customer / revenue} The majority ofthe 4 customer retention 4 incentives ‘company’s is derived fiom specific one-time 5 new product wages ae SEs a) ey) 2 (ale / profit shareholder / operating} The company’s 9 flow _ is expected to be up on last year due to rising 2 Complete the sentences with the expressions from exercise 1. 11 The CEO's package last year included payments of $856,000 in addition to is. oF $364,000, 2 The true success ofthe marketing campaign should be measured byincluding ___as well as how many new customers itattracted, 3 The company said it has implemented new pay packages, which Include deferring into mediur-teim share options. 4 The company has announced a € 60 milion ____for this quarter, up 20% on lat quarter. 5 Ina statement, the company said it believed the acquisition ofthe ‘wo new companies would lead to through greater marketshare 6 Penetration of new overseas markets for the leading mobile phone companies has led to an increase in demand, 3 {hase / flow / salary / cash] The company director, according to, sources, plans to increase the sales ditectors this, season to $2 milion, instead ofthe planned $1.5 milion, 4 (goals / stretch / incentives / cash] Providing to small companies may encourage thern to go green, a report claims. REWARDING PERFORMANCE 15Werner © isten to the following examples from negotiations and complete the sentences withthe missing words. Contractions ike 've, count as one word. 1 We—__ performance related 2 | actually thought that 3 lw as also doing the second job. 3 weeks Now sort the sentences into two groups. a Collaborative strategy b Competitive strategy: Finally, isten to the sentences again and try to match the model 2 Look atthe following statements and try to make the Underlined sections vaguer. You may also need to add in some words or phrases. othappy with the s atmosphere 4 ve had big increase in my responsibilities. 5 We will make some changes to the department next quarter. 39 @EH Listen to the following short dialogues and complete the phrases for clarification. 11 A: Ive sort ofgot behind with the schedule, so, you know B: So__ — sd more time to finish the project? 2 Ac | think we need to look at working conditions and all hat kind of thing 16 REWARDING PERFORMANCE | ‘that kind of thing! salary and holidays? welll have b b Ingeneral, we stress the key words we want to check, ant voice goes up at the end of a question. Listen to the dialogues again. Underline the stressed words mark the intonation with an arrow 7 or J. Now listen again and try to match the model. 4 W's statements use vague language, so B asks que: clarify. Put B's clarification questions in the right order, 1A: Id have ta check with head office before we went ahead, B: W'S definite so mean not you? 2 A: | thinkit’s somewhere in the region of $40,000. B: are that you sure how of? 3-A: The project has be jond our control hat so schedule is behind? cate yet B: date know mean we so don't the y en held up by a number of factors whict CEF Can Do statements Now sou have completed the exercises in this uni, eadtthe aio et ese enti et 1 chats ene cee ee = 3 Lt L ‘compound nouns, 3 can use vaguie langu more effectively, 192 Fo Negotiate i) [ Ifyou need more practice on points t-3, check your Book Student J lewon3) — 2 Lesson32 3 Lesson 33 Make a note ofthe ‘an do this, 225 you wont (0 practise more and howmI Fostering creativity Vocabulary and Grammar ‘Word formations connected with creativity 1 Look at the extract from a talk by a consultant to a group of ‘managers about how to improve performance in their company and complete the gaps with the correct word. "You may think the REO Department is the place for exciting and interesting new 1 for that thinking of new and isjust something people in the design or marketing departments need, but in fact, I's lmportant original ideas, te 2 ‘oencourage thisin every area of the company. Getting staf to use their. to. come up with solutions to problems they ‘encounter in their dally work can be very productive. In addition, this can help to encourage 4 between staff: working ‘together to solve a problem can improve overall communication, {and team-building, Its not always easy, of course: getting agreement ors ‘of beliefs may take time. In cases where there is awide 6 ‘of opinion and a decision is proving difficult, it may be worth exploring the issue in more depth. Thinking of new Ideas and solutions is ust the beginning, the next steps 7 newideas or 8. ~ putting the ideas into practice, People often resist because they dont ke change, but if they have been involved in their development, they are more likely 10 support them. So, the key is to get people involved inthe creative and problem-solving process right from the star 2 Complete the sentences by writing the correct form of the word given brackets at the end of the sentence, 1 Although ifficut to work with he is recognised as a key in the company, and he brings in many new ideas. (innovate) 2 The companyis rling out its OF SAP across its scheme in the Czech slobal operations after a successful plot Republic implement) 3 industries lke music, TV and fi, should look at forming deeper relationships with mobile applications developers. (create) 4 Although the participants had the various opinions and views produced a very interesting opinions, discussion. (diverge) 5 The governments keen to bring about greater. with other European counties. (converge) 6 The museum has unveiled a new. exhibit which wall guide visitors through the history ofthe caste interact) 7 Many famous such as Biro, Dunlop and Diesel, {gave their nares to the products they invented. invent) 8 im afraid the new product is rather. there are very few changes from the old one. imagine) 3 One word is wrong in each of the sentences below. Underline ‘the mistake and write the correct word at the end of the sentence. 1 Their products ate always very imaginary with los of unusual features 2 Its important that we get a converging of opinions by the end of the meeting 3 Well need to think of new and inventionary ways to solve these problems — 4 The data confirmed the growth divergement within the different countries in the Eurozone. 5 The new feature ofthe game is real-time interactiveness 6 This is good news forthe region, with the creativeness of at least 1,000 new jobs. 7 Iniriguing, useful and surprising, the PC Road Show will bring together some of the most innovating computer products ofthe year. 8 The implementory ofthe new strategy will probably take atleast a year from start to finish,‘| Match the past modals in sentences 1-6 with their use a-e. 1 Sfonly wed saken the other route, we could ve been there by now. 2 They should've realised they needed an export licence ~ they ve exported there before, 3 Welve sold far more than last year, so our turnover must have increased, 4 We shoulde't have spent so much on advertising, now there's nothing eft for promotional samples. '5 He might have sent a reply | haver't checked my emails yer 6 ‘Sat looks realy depressed ~ she can't have got the job. 1 Something that was advisable in the past. (ovo answers) bb The speakar is sure that this isthe result of something that happened. € |t'simpossible that this happened. A past possibility, which did not come true, ¢@ tS possible that this happened, but the speakeris not completely sure, 2 Match the two halves of the sentences. 