Editorial Consolidation (November) 2023

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Editorial Consolidation
01st November to 30th November 2023

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Content
z Stocktaking Climate Finance.................................................................................................................................... 3
z India’s GDP Growth: Challenges and Opportunities .............................................................................................. 7
z Vision India@2047: Transforming the Nation’s Future........................................................................................... 9
z Peacebuilding Through The United Nations.......................................................................................................... 12
z Tackling India's Air Pollution Crisis for a Sustainable Future................................................................................. 16
z Tackling the Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance................................................................................................... 18
z India’s National Security Strategy.......................................................................................................................... 21
z Deepfakes: Opportunities, Threats, and Regulation............................................................................................. 25
z Transforming Crop Residue into Sustainable Solutions......................................................................................... 27
z Net Neutrality in India........................................................................................................................................... 29
z Chandrayaan-3 : India's Imperatives for Space Leadership .................................................................................. 32
z Community Rights and Forest Conservation......................................................................................................... 36
z From Welfarism to Well-Being.............................................................................................................................. 39
z Regulating OTT: Draft Broadcasting Regulation Bill, 2023..................................................................................... 43
z Rise of Autonomous Weapons: Challenges and Opportunities............................................................................. 47
z State Funding Debate: A Path to Transparent Elections....................................................................................... 49
z Unraveling Silent Pandemic of Road Accidents..................................................................................................... 54
z The Governor's Role: Challenges and Reform Proposals....................................................................................... 57
z Domicile Reservations: Challenges and Alternatives............................................................................................. 59
z Rethinking India’s Approach to China: Strategic Considerations ......................................................................... 62
z Quantum Computing and AI in Symbiotic Harmony............................................................................................. 68
z India’s Economic Surge: Analysing the Robust Growth in FY24............................................................................ 70
z Navigating Climate Change Through Climate-Smart Agriculture.......................................................................... 72
z Electrification: India’s Strategy to Decarbonise Road Transport........................................................................... 75
z Reducing Supreme Court's Case Overload............................................................................................................ 80
z India’s Maritime Security Paradigm...................................................................................................................... 82
Drishti Mains Questions.................................................................................................................................86–87
w w w. d r i s h ti IA S. c om EDITORIAL CONSOLIDATION NOVEMBER 2023 3
Stocktaking Climate Finance public, private and alternative sources that seek to
support climate change mitigation and adaptation
This editorial is based on “Stocktaking climate finance actions.
— a case of circles in red ink” which was published in ¾ Essential Components :
The Hindu on 01/11/2023. It talks about the challenges
Funding Sources: Climate finance can come from
and complexities surrounding climate finance and the
various sources, including public sources such as
urgency of addressing these issues to fulfill commitments
and combat climate change effectively. government funding and international aid and
private sources such as investments from the
Tag: Biodiversity & Environment, GS Paper - 3, Environmental financial and corporate sectors.
Pollution & Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Financial Instruments: Many financial instruments
Disaster Managements, GS Paper - 2,Effect of Policies and Politics can be used to channel climate finance, including
of Countries on India’s interest.
grants, loans, equity investments, and financial
Climate finance is crucial for maintaining trust instruments such as carbon credits.
between developed and developing countries in climate
Recipients: Climate finance can be provided
change negotiations. Climate finance is expected to be
a prominent issue in the upcoming Conference of the to various recipients, including governments,
Parties (COP 28) meeting of the United Nations Framework businesses, and civil society organizations.
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Dubai. Projects and Activities: Climate finance can support
various projects and activities contributing to
What is Climate Finance ? climate change mitigation and adaptation. These
¾ According to the United Nations Framework may include renewable energy projects, energy
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), climate efficiency measures, and projects that help build
finance is local, national or transnational funding from resilience to climate change’s impacts.
4 EDITORIAL CONSOLIDATION NOVEMBER 2023 www.d rish t i I A S . c o m
Governance and Oversight: Several initiatives and costs in developing countries are projected to increase
mechanisms have been established to facilitate to around USD 340 billion per year by 2030 and up
the flow of climate finance and ensure effective to USD 565 billion by 2050.
governance and oversight, such as the Green Climate ¾ Mitigation Financing Gap: The gap for mitigation
Fund and the Clean Development Mechanism. efforts is even larger, estimated at USD 850 billion
per year by 2030.
What are the Primary
¾ The Trillion-Dollar Climate Finance Challenge:The
Purposes of Climate Finance? Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero estimates a
¾ Mitigation: To fund projects and initiatives that requirement of at least USD 125 trillion in investments
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the by 2050, approximately USD 5 trillion per year, to
impacts of climate change. This includes investments achieve net-zero emissions.
in renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable ¾ Climate Finance for Developing Countries :The financial
agriculture, and other activities that help combat needs projected by developing countries in their
climate change. NDCs, especially in the Global South, are substantial,
¾ Adaptation: To support measures that help communities potentially reaching close to USD 6 trillion until 2030.
and nations adapt to the adverse effects of climate ¾ USD 100 Billion Annual Target: In 2009, at the UNFCCC
change. This may include investments in infrastructure, COP15, developed countries jointly set a target to
disaster resilience, water resource management, and provide at least USD 100 billion annually to support
other strategies to reduce vulnerability to climate- mitigation and adaptation efforts to address the
related risks. climate crisis effectively.
¾ Technology Transfer: To facilitate the transfer of
environmentally friendly and sustainable technologies What are the Main Sources for Climate Finance?
from developed to developing countries, enabling the ¾ Types of Instruments:
latter to transition to low-carbon, climate-resilient Green bonds : Green Bonds are a kind of debt
development pathways. issued by a public or private institution to use the
¾ Capacity Building: To build the capacity of nations funds for environmental purposes.
and communities to better understand and address Debt swaps :These entail the sale of foreign currency
climate change, develop and implement climate debt by the creditor country to an investor which can
policies and strategies, and access and manage climate then swap the debt with the debtor country for the
finance effectively. development of mitigation and adaptation projects.
Guarantees : These are commitments whereby
How much Climate Finance is Needed?
a guarantor promises to fulfill the obligations
¾ Adaptation Financing Gap: The global adaptation undertaken by a borrower to a lender in the context
financing gap is substantial and growing. Adaptation of climate change activities.
Concessional loans :These are loans for climate Developed countries fell short of the USD 100 billion
change mitigation and adaptation activities that annual target, having mobilized only USD 79.6
differ from traditional loans in that they have billion at the 26th UN Climate Change conference
longer repayment periods and lower interest rates, in Glasgow in 2021.
among other preferential conditions. ¾ Lack in Institutional Capacity:
Grants and donations : These are amounts granted Many impoverished countries lack the financial
to projects related to the fight against the climate infrastructure necessary to effectively manage
emergency, which do not need to be repaid. and allocate substantial foreign investments into
¾ Major Climate Finance Funds : climate projects, potentially causing concerns
Green Climate Fund (GCF): GCF was set up by among investors and destabilizing fragile economies.
the UNFCCC in 2010. It is the world’s largest fund Some experts raise concerns about the capacity of
devoted to helping developing countries reduce Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to meet
their GHG emissions and adapt to the impact of the world’s climate finance needs, particularly
climate change, paying particular attention to the their limited expertise in climate-related matters.
needs of the most vulnerable countries. The GCF
MDBs are criticized for primarily concentrating
plays an essential role in compliance with the
their financing on climate mitigation, with less
Paris Agreement, channeling climate finance to
focus on assisting businesses and communities
developing countries.
in adapting to climate risks.
Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF): Administered
¾ Accountability Mechanisms:
by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), it
offers four different finance services: adaptation There is currently no established mechanism to
to climate change; technology transfer; energy, hold governments and institutions accountable
transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste for fulfilling their climate financing commitments.
management; and economic diversification for Wealthier nations have been known to either
countries dependent on fossil fuels. overstate their investment estimates or fail to
Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) meet their financial responsibilities.
:Administered by the Global Environment Facility “Green funds,” which allow private investors to
(GEF), its purpose is to support the almost 50 participate in Environmental, Social, and Governance
countries classified as least developed by the (ESG) investing, do not mandate the disclosure of
United Nations to tackle their high vulnerability their investments’ carbon footprints or emissions,
to climate change and implement their national leading to the problem of greenwashing.
adaptation plans.
z Greenwashing is when an organization spends
UN-REDD Programme : Created in 2008, also as part more time and money on marketing itself
of the UN, its objective is to reduce the emissions as environmentally friendly than on actually
caused by deforestation and forest degradation minimizing its environmental impact.
in developing countries, helping governments to
¾ Measuring Climate Finance:
prepare and implement national REDD+ strategies.
Data on climate finance flows are compiled
Bilateral climate finance funds: It includes
using various methodologies and have varying
institutions such as the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID), the European interpretations.
Union’s Global Climate Change Alliance+ (GCCA+), Double counting of climate finance can occur
and the Japan International Cooperation Agency when the same funds are reported by multiple
(JICA), etc. parties, leading to an overestimation of the actual
financial flows.
What are the Main ¾ Missing Urgency:
Challenges to Climate Financing? Unlike the rapid response to the global financial
¾ Funding Shortages: crisis in 2009-10, climate finance transfers currently
The primary challenge in climate financing is the lack the strong political will, perceived urgency,
inadequate availability of funds for climate projects, and global cooperation seen in the financial crisis
especially in low-income countries. response.
What are Indian

Initiatives for Financing Climate Action ?
¾ National Adaptation Fund:
The fund was established in 2014 with a corpus
of Rs. 100 crores with the aim of bridging
the gap between the need and the available
funds.
The fund is operated under the Ministry of
Environment, Forests, and Climate Change
(MoEF&CC).
¾ National Clean Energy and Environment Fund
What are the Next Steps for Climate Finance?
(NCEEF): ¾ Commit to Climate Finance Targets :
The NCEEF was established to promote clean All bilateral donors must live up to their climate
energy and environmental projects in India. finance commitments and set more ambitious
targets.
It funds initiatives that help reduce greenhouse
The need for integrating climate finance into
gas emissions and improve environmental quality.
national development plans and policies is even
The fund is supported by a cess on coal production greater than before
and usage. ¾ Enhancing International Cooperation:
¾ Green Climate Fund (GCF) and Adaptation Fund (AF): Strengthening collaboration among nations and
India is eligible to access financial resources from international organizations is crucial.
international climate funds like the GCF and AF. All countries will need to unlock opportunities
These funds support climate mitigation and for low carbon climate resilient infrastructure
adaptation projects in the country. and other climate-related investments to support
¾ Renewable Energy Financing: recovery and transformation.
¾ Accountability in MDBs:
India has actively promoted renewable energy
Multilateral Development Banks must better
projects, including solar and wind energy.
leverage their balance sheets, improve their private
The government offers financial incentives and
sector multipliers and work better as a system.
subsidies to encourage investment in these
Multilateral Development Banks need to accelerate
sectors.
the alignment of their financial support and activities
¾ National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF): with the Paris Agreement, building on the common
NCEF was created to support clean energy framework set out at COP25.
initiatives and research. ¾ Supporting Vulnerable Communities:
It provides resources for innovative projects that Tackling debt distress and excessive debt overhang,
contribute to low-carbon development. especially in poor and climate vulnerable countries,
¾ Emission Trading System (ETS): is crucial.