1 They are reallylate forthe | a they cantthave spelichecked meeting - it 2 He's notin the office 'b we could have sent it by air today — '3 Wee going to miss the « itmust have been delivered deadline - tothe wiong address, 4 There are 100 many there must have been a mistakes in the letter— trafficjam. 5 Mseeif can find the ‘@-we shouldnt have spent samples, but so long discussing the prototype, 6 Wehaventrecenedthe | f weshouldhave agreed to order— lower the prices, 7 ifweid known they wanted | g he might have taken a day immediate delivery off '@ Now we'e going to lose the contract — fh they might have been left atthe conference. 18 FOSTERING CREATIVITY 3 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb ir brackets. 11 We haven't got enough stock, we —___—_ (order) more las week 2 They'e taking along time ~ | suppose they (have to) stop for peti! or perhaps the traffic is bad, 2 Ifd known there were going to be so many people, | (book) a bigger meeting raom, 4. lithe directors are driving brand-new cats the company (have) a good year! 5 Its.going to take ages forthe systern to restart | hud tedown 6 {wonder why he artived so.early he (see) the email about the late starting time, because it was sent out yesterday and he had a day of 7 They've had the whole office redecorated and bought new furniture =i. (cost) a fortune! 18 The new system is much faster and easier to manage — we (change) over years agolEEE OF + Complete the metaphor or idiom with the correct word from the box. Tis. 10 you to make that decision. 2 limsure we can find a way the problem. 3 We wied to get a____ between what younger consumers wanted and what older consumes liked about the product. 4 ftwe pay for the added cover, ita serious cost ______ top, 5 Ihave an issue____the delivery time ~ it to0 ong 6 Having lot of extra meetings eats ____—the time we have available to actually do the work Al these metaphors and idioms can be used in the decision- ‘making process. Which of them are used to evaluate positively and which are used to evaluate negatively? Poeitive aaa Negative: Not postive or negative: Bl Listen to an extract froma meeting. Hitesh, Iona and Dave are discussing their department's budget for the next year. 1 Does fona agree with the budget? 2 What does Dave suggest? 3 What is lonaS action point from this part of the meeting? 3 Listen again and complete the sentences. 1 Jonas... think the budget weve been given Is 2 lona:... don't say youre going to cut that ~ td be —____ 1 3 Daves... because we've alteady got —____ for replacing 4 Jona: Yeah, actually, that’s 5 lonas... what welre paying now in maintenance costs 6 Hiteshs ona ‘Which of the expressions from the meeting are used positively cor negatively? Positive; __ Negative: __ 4 Use some of the metaphors and idioms from exercises 1 and 3 to respond to these situations in the decision-making process. 1A; Well we could always cut back on overtime. B: (postive) Yes ___. Let ook nto thot ‘The suppliers want to double the prices, B: (negative) thas____! Howcan they justify that? 3A: Would you like me ta contact the clients and discuss it? B: (postive) id____. Thanks 4 A The qualitys great, but the suppliers just dont seem flexible -on delivery times B: (positive) Dont worry fm sure wel find. '5 A: Doyou think we could contact the client and ask for an ‘extension? : (negative) realy going back o the client ant asking for mare time. @7@E Now listen tothe model and compare your answers. Finally listen again and try to match the model. CEF Can Do statements ‘Now you have completed the exercises in this uni, read the following statements Tk the boxes that apply to you Yes.tcan | thinkIneed dothis. more practice 1 {can use appropriate word forms rr oO tp talk about creativity 2 | can use madalst criticise past actions ‘and explore alternative solutions 2 | can use metaphors and idioms to ‘evaluste decisions Ifyou need more practice on points 13, check your Students Book Tiesond{ 2 Lesson? 3 Lessona3 ‘Make a note ofthe areas you want ta practise more and how you can do this FOSTERING CREATIVITY 19Reading 2 Entrepreneurship: two schools of thought Are entrepreneurs born or made? ‘The question is not asked out of idle curiosity. It goes to the heart of how we should encourage budding entrepreneurs. Itaffects how ~and indeed whether = organisations should spend their resources teaching and advising people about entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs are Made Dong Richard is the founder of School for Startups and was a panellist on the television show Dragon's Den’ He said: “Phere is no doubt that there is an aptitude involved and some people have more of it and some people have less, just as some people will be adequate entrepreneurs and some will be extraordinary ones But all people who are successful need huge amounts of training and support and learning along the way, so by definition, entrepreneurs are made! He added: ‘I could take almost anyone and with time or training make him or her an adequate entrepreneur, And 1 could take someone with aptitude and make him or her a great one. The vital ingredient is the training and not the aptitude. Lara Morgan is another who believes that entrepreneurs are ‘made rather than born that way. She Tounded Pacific Direct, a business that provides toiletries to hotels, and sold it in 2008 for $20m. She has started a new business called Functionally, which aims to inspire growth firms. Entrepreneurs: born or made? ‘Your circumstances dictate whether you become an entrepreneur or not, said Morgan, ‘My dad had set ‘up his own company but it was not successful. He went bankrupt and 1 ‘was really determined not to make the mistakes he made. A lot of it is about wanting a better life for your children, T never wanted to be the only parent in the class who could not afford to let their children go on the school trip, which happened to me when I was young. It is about having a determination to succeed and that is not something you are born with” ‘They are Born That Way ‘Tim Roupell belongs to the school which believes entrepreneurs. are bor, He founded Daily Bread, a sandiwich firm, whieh he sold in 2008, "Entrepreneurs are born because you need to have a slightly rebellious streak in you to be an entrepreneur,” said Roupell. ‘You are someone who likes being in contro! of your own destiny rather than just joining a ‘company and climbing your way UP the corporate ladder. He added: ‘You can teach the basics of entrepreneurship. But you can't teach someone that they are going to have to take all the responsibility themselves and that they are going to have to provide all the drive themselves to achieve their goals “There is a danger in encouraging people to become entrepreneurs because not everybody is suited to it and it would be absolutely wrong to encourage the wrong people to do it ‘You mustn't set people up to fal.” ‘ssclunche! in apan, regan Desa 7V araarareme: wich iw sointeratenal rend wh Seba offirent counties arcund thework, Erereprencurs ach formes ment inthe Der fom te ronan The Dragon at vente capes wing to nvest theron rooney axchage fr ely. 20. READING? Claire Young is another person w thinks along the same lines. She Former finalist of the television shy ‘The Apprentice. She's in the proc of launching two new businesses social enterprise for girls called G Out Loud and a speaking agency schools. work with young people in sche across the country, teaching tt about enterprise,’ said Young. * can teach people about enterp and culturally embed it in t) ‘minds, but if they haven't been & with the drive and the tenacity the passion, it isn't going, to happe “suecess is down to the hunger passion that you are born witk you have it, you can’t switeh it of ‘doesn't matter when you are bor who you are born to. Entreprent come in all shapes and sizes.” $$ —$—1 Read the article and decide which of the following is the best summary. 1 The article concludes that entreprene are born, not made 2 There are stvong arguments on both sides about whether ‘entrepreneurs are bom or made but the anicle does not reach ary condusions, 3 The article concludes that entrepreneurs are made, not born, 2 Read the article again, Are the statements true (7), false (F) or not stated (NS)? ‘The wterof the article thinks i's ot Important whether entiepreneurs are born of made. ‘Doug fichard ays that it tates a jor of money to tain successful entrepreneus Lara Morgaris father hac his own Business Lata Morgan becarne motivated to succeed because of her fathers failed business 5 Tim Roupell says entrepreneurs want to join a company and get prompts, 2 6 Ties Roupel chinks isa good idea to encourage everyone to become entrepreneuis Claite Young has akeady set up twa companies. Claire Young believes if you have a desire for siccess you gant ‘wach iter ind expressions in the article with the following meanings: anioerest i something with no panicular purpose showing signs of porental tostert = new company. wanting te defy authodty for no particular reason has the same epinion ‘so make something an integral part of — 4 Match the expressions from the text with the correct, meaning. 7 aptitude (Paragraph 3) [a determination to continue |b determing, influence 3 dictate (arearanh 6) © a hatte bility ors [4 dive paragraph 8) woaedon a 5 is sutedio (pa © mothation | 6 setsomeone up (paragraph) | f essential | [7 tenacity (paragraph 11) 9 is fight for someone [8 Rdoun to iparagianh 12) | hake someone the L 5 Complete the sentences with the correct expressions from. ‘exercises 3 and 4. You may need to change the form of the word, 1 ypu want to succeed) you need to show a lor af. its that you dort give up! 2 Ajob lke sales of 5 fortunately the _sormeone like you ~ you have ator and you can take the inglative, ting went very smoothly and there were no sas we were all ‘ealdisagreemen ‘ 4 Hehasareal_____for sport and is great with people, He vould ciake an excellent leisure centre manager, 5 The pie for the compertion, which s designed to encourage aunhors, i 2 publishing deal worth $10,000 @ Our sales results forthe year wil wether ne geta pay ise or hot READING? 2141 Look at this description of a recruitment process and complete ‘the gaps with the correct form of the verb from the box. A vacancy arises. Sometimes this s due to the creation of a new jb, on other occasions it may be because an existing member of staff 1 ors retiring “The job description 2 specification 3 duties of the job whi and an employment «The job description lists che the specification gives details ofthe experience skills which 4 to carry out the job. Application forms 5 our along with copies of the job description and employce specification, These 6 on or before the closing dae that has been set. A shorlist’ is compiled of applicants who are going to 7 tw acend an incerview, Interviews 8 —. Feedback 9 upon request References 10 “The successful candidate n + and training 12 “ls of andiaces who have been sec fiom ager group of applcans Seema 2 Looket the following description of project management process. Choose the best word for each gap from the choices below. thet project, know 28 Terms of Reference’ Project terms ofeference als. provide an essential discipline and femework to keep the project on tack, Thisis2 planning stage, when the project s 3 ______ into its hey componients time, team, actaities, respusices and financials, Complex projects will ave a number of activities running in parallel, Some parts of the project will néect ‘other pants of the project to be completed before they can beatin or progress 22. WRITING 2 stage isto agree a precise specification forthe The next 4 Is commienication: explain the project plan to your project tear = and t any other interested people at, ‘gfoups. Generally tryto establish your team as soan a8 oossible 5 you need to agree and delegate project actions ‘Make sure activities ae very clearly described and explained to tt ‘responsible ors task 6____ ‘the project you need to manage and motivate eer ‘wel as measure and review aroject progress, Poor communicatio atthis stage can 7 Jost time and misunderstandin © amongst the tam 8_____the project's complete itis essential to review ‘nd Feport on performances. te project team kn how they have done, 10. and report results and benefits follow up the project train, support, measure 1 Afistly Beginning inital 2 Aleacinato Biollowed by Cpiecedet 3 A separating Broken down ‘Cbroken'y A Asage Bplatiorm C process 5 AAltor this Blately Clatterly 6 Awhile Batthesame ume €Duriog 7 Ajesdio Bbe caused by Cresuit 8 Arrally Bonce Then 9 Aa Bbecaue Ceo iO AAtbst Bin summary Finally 2 Look at the following diagram of the development of a ‘business process. This process could be adapted for many different business areas (e.g. Accounting and Finance, Sales 2 Telemarketing, or Web Design and Development) Business Process Secon AD Write a short description of the process, using appropriate ve forms and linking structures (about 2 100 words). NEN iiss5 Organisational cultures Vocabulary and Grammar tne ‘| Match words 1-7 with words a-g to make expressions to talk about organisations. You need to use one word twice and another word is not used. 1 reward a atwork 2 dies bcukue [3 expense |e structure 4 task [a systems 5 amosphere @ accounts ~ | 6 organisational t code 7 role 9 budget 2 Complete the sentences with the expressions from exercise 1. 