Targeted efforts should be made to channel finance
India has explored the possibility of setting up an
to the most vulnerable communities and countries,
ETS to promote carbon trading and incentivize
especially those at risk from the adverse impacts
emissions reductions.
of climate change.
¾ Carbon Tax:
¾ Innovative Financing Mechanisms:
There have been discussions about the introduction Exploring innovative financing mechanisms, such
of a carbon tax in India, which could provide as green bonds, carbon pricing, and public-private
additional revenue for climate initiatives. partnerships, can attract additional funding for
¾ Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements: climate projects.
India engages in bilateral agreements with Private capital is not flowing fast enough to finance
countries for climate finance, and it participates the low-carbon and climate-resilient transition and
in multilateral negotiations to secure funding for is often not aligned to Paris Agreement targets.
climate projects. Moreover, most of the current stock of private
sector climate investment is in advanced economies.
¾ Transparency and Accountability: A financial sector-real estate-construction bubble
Establishing transparent reporting mechanisms
added froth to that growth which was unsustainable.
and holding nations accountable for their financial Growth slowed to 6% after the global financial
commitments is vital to ensuring the effective use crisis of 2007-08 as world trade decelerated quickly.
of climate finance. ¾ 2012-15: By 2012-13, GDP growth had fallen to
¾ Promoting Sustainable Practices: about 4.5%, but growth for that year and the next
Encouraging sustainable practices and the transition three jumped courtesy of a data revision in January
to green economies is part of the long-term strategy 2015 (The Government started calculating GDP on
in climate finance. market price instead of factory price).
¾ Global Stocktakes: This change in methodology increased the GDP
Continuously assessing and enhancing climate growth rate in numbers but not in real.
finance efforts through global stocktakes, as ¾ 2016-2018: The slowdown resumed after the
outlined in the Paris Agreement, is essential to demonetisation and GST rollout. And once the
ensure alignment with climate goals. finance-real estate bubble collapsed following the
IL&FS bankruptcy in 2018, GDP growth came down
Conclusion: to 3.9% in the year before the pandemic.
Fostering increased cooperation in global climate ¾ Pre-Covid Years: In fact, the pre-Covid growth was
finance is not just a necessity, it is an imperative for more dire than the publicized estimate implies.
addressing the urgent challenges posed by climate change. Indian statistical authorities present income from
The complexity of climate issues, coupled with the production as their measure of GDP.
substantial financial requirements, calls for a united and z In principle, expenditure on Indian products
collaborative effort among nations, organizations, and (by national residents and foreigners) should
private sectors. equal income because producers earn incomes
nnn only when someone buys their wares.
But expenditure grew at a mere 1.9% in the
pre-Covid year.
India’s GDP Growth: ¾ The Covid Years: By that averaging method, GDP
Challenges and Opportunities grew by 2.9% in the pandemic year.
The slowdown from the heady 9% GDP growth
This editorial is based on “An unfolding economic
in the mid-2000s to 3%-4% before the pandemic
tragedy” which was published in The Hindu on
reflected severe weakness in demand.
30/10/2023. It argues that India is facing a severe
z That weakness manifested in the glaring drop
economic downturn due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the
in private corporate fixed investment from a
mismanagement of the government, and the lack of
peak of 17% of GDP in 2007-8 to 11% in 2019-20.
structural reforms.
z Private corporations cut back investments,
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper - 3, Growth & Development, GS recognising that domestic consumers, fearful
Paper - 2, Government policies & interventions of job and earning prospects, had constrained
The National Statistics Office (NSO) announced in purchasing power, and foreigners had only a
late August, 2023 that India’s Gross Domestic Product limited appetite for Indian goods.
(GDP) had surged in the April-June quarter, showing an ¾ Post-Covid Years: In the post-Covid-19 years, the
impressive annual growth rate of 7.8%. This remarkable economy has bounced around. It fell sharply, recovered
economic performance prompted widespread excitement modestly, slowed severely, and experienced a dead
and enthusiasm, as it reaffirmed India’s status as the cat bounce from late-2022.
fastest-growing major economy in the world. The only way to assess this bouncy post-Covid
phase is by determining the average growth rate
What has been over the entire period.
the Growth Trajectory in the Past? Even that is not straightforward. If we consider the
¾ Mid-2000s: Indian GDP grew at an annual 9% rate in latest four quarters over the four quarters before
the mid-2000s as historically high world trade growth Covid, the annual growth rate (of the income and
lifted all economies. expenditure average) is 4.2%.
If we compare only the latest quarter over the ¾ A Decline in Consumption: Consumption is another
quarter before Covid, the annual growth is just major component of GDP, as it reflects the purchasing
above 2%. power and living standards of the people. However,
The tell-tale sign of post-Covid demand weakness India’s consumption expenditure (as a share of GDP)
is the further drop in private corporate investment has also fallen from 60.5% in 2019-20 to 57.5% in
to 10% of GDP in 2021-22. 2021-22.
This decline can be attributed to various reasons,
z Analysts believe that it has remained anaemic
in 2022-23. such as low income growth, high inflation, rural
distress, job losses, and reduced credit availability.