11 We've had some problems with employees using thelr for private purposes, so welve had to cut right back. 2 The. ‘of my previous company was very hierarchical, whereas here its much ater 3 The bank reviewed its after the financial crisis, 4 Companies with a strong, stable, but poor at implementing change. are believed to he very 5 The company operates a strict with dient facing employees expected to wear sults. 6 The company has a very strong, ‘and is really eam and project orientated. ‘sone of the main reasons why Ilove my job: ryane is very positive and we all enjoy working together. 3 Use the clues to find the words to talk about organisational cultures, 1 Aset af actions which is the official or accepted way of doing something, p. letters) 2. Money avaliable to spend on something. b (Glerters) 3 Ways of doing things or behaviours which are common to a ‘group of people. n (letters) 4 Different sections ofa company, e.g. R&D, d. er ietters) 5 Instructions that state the way things are or should be done. 1 (Slettes) 6 Key beliefs fora company or culture. letters) 7 Aperson’s character, ea. friendly, relaxed. p (rT letters) 4 Choose the best word to complete each gap from the alternatives given below. Puta circle round the letter, A, Bor C, of the word you choose. There are many different types of 4 structure: hierarchical, centralised, decentralised, and these all affect the decisions a compari makes, from strategy to attitude to employees, In a hierarchical. compaty, there will be mary layers of management, often vwith many official 2 for everything from toking holidays to ordering stationery. = what employees are allowed to wear —is offen controlled as are status ‘symbols’ like company cars, personal offices, ete. Even 4 “mportarit for employees who have to entertain clients, can be ‘depenident on your level in the company. Clearly, all of these factors affect the § = companies where there are too mary regulations and levels of hierarchy ean be stressful places to work. However, these regulations can be a strength and they are certainly a key eros tunnoaecammmacen foyicet E A feature of companies with a(n) 6 _ yeetee eye eerie eS erEEruieoeEi 1 organisation B organised organisational 2 Aprocess B procedures C proceeds 3 ADressing code B Dress code Dress wear 4 Aexpense accounts Bexpensive accounts _€ cash accounts 5 Aatmosphere in work Benvionmentafwark € atmosphere at work 6 Ataskculure Borganisational Crole culture culture ORGANISATIONAL CULTURES 23Pretec + Put the words in the correct order to make questions. 1 Awe //short/take / don't / break 2 / why /? B: Good idea! 2. A:do/to/dontt/ we / finish / have /by /we/ 4/7 B: No, dont think so. 3A: having / when / launch / wee / party / do / you / know /the /? B: Not until next spring, 4 A up /have/ meeting / the / set / would / time / you /t0/ room /? Bi: {should think so 5 Acemall/ didnt /an / why / send / me /you/? Bi: Sorry our system was down, 6 A: could / was / off /1/ take /if/ tomorrow /1/ wondering /? B: Well i's a bit short notice, 7A: We've exceeded our targets this quarter B: we / have — big / though / lost / contract / even / we / that /?, 2 Match questions 1-7 from exercise 1 with their functions a-g. 2 ask somebody to do something, bb check understanding or seek agreement. «show surprise or interest show politeness © make asuggestion f citcise somebody or show dissatisfaction {ask for information 24 ORGANISATIONAL CULTURES 53 Tag questions, suchas question 2 in exercise 1 above, are very common in spoken English for checking or seeking agreement. Lookat the questions below and complete the ta 1 Hellhavetostayher 2 We weren't that faraway, 3 ld beter go, =) 4: They‘d rather we tookthe fist option, ? 5 Ithinkwe should renew the contract, 6 They said they! be here by 9, 7 You couldnt print this off for me, 8 Lets take a break now, 4 Complete the following mi types of question. ialogues showing different 1 Al cant see the point of looking at this contract, B 1 (show surprise or interest) 24 you meet your deadline? (esticise someone or show dissatisfaction) B: Im sony, weve had alot of work over the last 2 weeks. 3A: Whatdo you think we should do? B—_____ reconsider the plan to redevelop the park area? (make a suggestion) 4A: I think we should get together soon to discuss this — organise 2 meeting for tomoxros ‘morning? (ask someone to do something) B: Sure, no problem, 5A: Youve gotall the handouts for the meeting, 2 (check understanding oF seek agreement) B: Yes, dont worry they/re right here 6A ee youto help in with this? (ask somebody to do something /show politeness) B Yes, sure, what can | da? ——————————fae Stn eee 1 Complete the expressions for strategically summati discussion or negotiation with the words in the box. point ones mea about think saying talking mean with L : Iswe ca fo get this wrong, plete this, velve only gat 6 wee 4 5 Whatwete —isp lucing another prototype from scratch, 6 Sothis, that we have to change all our prices. 2 A Listen again to the examples from the meeting in 5.3 and filin the missing words. 1 Doz: Having discussed it with them, —_ ‘ownership, | think 2 Laura:... | think they've got to be very customer facin heir attitude has got to change, —____ 3 Laura: they're fabulous with customers, 4 Laura: at the customer doesn't ring them back 5 Doz:lagree, I's one of those things 53 Use the expressions from exercises 1 and 2 above to strategically summarise your position. 1 You think the main point is staf moral, bin 2 Youdontt mean that the team are lazy. nk they work very hard. 1dy mentioned that the sales teamn need to change their atti ther reasons, 4 You agree but you mention th 1ay be other reasons 5 Youwantto smphasise that no one seems to take responsibilty that noone seems Ye main issue for you is the considered. cost needs to Out cost ZA ow listen to the model and compare your answers. Finally, listen again and try to match the model. CEF Can Do statements Now you have completed the exeteises in ths unit, read the ‘following staternents Tick the boxes that apply 10 you. Yes lean dothis: think Ineed more practice 1 f.can ise appropriate vocabulary to describe organisational cultures, 7 2 ean uséaccu questions ef 23 Icon use strategic suvnanies 10 sunport an erguinent Ifyou need more practice on points 1-3, check your Student's Book A Lesson5! 2 lesson52 8 Lesson 53 [Make a note of the areas you need to practise more and how you can do this, ORGANISATIONAL CULTURES 256 Working across cultures Vocabulary and Grammar ees 2 Lookat the list of verbs which form collocations with th: ‘nouns in exercise 1. Write a noun fro , 1 Decide which of the alternatives a-g the speaker is talking ane oe See about, Match the sentences to the correct alternative. correct vert 1 The atmosphere is good and we ailgeton | a face Verbs Nouns together ghe/sand/creste/nave/get 2 Unforunatelyhe doesnt have anyselr | b socialiyrights | | raiseesolve/avoid respect anymore seize/explorefexplon 3 Hisbinhplace hasalwaysgienhima | © rapport eee strong sense of who he is 9 inhibiviecenhance 4 He wants toconvey an image ofbeing | socal ek tough, but | don't think he is really. inclusion ea 5 Tmafraid he cant do that job he doesnt | e dignity have the right level of sil ‘competence 6 Ithink everyone should be entitied tofree | ‘education, heaith and dental care 7 Itsimportant that all people benaficfrom | g identity the social entitlements of their comunity, ii es 11 Use the clues to find the words. 