What are the Primary Reasons ¾ Reduced Savings: To maintain consumption, households
behind Decline in Growth Rate in Past Years? have slashed their savings rates to 5.1% of GDP, from
11.9% in 2019-20. Those eligible for credit cards are
¾ A Weak External Demand: External demand is another
racking up worrying levels of debt.
important source of economic growth, as it reflects
the competitiveness and integration of the economy What are the Positive Factors
with the world. However, India’s exports to GDP ratio that Can Help India Recover from the Slump?
has been declining since 2013-14. The ratio was 25%
in 2011-12 and declined to 18% by 2019-20. ¾ A Large and Young Population: According to reports,
India has a population of over 1.4 billion people, with
This fall can be attributed to various reasons, such
more than 40% below the age of 25. This provides
as a slowdown in global growth, appreciation of
a huge demographic dividend for economic growth,
the rupee, loss of market share, and trade barriers.
as it implies a large and growing workforce and
¾ Low Capital Investment: India’s investment rate fell consumer base.
from 39.8% of GDP in 2010 to an estimated 29.3% in However, this also requires adequate investment
2021. This reflects a lack of confidence and demand in human capital development, such as education,
in the economy, as well as structural bottlenecks health, and skills.
such as land acquisition, environmental clearance,
¾ A Resilient and Diversified Economy: India has a
and credit availability.
diversified economy that spans across various sectors
¾ Policy Uncertainty and Shocks: The government has and regions. This provides a cushion against sector-
implemented several policy changes and reforms specific or region-specific shocks and helps maintain
that have had mixed effects on the economy. Some macroeconomic stability.
of these include demonetization, GST, corporate tax Moreover, India has shown resilience in coping
cuts, insolvency and bankruptcy code. with various crises in the past, such as the global
While some of these may have long-term benefits, financial crisis of 2007-08 and the Covid-19
they also caused short-term disruptions and pandemic of 2020-21.
uncertainties for businesses and consumers. ¾ A Reform-Oriented and Proactive Government: The
¾ Rising Inequality and Poverty: India’s economic Indian government is committed to pursuing reforms
growth has not been inclusive or equitable. The and policies that can enhance economic growth and
income share of the top 10% of the population has development.
increased from 31% in 1980 to 56% in 2016, while Some of the recent initiatives taken by the
the share of the bottom 50% has fallen from 24% to government include the Atmanirbhar Bharat
15%. The poverty rate has also stagnated at around package, the production-linked incentive scheme,
20% since 2011. the national infrastructure pipeline and the labour
¾ Poor Performance of the Manufacturing Sector: code bills.
Manufacturing is a vital sector for economic growth, z However, these initiatives also require effective
as it contributes to value addition, exports, and implementation and coordination among various
employment. However, India’s manufacturing sector stakeholders.
has been underperforming for the past decade, with
its real gross value added (GVA) declining by about What more needs to be done
3% in 2019-20. to make India's Growth Rate more Robust?
This decline can be attributed to various reasons, ¾ Boosting Investment and Consumption: These are
such as demonetisation, GST implementation, the two main drivers of domestic demand, which
global trade tensions, and lack of competitiveness. accounts for about 70% of India’s GDP.
To increase investment, the government can In early 2024, the Prime Minister is expected to unveil
continue to implement reforms that reduce policy a road map to transform the country into a developed
uncertainty, regulatory hurdles, interest rates, nation with a USD 30 trillion economy by the time it
and bad loans. completes 100 years of Independence.
To increase consumption, the government can The Vision India@2047 plan, as it is officially named,
support income growth, inflation control, rural has been in the works for nearly two years with officials
development, job creation, and credit availability. across ministries brainstorming on how to take the country
¾ Enhancing Manufacturing and Exports: These are from its current level of development to where it aspires
the key sources of value addition, employment, and to be.
external demand, which can help India diversify its The NITI Aayog, in the process of giving this vision
economy and integrate with the global market. document a final shape, will soon run its central ideas
To improve manufacturing and exports, the and goals past top minds across sectors, including World
government can continue to implement initiatives Bank President Ajay Banga, Apple chief Tim Cook, as well
such as the Atmanirbhar Bharat package, the as Indian industrialists and thought leaders, to finetune
production-linked incentive scheme, and the them and factor in any blind spots. Coming ahead of the
national infrastructure pipeline. Lok Sabha election, the plan may well be viewed as the
The government can also address issues such as government’s policy playbook promise for prospective
currency appreciation, market share loss, and voters.
trade barriers.
¾ Investing in human capital and social services: What is Vision India@2047?
These are the essential factors for improving the ¾ The Project:
living standards and productivity of India’s large and Vision India@2047 is a project initiated by the
young population. NITI Aayog, the apex policy think tank of India,
To invest in human capital and social services, the to create a blueprint for India’s development in
government can continue to implement programs the next 25 years.
that enhance education, health, skills, nutrition,
The project aims to make India a global leader in
water, sanitation, energy, housing, and healthcare.
innovation and technology, a model of human
The government can also ensure that these
development and social welfare, and a champion
programs reach the people who actually need of environmental sustainability.
them and are delivered efficiently.
¾ Objectives:
¾ Maintaining Macroeconomic Stability and Resilience:
Achieving a USD 30 trillion economy with a per-
These are the necessary conditions for sustaining
economic growth and coping with various shocks capita income of USD 18,000-20,000 and strong
and uncertainties. public finances and a robust financial sector.
Building world-class infrastructure and facilities
To maintain macroeconomic stability and resilience,
the government can continue to pursue prudent in both rural and urban areas.
fiscal and monetary policies that balance growth Eliminating unnecessary interference by the
and inflation objectives. government in the lives of citizens and promoting

nnn digital economy and governance.
Developing 3-4 global champions in every sector by
merger or restructuring and boosting indigenous
VisionIndia@2047:Transforming industry and innovation.
Becoming self-reliant in defence and space sectors
the Nation’s Future and enhancing India’s role in the world.
This editorial is based on “Virtues of planning: On the Fostering green growth and climate action by
Vision India@2047 plan” which was published in The increasing renewable energy capacity and reducing
Hindu on 02/11/2023. It discusses the government’s carbon emissions.
blueprint to develop India by 2047, which is expected Empowering the youth with skills and education
to be unveiled by the Prime Minister in early 2024. and creating more employment opportunities.