1 Anactive disagreement between people with opposing opinions eters) 2 The combined power ofa group of things when they are working cr principles. c. together which is greater than the total power achieved by each working separately s. (letters) 3 The characteristic of being clear and easy to understand, (12 eters 4 A situation, person or thing that needs attention and needs to be dealt with or solved.p. (etter) ‘5. An occasion or situation that makes it possible todo something, ot eters) 6 An occasion which allows something to be done. <__ eters) 26 WORKING ACROSS CULTORES ‘Now look at the prepositions in the box below and write th next to the correct verb + noun collocations. '3 Complete the sentences with the collocations from exerc 1 The key to successful mergers and acquisitions is to your existing businesses. 2 Theteam must score ir Upcoming match, ifthey want to win the competition. every 3 Inorderto. getting the contract, we need to: working on the bid now: 4 There seemed to be regular commnunication problems in our company, so weekly meetings were set up in order to — the diferent departments. 5 93%) that rack the performance of online advertising campaigns, vebsites their ad tags, the pieces of according toa new survey: 6 Thenew regulations are designed to__ Financie institutions. 'simportant to make sure that nancial proced ae clear and easy to understand,1 Use the clues to find the key verbs for reporting. The first letter has been given to help you. 1 Totell someane thet you are sorry for having done something, a—____@ letters) or idea. have the same opinion or to accent a sugges Gieters) 3 Totell someone that you will certainty do something p———(7leuers) 4 Tosay that you wil not do or accept something. (___ (letters) 5 To say that something isnot true. d 6 Totalkor behave in a wey that gives someone confidence to do (letters) something.e. (@leters) 7 To express to someone that you are pleased with something they letters) 8 Toask someone if they would Ike you to do something, havedone.t. ©, (5 letters) 2 Match sentences 1-8 below with the verbs from exercise 1 to show what each sentences illustrating. 1 ‘ithinkyou should apply for it~ you've got all the right skills 2 "call you back fist thing tomorrows. “That's great. relly appreciate you doing that Shall sort out the address list” 3 4 5 "min favour of increasing the targets 6 ‘i so sorry wete late! 7 Wel ‘not starting the whole project again, its impossible: 8 “never said anything about the salary commits 3 Now use the verbs from exercise 1 to change the sentences in exercise 2 into the reported form. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 she. him — fori Heer nak ft thing She. her i He outthe acres st, He the targets They late They the whole project again She anything about the salary Choose the best option from the words in brackets to ‘complete the sentence. 1 5 7 8 ‘The employees agreed ‘overtime for the month. (thé contract to work / to work) The manager refused the money. (funding /to refund) The CEO thanked the staf. support. for their continuing /to continue) The boss an extra day's holiday. (offered to us / offered to give us) “The man was arrested but. any money from the company. (denied to take / denied taking) My boss encouraged for promation. (me to apply / ‘me applying) ‘The company the goods so ate. fancloised to send / apologised for sending) hey've promised ‘our next order on time, (us to deliver / to deliver) WORKING ACROSS CULTURES 27(EEAE steno trate 24-25. which are fromthe Students eebeees ‘any metaphors used to describe progress nt a 1 What are the four stages of tan-building? 1 an toner 40. Match the stages to their definitions below. a the group usually finds some of the intial guidelines and expectations are unsuitable bb the intial stage where the team gets to know each other and makes some provisional guidelines € the group begins to work together having overcome the main Issue: Inthe previous stage. ively, and productivity is high d the group performs ef 2 GEA Listen to these extracts from meetings and complete the metaphors. 1 Were gol and do this King, 2. You could probably have done it every two months and 3 Didwe. at Staines by checking it every month? 4 | think that we should from that point 5 Unfortunately, the business has beer since Dan retted 6 Well i's good to see things are. again now 7 Sorry, could you go over that again, 3 Look at the metaphors in exercise 2 and decide which function they perform. a adesire for progress b alackof progress € progress 28 WORKING ACROSS CULTURES 4 Respond to the prompts using an appropriate form of a metaphor from exercise 2. want to change the topic. know what stage the Isatand yout Ike a1 Could wejust rec whe 3 Youle pleased that the project has been approved by senior management. fim pleased to saywe can ____awith ct none 00 much an re concemed that you di sis and lost tin 55 Youve made goad progress and you want to maintain that tt 6 Youway to explain that the project pace has become quick Were tarp (EI Now listen to the model and compare your answers. Finally, listen again and try to match the model. CEF Can Do statements Now you have completed the exercises inthis unit, read the Following statements Bk the boxes that apply to you. Yes;tcon Ithi dothis. more 1 |can use appropriate noun collocations to make postive and negative judlgemenisin water and spoken. business communication. 2 | can\ise ditect and indirect reported speech with questions 3 [can understand the diferent stages ‘of teanvuiiding and can use snetaphors {to describe aroaress in business ifyou need more practice on points 1-3, checkyour Studer Sok 2 tessoa 6 4 Lesson 62 3 lesson 63 Make a note ofthe areas you want to practise more and ho’ can do this,Reading 3 Geert Hofstede 1 Before you read the article think about what you know about Geert Hofstede: who is he and why Is he famous? Why hash research become 50 important in business today? Then read the article and check your answers. Cultural Diversity Geert Hofstede (b 1928) is a Dutch academic who has also spent long periods in industry, most notably at IBM. He has become known for piongering research on national and organisational cultures. Much of his subsequent thinking’ was based on a monumental six-year research project in the late 1960s and early 1970s into the working ‘of a giant international corporation, originally known by the pseudonym HERMES and later revealed as IBM. The management of cultural diversity is becoming a significant issue for companies of all sizes, not just multinationals. ‘The rise of global business — leading to an increase in the number of joint ventures and cross-border partnerships, greater co-operation within the European Union and business's need to embrace people from a variety of ethnic backgrounds and cultures, have all contributed to the need to develop cultural sensitivity. Ignorance or insensitivity in cultural matters can cause serious problems to international ‘operations. The transfer of Western values to the East, for example, may be inappropriate, and corporate culture and management practices may need modifying to suit local conditions. Hofstede’s work has provided a framework for understanding cultural differences. Hofstede defines culture as being collective, but often intangible, Nonetheless, itis what distinguishes one group, organisation, or nation from another. In his view, itis made up of two main elements: internal values, which are invisible, and external elements, which are more visible and are known as practices. The cultures of different organisations can be distinguished from one another by their practices, while rational cultures can be differentiated by theie values. Values are among the frst things that are programmed into children, These are reinforced by the Tocal environment at school and at work. Itis, therefore, difficult for an individual to change them in later life, and this is the reason why expatriate workers often experience difficulties when faced with another national culture. 3 Hofstede is eager to emphasise that his ‘dimensions’ (or characteristics) are not a prescription or formula but merely ‘a concept or framework. They equip us with an analytical tool to help us understand intercultural differences. All qSeee ST SES TE lof Hofstede’s dimensions represent two ends of a ‘scale’, for example the ‘individualism/collectivism’ dimension. In India, China and Japan, which are strong collectivist cultures, people need to belong to and have loyalty to a group. In other societies, such as the UK, individualism is more important and there is a ower emphasis on loyalty and protection. In strong collectivist ‘countries, companies often have stronger obligations towards their employees and their families, ‘Multinational companies building international teams, for instance, can make use of Hofstede’ framework to make sense of the cultural differences they encounter in their practical experience. Knowing about such differences can help to avoict ‘conflict in international management, Using the framework shows that its not always safe to assume that apparently similar ‘countries in the same region, for example Holland and Belgium or Austria and Hungary, have similar cultures. a aa His framework has been used by other researchers to determine the suitability of certain management techniques for various countries or to make comparisons between countries to understand cultural differences in various areas of management, Hofstede has also extended his work by collaborating with Henry Mintzberg, linking Mintzberg’s five organisational structures with his own cultural dimensions. This ink is intended to show that some organisational structures fit better in some national cultures than in others. sapreernonyresienemensieminas2 Read the article again and decide which section the following headings refer to. Dimensions in Practice b Application and Collaboration © Life and Career d key Thinking 3 According to the article, which of the following statements aretrue? 5 The following words can be confusing because they havi similar meanings or because they are‘false friends! Match t ‘words with their definitions. TV ignorance [a show or find the difference between thir hich are compared 2 insensitivity |b standard or accepted way of doing something, ora mathematical ule 3 distinguish | € natawareafar showing sympathy for ot people’ feelings 11 Geert Hofstede has worked at IBM for many years. 2. Now that business is more international, cultural sensitivity is exiemely important 3-We have 1 change our management syle depending on the county we aren 4 Different countries have diferent sets of values. 5 Hofstede’ dimensions ate a way to help us understand diferent cultures 6 Hofstede-has researched organisational cultures 4 Find words or expressions in the article to match the following definitions. 1 being the frst in a particular area (peragraph 7) 2 letero following iparagreph 1) 3 name used instead ofthe eal one (paragraph 1) 4 include (paragraph 1) 55 something you cannot see or touch (paragient 2) 6 strengthened (paragtaph 3) 7 prepare give the necessary skis to (paragraph). 8 find, come across (parearaph 5). 9 disagreement baraaraph 5) 10 being acceptable or right for someone oF something ‘paragreph 6) 4 iferentiate: | @ contain a number of different pans 5 prescrption | e nat having enough knowedge about something 6 formula | f afixed way to sole problem ora piece paper on which a doctor writes the cetal afthe medicine that someone needs 7 makeup of | g noticeor understand the difference between two things, or to make one per ir thing seem different from another © Complete the sentences with the correct form of the wor from exercises 4 and 5. 1 Weill satis prablemsif a reduced budget ‘causes ustoch je ourwinning —____s 10 cultural issues often fed 2 Unfortunately, his in ur oderseas markets at sales conferences 3 Hes colour-bind and cant the difference bet fed and grees, 4 Many teenagers are surpisingy. about current ‘events ~ifthey just pen some time every day watching the them with a good general knowledg Fepresentatives ftom every ‘nwould 5 Treconimitiee’s department 6 We donot race or gender oF ary other issue 7 | didi tease that one of my colleagues actually weites tlle buthe writes undera 8 The min caused widespread flooding The _ro3 between our employees on the bs closures meant the town was cut off forthree days.Writing 3 Argument-led writing 1 Read the following short text about unions in the workplace and note the pros andl cons under the following headings. Arguments for unions ‘Arguments against unions Unions were originally set up to help workers negotiate colletively for wages and better conditions since individual ‘employees had very litde power or infuence. While unions ean help their members by negotiating better working conditions, they can sometimes raise henefits to unrealistically high levels, As a result, companies may have to increase product prices and this may Tead to a fallin demand and possibly «ven job cuts. Even though unions can help to foster a sense ‘of teamwork in the workplace, some argue that they create a hostile environment between managers and workers, Some governments and large corporations have tried to cut back on the unions’ power for the reason that they have become t00 strong and have made it difficult for companies to react flexibly ‘o changing markets. oa RT ee 2 Put the highlighted