Partnering with foreign R&D organizations to build
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper - 3, Growth & Development, GS top 10 labs in the country and bringing at least 10
Paper - 2, Government policies & interventions
Indian institutions among the top 100 globally.
What is the Current Status and Several estimates show that India’s GDP is expected
Future Prospects of the Indian Economy? to overtake Japan and Germany by 2030.
z Ratings agency S&P estimates that India’s
¾ Current Status:
nominal GDP will rise from USD 3.4 trillion in
India is current- 2022 to USD 7.3 trillion by 2030.
ly estimated
z This rapid pace of economic expansion would
to be the fifth result in the size of the Indian GDP making
largest econo- India the second largest economy in the Asia-
my in Nominal Pacific region.
terms and 3rd The preliminary results from NITI Aayog’s forecasting
largest in PPP have predicted:
(Purchasing
z India’s exports will be valued at USD 8.67
Power Parity)
trillion in 2047 while its imports will be valued
terms. at USD 12.12 trillion.
By 2022, the size of Indian GDP had already become z India’s average life expectancy will jump to 71.8
larger than the GDP of the UK and also France. from 67.2 in 2021 and its literacy rate to 89.8%
¾ Future Prospects: from 77.8% in 2021.
What are the Factors that Moreover, various estimates show that the Indian
may Contribute to India’s Economic Growth? Economy will grow at 7% for the next 10 years.
While the preliminary numbers provided by the
¾ Demographic Dividend: India has a large and young
Niti Aayog, estimates show that the economy will
population that can provide a skilled and productive
need to post an annual average economic growth
workforce for various sectors.
of 9.2% between 2030-2040, 8.8% between 2040-
According to reports, India has a population of
2047 and 9% between 2030 to 2047.
over 1.4 billion people, with more than 40% below
¾ The Rupee-Dollar Conundrum: India’s GDP in dollar
the age of 25. This provides a huge demographic
terms is also a function of the rupee-dollar exchange
dividend for economic growth.
rate, which is influenced by various factors such as
¾ Growth of the Middle Class: India’s middle class is
inflation, trade balance, capital flows, and monetary
projected to expand from about 50 million in 2023 to policy.
over 500 million by 2050, creating a huge domestic
¾ Geopolitics and regional integration: India faces
market and demand for goods and services.
a complex and dynamic geopolitical environment,
¾ Accelerated Digital Economy: India has been embracing
with rising tensions with China, Pakistan, and other
digital transformation and innovation, especially in neighbors, and changing relations with the US, Russia,
the areas of e-commerce, fintech, edtech, healthtech, and other major powers.
and agritech.
¾ Stagnated Agriculture and Manufacturing sectors:
These sectors have the potential to create new
Improving the productivity and competitiveness of
jobs, improve efficiency, and increase access to the agriculture sector, which employs more than half
services. of the workforce but accounts for just 17% of the
¾ Sustainability-Focused Economy: India has been GDP, and revitalizing the stagnated manufacturing
investing in renewable energy, green infrastructure, sector, which has maintained a 15% GDP share for
and climate resilience, aiming to reduce its carbon decades, while simultaneously generating employment
footprint and enhance its environmental quality. opportunities for the expanding population.
These initiatives can also create new opportunities ¾ Lower Labor Force Participation: According to the
for growth and development. latest Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Annual
Report 2022-2023, India’s labor force participation
What are the Challenges
rate (LFPR) was 40.4% in 2022-2023, which is lower
before India’s 30 tn Dollar Economy Vision? than the global average of 61.4%. Moreover, India’s
¾ Middle Income Trap: There are apprehensions that LFPR has been declining over the years, especially
while moving on its path to developed economy, the for women.
Indian economy will fall in Middle Income Trap. After
reaching a per capita income of USD 5,000-6,000, it What More Needs to be Done?
will not move fast. ¾ Aim for Greater, Faster Divestitures: India has a large
According to the World Bank definition, the middle- public sector that often suffers from inefficiencies,
income trap “refers to a situation whereby a corruption, and losses. By divesting or privatizing
middle-income country is failing to transition to some of these enterprises, India could raise funds,
a high-income economy due to rising costs and improve productivity, and attract foreign investment.
declining competitiveness”. ¾ Boost the Middle Class: India’s middle class is a
¾ Ageing Population: India’s current population is around key driver of consumption and growth, but it is also
1.4 billion, and is projected to peak at 1.64 billion in burdened by high taxes and low savings. By cutting
2048, before declining to 1.45 billion by 2100. tax rates or abolishing personal income tax and
This means that India will have to deal with the replacing it with a consumption tax, India could
challenges of an ageing population, such as rising increase the disposable income and spending power of
health care costs, pension liabilities, and labor its middle class, while also simplifying the tax system
shortages. and reducing evasion.
¾ Maintaining Higher GDP Growth Rate: Though the ¾ Increase Labor Force Participation: India needs to
Indian economy is growing at a very good rate of 8% invest more in improving the quality and accessibility
but to achieve this goal, this growth rate might not of education and skill development for its labor force.
be enough. India needs to grow at a very high and Initiatives like New Education Policy and Skill India
sustainable growth rate. Mission are the right steps towards this.
¾ Accelerate the Infrastructure Pipeline: India needs The United Nation’s capacity to bring a ceasefire in
to invest heavily in its infrastructure, such as roads, the Israel-Hamas conflict is being questioned due to
railways, ports, airports, power, water, and sanitation, changing global power dynamics. Over time, the UN’s
to improve connectivity, efficiency, and quality of life. effectiveness in
India has announced a Rs 100 lakh crore-plus conflict resolution has diminished, and it has seen
National infrastructure pipeline, but it needs to reduced influence in recent decades. Conflicting interests
speed up its execution and financing. among major powers often prevent the UN from reaching
¾ Build on Manufacturing Momentum: India has a a consensus on matters related to peacebuilding, security,
huge opportunity to become a global manufacturing and ceasefire agreements.
hub, especially in sectors such as electronics, textiles,
pharmaceuticals, and defense. India has launched
How Does the UN Maintain
several initiatives, such as the production-linked International Peace and Security?
incentive (PLI) scheme, to boost its manufacturing The United Nations (UN) maintains international
sector and create jobs. peace and security tNational Security Strategyhrough
India needs to further improve its ease of doing various mechanisms and actions, as outlined in the UN
business, labor laws, and skill development to Charter Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to
attract more domestic and foreign investment. the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression
¾ Boost Private Investment: India needs to attract more (Articles 39-51).
foreign direct investment and encourage domestic
Here are the key ways
companies to invest in the economy. The government
can incentivize private investment by offering support
in which the UN fulfils its role in this regard:
for infrastructure projects and manufacturing. ¾ Collective Security: The UN promotes collective
¾ Implement Structural Reforms: India needs to security through the United Nations Security Council
undertake targeted reforms to raise productivity and (UNSC), a principal organ responsible for maintaining
competitiveness. McKinsey has identified six areas of international peace and security. The UNSC has the
targeted reform that can help raise productivity and authority to take measures, including the use of force,
competitiveness, including financial-sector reforms, to address threats to international peace and security.
urban planning, and e-commerce. ¾ Peacekeeping Operations: The UN deploys
¾ Increase Capital Accumulation: Investment as a peacekeeping missions to areas of conflict. These
proportion of GDP needs to increase to achieve the missions are composed of military, police, and civilian
goal of becoming a USD 30 trillion economy. The personnel from member states who work to monitor
government can play a key role in boosting investment ceasefires, facilitate negotiations, and support the
by offering substantial support for infrastructure implementation of peace agreements.
projects and by incentivizing manufacturing. ¾ Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: The UN serves as
nnn a platform for diplomatic negotiations and conflict
resolution. It encourages dialogue and negotiations
among parties in conflict and assists in mediating
disputes to reach peaceful settlements.
Peacebuilding ¾ Sanctions: The UNSC can impose economic and
Through The United Nations political sanctions, such as trade restrictions and
travel bans, against countries or entities that threaten
This editorial is based on “Is the United Nations toothless international peace and security.
in ending wars?” which was published in The Hindu on
¾ Preventive Diplomacy: The UN engages in preventive
03/11/2023. It talks about the effectiveness of the United
diplomacy by proactively identifying potential conflicts
Nations (UN) in addressing the Israel-Hamas conflict
and working to prevent their escalation.
and the broader security issues of contemporary
international order. ¾ Conflict Prevention: The UN works to address the
root causes of conflicts, such as poverty, inequality,
Tag: International Relations, GS Paper - 2, Important International and human rights abuses, to prevent the outbreak
Institutions, Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or of conflicts.
Affecting India’s Interests, International Treaties & Agreements, ¾ Humanitarian Assistance: The UN provides
Effect of Policies and Politics of Countries on India’s Interest. humanitarian aid to populations affected by conflicts
and natural disasters. This assistance helps alleviate countries respect the principles of sovereignty,
suffering, save lives, and address the consequences territorial integrity, and non-interference in the affairs
of conflicts. of other states.
¾ International Law: The UN promotes the adherence ¾ Disarmament and Non-Proliferation: The UN works
to international law, treaties, and conventions that to reduce the proliferation of weapons of mass
govern behavior between states and ensure that destruction and promote disarmament efforts.
How Successful has the UN been in The absence of a third world war since the UN’s
Maintaining International Peace and Security? formation can be seen as a success in maintaining
The success of the UN in maintaining international international peace at a global level.
peace and security: ¾ Preventing Nuclear Proliferation:
¾ Prevention of World Wars: For over five decades, the International Atomic
The UN was established after World War II with the Energy Agency (IAEA) has served as the world’s
primary goal of preventing another global conflict. nuclear inspector.
IAEA experts work to verify that safeguarded The United Nations Development Programme
nuclear material is used only for peaceful purposes. (UNDP), United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR),
To date, the Agency has safeguards agreements United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World
with more than 180 States. Food Programme (WFP) and the United Nations
¾ Supporting Disarmament: Population Fund (UNFPA) have primary roles in
UN treaties are the legal backbone of disarmament
the delivery of relief assistance.
efforts:
The limitations of the UN in
z Chemical Weapons Convention-1997 has been
maintaining international peace and security :
ratified by 190 States
z Mine-Ban Convention-1997 by 162 states
¾ Israeli-Palestinian conflict (1948-Now): The UN has
failed to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with
z Arms Trade Treaty-2014 by 69 states
Israel maintaining control over historic Palestine and
¾ Peacekeeping Operations: facing little accountability for its actions..
The UN has conducted numerous peacekeeping
¾ Cambodia Violence (1975-1979): The UN recognized
missions to mitigate conflict and support post- the Khmer Rouge regime, ignoring human rights
conflict stability. violations, and failed to prevent genocide in Cambodia.
The UN has been more successful in preventing and
¾ Civil War in Somalia and South Sudan (1991-Now):
resolving conflicts at the regional level, particularly The UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia failed due to
in Africa, through peacekeeping missions and the lack of a government to engage with and repeated
diplomatic efforts. attacks against UN officers, resulting in civilian deaths.