words from the text in exercise 1 into the correct columns in the table below. Then add some more words and phrases to each column. The first letters have been given to helpyou, Presentreasons State result Make a contrast ‘5 Complete the sentences with the phrases from the table in exercise 2, Some letters have been given to help you. 1 We need to increase our production of ising demand, 2A most of Gur range is obsolete, this product is better than anything else on the market 3 Weve decided to give the whole team albonus this year they bave worked so hard 4 having 2 staf panty is good for morale, mest snembers of staff are in favour of 5 The lifecycle ofthe latest products very short w. some ofthe older products have lasted much lange, 6 The suppliers have put up the costs of our aw materials, se have been forced to increase our prices, 7 Unifortunetely, this steis stil running ata loss, ‘any Costsaying measures haye been Implemented, 8 Instaling the new softwate has made the ordering process ‘quicker there ate now far fewer errors and orders ae processed within tw hours of receipt Write a short report on the pros and cons of one of the following topics (80-100 words). 1 Free public transport 2 Using renewable energy, such as wind or solar power 3 Making music downloads fee 4 Privatisation of water supplies Use the following outline from the Student’s Book to help you: § Introduction: introduce the topic: give background information © Main body: Paragraph 7: outine and analyse pros, Paragian® 2: outline and analyse cons, CConiclusion: summarise key points state your conclusionvf Change management Vocabulary and Grammar ees O + Complete the sentences by choosing the correct alternative from the words in brackets. 11 The teams enthusiasm for the marketing campaign petered after afew months. out / away / off) ‘oppor our differences atthe meeting, (into /for/ of) 2 Luckily there was a window ity 10 resolve . celebrity, who retired several years ago, has started to crave the ‘once more. lamplight / spotight / limelight) 4 We hope that the ‘walking bus idea for children will root and spread throughout the country. (grow / take / ged 5 Having people the coalface, speaking to the public, will help to geta clearer idea of market needs (at /on fin front of) 6 The sales manager said it was gut to lose the contract afterall the effort they had putinto trying to renew it. (puling / breaking / wrenching) 7. The new CEO, who has a history of success tackling the Issues of business, will startnext week at the troubled company. sticky / thorny / prick) 8 Unfortunately, the new project ran trouble just few weeks after it started, because of issues with the new product, (into /1n / through) 2 Complete the sentences using the idioms from exercise 1. 11 Wete keen for the new system to and were doing ‘everything we can to promote it. 2 We need to get someone in who can. who isnt affaid of dealing with the difficult problems the ‘company is facing in this competitive marke. someone 3 After very long meeting, everyone was feeling tired and the conversation at dinner gradually. 4 We have to face the. wal see the most job losses. cision of which department 32. CHANGE MANAGEMENT 5 He had the chance to retire from professional sport last year t he didnt because he stl 6 Thecompany. after demand for the product fe sharply, and they were left with too much stock, 7 The conference, with so many new product presentations provided the per 8 Teachers who are ct _____ to promote the new pro working with the children, doubts as to whether the system will work or not 11 Match the two halves of the sentences. '@ however, this is the fist 71 Mare of the work will be done by robots, weve had a chance torr up socially 2 Twa diferent groups of 'b and those actions have people, dramatically improved 31 morale, 3 Weve been working « ifthe managers themse! are not aware of their employees'strenaths, th together for some time wort work 44 Thenew director has ‘@ thus fewer workers wil) improved working needed. conditions and increased bonuses 5 Theleadersof both main | e thedesign team and the R&Ddepartment, are working on this project. political parties have called ameeting to discuss the Issues & Managers should choose | f and they assume that their own team leaders:that | there willbe some toug sounds reasonable, but negotiating ahead.2 Complete the text about change management with the correct linking phrase from exercise 1. Companies often assume that the longer an initiative continues, the more likely tis to fall. 1 our studies show that a long-tetrn project which is fully reviewed is more likely to succeed, than a short-term one which isrit reviewed frequently enough, 2________ the time between reviews is mare important than the length ofthe project. Reviewing and setting objectives, ve wo very important stages in a project: 3 ‘can determine its success or failure. Managers can Sometimes feel that review meetings are a waste of time! 4 spent working on the project itsell. 5. that the time could be better in fact, a short review meeting isan fective way to motivate the team. 6 are usually Involved in change projects ~ managers and their teams ~ and it vital to get the backing of both before you proceed with new initiatives, Semen Eis 1 Complete the sentences by putting the verb in brackets in the correct tense. 1 Youte very late for the meeting - we ages (wai) 2 You must be starving, you for you for, all day. (not eat) 3 They. the office since the new manager arrived and they/ve finaly finished it (redecorate) aw to breakiinto that matket far years ~ maybe well doit with this new product. try) 5 Thenew CEO. these dificult economic conditions. (as) allemployees to be aware of costs in 6 Doyou think we'e going to have the Christmas party? The new manager anything about it, (not say) 2 Make complete sentences using these prompts. Example: We/do/business with them for years and they/always pay/on time Example: We've been ding business with them for years and they have aliways paid on time. 1 They /sell/ the software for 15 years and they /not bring out / any updates. 2 We / develop / the product for several years but we stil / not test / the prototype. 3 We/wait / fora reply from the patent office, but we / not hear / from them yet. 4 My boss / commute / from Scotland every week for the ast two yeats and now he /Just move / to Landon, 2 How could you say the following using either the present perfect simple or present perfect continuous? Example: the company are offering a new service ~ ask how long How he new service? How long howe/nas the compary been offering Ure nen service? the company are looking for anew Head Office ~ ask how long How long, a ‘anew Head Office? 2. sk the number of days'holiday taken this year How. this year? 3 say the employee made 6 sales since last week since last week 4 the company have a newline of healthcare products ~ ask how long How long the newline? 5 say the company started developing the new product last year and stiis The company the new product een 6 ask the number of toms booked for the conference How for the conference? CHANGE MANAGEMENT 33its function, Some expressions can be in both columns. 1 Are the following words and expressions heads or tails? Put the words into the correct column, Head or Tail, depending on Head Teil 2 Complete the missing ‘part’ of the sentences with the head or tl structure, Some letters have been given to help you. 18. stock for the period, 2 you think other factors are important too? 3 Aster ee direct is interesting, but using agents may be possible to0, do you 4_______weneed to move on, Sim we have to think ofthe costs, 0 6 Say, the main dference is the level of cover, 7 ¥___trmeans we need to rethink the budget, 8 S_____. youl start working on that straight away, 7 2 34 CHANGE MANAGEMENT itmeans how many markets have been out of seling 5 Lookat the following examples ofthe head, body, tal structure and mark the pauses with a | and the intonation tend of each sentence with an arrow >. Example:So | i's kind of more Uke just a pair of the brands | fn it 1 You know there may be an alternative way of doing ityou k shat | mean? 2 Basically theres no black-and-white answer to that afar as concerned, $5 Welll mean | would really welcome that if you see what 4 In my opinion thet doesnt give us enough cover does i? 5 see what you mean but just think is one of those things theyilalvaysfind an excuse don't you? 6 50 it doesn't necessary mean we have to star again right? 7 Well think we should go ahead with it OK? 8 Erm we need to get things started as soon as possible you wht | mean? EEA Now isten and check your answers. Finally, listen a and try to match the model. CEF Can Do statements Now you have comoleted the exercises inthis unit react ‘Folowing statements: Heke boxes that apply to you ee Yesslean 11 dothis. mm “1 eas use some business oioms and = thelanauage ofcohesion ard referencing to structure language mote ffectey. 2 {can use-and contrast the present perect and present perfect continuous. 42 caq sirsctute spoken language in oO face tofacé negotiations and meetings ‘fyou need more practice on points 1-3, check your Stuc Book ae Tleson 21 2 lespn72 3 Lesson73 ‘Make anate of the alées you want to practise more and, can-do this; sers} Project management Vocabulary and Grammar 4 Look at the sentences describing different stages of project management. Replace the underlined words with a word or phrase with similar meaning, The first letters have been given tohelp you. Example: tthe tal stage, we test. with real people Ab the trial stage, we pilot Ure solution with real peop. 1 In the detaed investigation stage, we do (u. feasiblity study of the options and define the chosen solution. 2 In the operation and closure phases, we implement the plan @—__i____i e. _—} and finally close the project. 3 Theft @ ) Investigation includes a short general o—__o__ (and solutions, —J of the possible needs Now look at three more project stages. Put these stages, together with items 1-3, in the correct order. 4 Development and testing ~ build the solution 5 Proposal - identify the idea or need al stage ~ pilot the solution with real people, (eee 4 2 5 a eee 6 eee cone 1 Complete the verb/noun collocations for project planning With the correct words, 1 screen out 2 engaging 3 encourage 4 gather i S cut 6 increase 7 slash 2 Complete the flowing "ips fr Successful Projects withthe } the solution collocations from exercise 1, 1 Although you can't plan the whole project in detail ror start to finish, you can within each stage which will help you toplan the next part. 2. As the project continues, more detailed plans and better information will help to. arnongst team members 3 Taking longer inthe investigative stages can be time well spent: for example, detailed research into the best ways to ‘get the product to the market can mean a companys able to 4 Having a clear strategy makes it easier to early stages s0 you dort waste time, § —__is essential for the success of the project: if some people feel they haven't been consulted, the project could fal 6 Itisessental to. frequent meetings and good communication amongst members will help with this. 7 Making changes in later stages ofthe project can be expensive and cause delays, so spending time in the early stages is beneficial and can often help to. GEcee ees 1 Read sentences 1-6 and decide what each one’s function is. Put each sentence into the correct column ofthe table on page 37. 1 Well be developing the new prototype in March next year 2 The company will have already opened offices in Hang Kong and Singapore by next June, 3 Atthis rate, well stil be building the factory when we should be producing the fist new models! 4 By the time he graduates, hell have already spent more than 20 years in fulltime education! 5 dont think Ill have finished the report in time for the meeting ~ what do you think | should do? 6 Unfortunately they've closed the Italian restaurant next to the So we wor't be having any more business lunches there PROJECT MANAGEMENT 35To talk about something in progress in the future (or expected to be in progress in the future) ‘To talk about something that is seen as already completed before a certain time 2 Complete sentences 1-8 with the correct form of the verb in brackets, using the future perfect or future perfect continuous. 1 Can you make sure you've sent overall the information as they the figures this afternoon? (go through) 2 Despite the technical problems, | hope we. allthe applications for the new past by the closing date. receive) 3 Idon't think the Board —___ we have the AGM. sa very complicated problem to resolve their decision by the tine announce) 4 In spite of the difficult financial conditions, we: the ‘computer system in the next 2 months, (fully upgrade) 8 Lock at the Gantt chart showing the project stages for the building of a new sports stadium. It is now August. Complete the missing time phrases in sentences 1-7 below. 5 Over the coming year the company —___| plant and equipment in order to modernise the factory. (invest) 6 We hope we beginning of the next financial year (set up) heaviy in new the new reporting system by the 7 "Allof the sales team full training on thenew product range during the next quarter. (undergo) 8 Doyouthinkyou back? (sort out) the problem by the time get Project Activity | This year Next year ‘Aug [Sep [Oct [Nov [Dec |Jan [Feb [Mar |Apr | May |Jun |Jul | Aug dig foundations ‘complete running track ‘pour concrete ig swimming pool erect stands put on roof install seats finish project| 1 _otthis month we § —____6. well be digging vill have dug the foundations. the swimming pool 2 month we wil be | 6 of Lune we will have pouring the concrete put on the roof 3 2 wellbeerecting 7 time the whole the stands, project wil be finished! af lanciary we wl have completed the running track 36 PROJECT MANAGEMENT