¾ Resolution of Interstate Conflicts: The civil war in South Sudan has killed hundreds of
The UN has successfully mediated in some interstate thousands despite the presence of UN peacekeeping
conflicts, preventing or resolving disputes between forces.
countries. ¾ Darfur Conflict in Sudan (2003-Now): The UN
z Example: 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. intervened years after the conflict in Darfur began,
¾ Humanitarian and Relief Efforts: and the situation remains dire, with millions affected.
The UN has been involved in humanitarian and ¾ Iraq Invasion (2003-2011): The U.S.-led invasion of
relief efforts in conflict zones, providing aid to Iraq, based on concerns about Weapons of mass
those affected by conflicts. destruction (WMDs) under UN Resolution 1483,
resulted in instability and later contributed to the ¾ Readiness: The UN does not have a standing army or
rise of ISIS. ISIS took control of territory in Iraq and police force, which makes it challenging to mobilize
Syria, triggering a major regional and global crisis. multinational member states’ military and police
¾ Syrian Civil War (2011-Now) : The UNSC limited action forces for field missions.
in the Syrian war led to a prolonged and devastating
conflict in the region with millions of displaced Syrians. Tactical Challenges:
¾ Yemen Civil War (2014-Now): The UN’s efforts to ¾ Geopolitical Rivalry within P5: The geopolitical
provide humanitarian aid have been hindered by the rivalry among the permanent members of the UNSC
Saudi-led coalition’s intervention in Yemen. (P5) has prevented the UNSC from coming up with
effective mechanisms to deal with global issues like
¾ Rohingya Crisis, Myanmar (2017-Now): The UN failed
the invasion of Afghanistan.
to prevent the persecution and displacement of the
Rohingya in Myanmar. ¾ Lack of Common Understanding of Operations: Lack
of a common understanding of operations among
What are the Challenges peacekeepers can lead to ineffective deployment.
Faced by UN Peacekeeping Operations? ¾ Multilateral Cooperation: Finding a comprehensive
and effective leadership system that integrates UN
Strategic Challenges: and non-UN organizations in areas of operation
remains a challenge.
¾ Lack of Adequate Representation: The UNSC is less
¾ Discipline and Code of Conduct: Peacekeepers, police,
effective because it is less representative, the most
and civilian personnel may engage in misconduct and
pertinent absence being that of Africa (a continent
mishandling of UN properties.
of 54 countries).
¾ Leadership System: The effectiveness of UN What is India's
peacekeeping operations has been hampered by Contribution in UN Peacekeeping Missions?
leadership failures, poor management, discipline ¾ Troop Deployment: India has been actively involved
issues, and inefficiencies in traditional peacekeeping in UN peacekeeping operations since its first
approaches. commitment in Korea in 1950. Indian troops have
¾ Legislation: Troop and police-contributing countries served in 49 of the 72 UN missions, totalling over
often have varying interpretations of Status of 253,000 personnel deployed worldwide.
Forces Agreements (SOFA), mandates, and Rules of Female Peacekeepers: India has deployed
Engagement. Female Engagement Teams in the United
¾ Global Order: Geopolitical and strategic interests of Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in
powerful nations can influence UN decision-making, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the
leading to conflicts of interest. United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei,
which is the second largest women contingent
Operational Challenges: after Liberia.
¾ Nature of Armed Conflict: The evolving threats ¾ Medical and Engineering Units: India deploys medical
of violent extremism, transnational terrorism, teams and engineering units to provide essential
and organized crime have made it challenging for services, such as medical care and infrastructure
peacekeepers to protect civilians and maintain development, in conflict-affected regions.
security, especially in areas where peace and stability
¾ Expertise in Training: India’s Centre for United
are difficult to achieve.
Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK) provides training
¾ Misuse of Veto Power: Veto power has been always and expertise in peacekeeping operations.
criticized by many experts as well as by most States
¾ Leadership Roles: Indian officers have served in
calling it a ”self-chosen club of the privileged” and
leadership roles within UN missions, including as
non-democratic. It has been criticized for not allowing
Force Commanders, contributing to effective mission
the Council to make necessary decisions whenever
management.
it displeases any one of the P-5.
¾ Humanitarian Assistance: In addition to military
¾ Methods of Operation: Peacekeeping operations now
contributions, India has provided humanitarian
require a wide range of social and military activities
assistance, including medical aid and disaster relief
to support or restore a host country’s government
support, in conflict-affected regions.
and social institutions.
What Reforms are Enhance ties with regional entities such as the
Necessary in the United Nations? African Union (AU) and the European Union (EU)
and participate in joint peacekeeping initiatives.
¾ Improve UNSC Structure and Functioning:
Expanding the number of permanent members.
Conclusion:
Implementing limitations on veto use in cases of
As the world grapples with conflicts, terrorism,
mass atrocities and introducing collective veto humanitarian crises, and emerging threats, the need for
consultation. a reinvigorated and more efficient UN peace and security
Provide adequate resources to the Department of apparatus becomes increasingly evident. However, it is
Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA) and the important to acknowledge that implementing UN reforms
Department of Peace Operations (DPO). will require collective commitment from member states
Create a single political-operational Structure for as well as consistent monitoring and evaluation.
streamlining and enhancing coordination nnn
¾ Strengthen Conflict Prevention Mechanisms:
Enhance intelligence gathering and developing
regional early warning centers. Tackling India's Air Pollution
Invest in diplomatic efforts and expand the role
of special envoys.
Crisis for a Sustainable Future
¾ Enhance Peacekeeping Operations: This editorial is based on “Giving the Urban Indian a
Promote a coordinated approach with fostering better life” which was published in The Hindu on
cross-pillar coordination. 06/11/2023. It argues that India needs a comprehensive
Provide training in hybrid and unconventional
urban policy framework that can address the challenges
warfare and equipping peacekeepers with advanced of rapid urbanization, such as housing, infrastructure,
technology. environment, governance, and social inclusion. It also
suggests some possible solutions.
Addressing misconduct and sexual exploitation
issues while strengthening peacekeeper discipline.
Tag: Biodiversity & Environment, GS Paper - 2, Health, Government
¾ Bolstering Partnerships: Policies & Interventions, GS Paper -3, Environmental Pollution
Strengthen connections with non-governmental & Degradation
organizations (NGOs) and promote grassroots
participation. Why in News?
Leverage resources and expertise from the private The focus of this year’s World Cities Day, celebrated
sector, aligning business interests with peace and on 31st October, was on “Financing Sustainable Urban
security goals. Future for All.” The aim is to ensure that finances are
directed towards addressing the challenges posed by These losses could impede India’s aspiration to be
flawed urbanization, ultimately creating livable and safe a USD 5-trillion economy.
cities. It is alarming to note that air pollution alone is ¾ Inequity: Poorer households in India are bearing a
responsible for reducing our life expectancy by more than disproportionate impact from pollution caused by
10%. This emphasizes the urgent need to tackle this issue others. Low-income groups, despite not producing
and prioritize the well-being of urban populations. a lot of air pollution directly because they don’t
consume much, are facing a disproportionate impact
What is the Status of Air Pollution in India? of air pollution from other sources.
¾ According to the World Air Quality Report by IQAir, ¾ Environmental impacts: Pollution takes many forms
India was the eighth most polluted country in the in India, including the use of poorly ventilated stoves
world in 2022, and Delhi was the most polluted and open fires for cooking inside dwellings. India is the
capital city for the fourth consecutive year. world’s 8th most polluted country, and fine particulate
¾ The report also found that 39 out of the 50 most air pollution (PM2.5) is the greatest threat to human
polluted cities in the world were in India, with Bhiwadi health in India. 39 of the 50 most polluted cities in
and Ghaziabad topping the list. the world are in India.
¾ The report used PM2.5 air quality data from over “Bad air is not limited to the Indo-Gangetic plains
30,000 ground-based monitors in 131 countries. anymore where the argument of inversion of temperature
PM 2.5 refers to fine particulate matter that can and slowing down of wind speeds was considered as a
cause serious health problems when inhaled. factor for poor air quality. The situation is getting to be
bad even in India’s coastal cities.”
What are the
Consequences of Air Pollution in India? What are the Primary
Reasons behind Air Pollution in India?
¾ Health Impacts: Air pollution is a significant cause of
death in India, with about 1.67 million people dying ¾ Excessive Motorized Transport: Motorized transport,
in 2019 due to air pollution. The pollution-related such as cars and commercial vehicles, is a major
deaths accounted for 17.8% of all deaths in the contributor to urban pollution. It is estimated to be
country in 2019. the cause of 60% of urban pollution due to vehicular
emissions.
The health impacts of pollution include respiratory
infections, lung diseases, Chronic obstructive India’s automobile market has risen in value from
pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma bronchial $100 billion and is expected to touch almost USD
infections, cardiac arrest, and gastrointestinal 160 billion by 2027, registering a growth of 8.1%.
problems. ¾ Road Expansion and Traffic Congestion: The focus
Respiratory infections are also the third or fourth
on widening roads to accommodate more vehicles
highest mortality factors in India. while ignoring increasing traffic congestion leads to
higher pollution levels. Traffic snarls and inefficient
Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) shortens
road planning contribute to pollution.
an average Indian’s life expectancy by 5.3 years,
relative to what it would be if the World Health ¾ Construction Activities: Construction activities are
Organization (WHO) guideline was met. responsible for approximately 10% of air pollution
in certain regions. The lack of monitoring and control
¾ Economic Impacts: According to a report by Dalberg
over construction emissions, along with inadequate
Advisors, if India had achieved safe air quality levels enforcement of standard operating procedures,
in 2019, its GDP would have increased by USD 95 contributes to pollution.
billion, or 3%.
¾ Burning of Paddy Straw (Parali): While not the
This is because pollution reduces the productivity,
primary source of pollution, the seasonal burning
health, and consumer demand of businesses and of paddy straw, particularly in Haryana and Punjab,
workers. exacerbates smog and particulate matter pollution
Pollution-related economic losses in India were during North India’s winters.
USD 36.8 billion in 2019, which was 1.36% of the ¾ Inadequate Green Spaces: The green lungs of the
country’s gross domestic product. cities, water bodies, urban forests, green cover on
The economic loss due to pollution varies across urban commons, and urban agriculture have all
states, with the highest in Uttar Pradesh (2.2% of reported shrinkage, even as “gray” infrastructure
GDP) and Bihar (2% of GDP). has seen rapid expansion.
Gray infrastructure refers to structures such as dams, friendly cities. This involves considering the natural
seawalls, roads, pipes or water treatment plants. environment, open spaces, and afforestation within
¾ Lack of Public Participation: City residents often have the city.
minimal participatory roles in urban development ¾ Promote Public Awareness and Participation: Raise
decisions, resulting in policies and projects that may public awareness about the sources and effects
not consider the well-being of the population or of air pollution and integrate pollution guides and
environmental concerns. standard operating procedures into the daily lives
of city residents.
What Measures
should be taken to Control Air Pollution? Conclusion
¾ Alternative Strategy of City Building: There is a India must urgently address air pollution through
compelling need to have an alternative strategy measures like better public transportation, stricter
of city building, where the focus is on more public industrial emission controls, sustainable urban planning,
transport, having secure pedestrian paths and bicycle and public awareness to ensure a cleaner, healthier, and
lanes with the creation of a post of bicycle officers. more sustainable future for all. The need for action is
Promote Public Transport: There needs to be
pressing.
good public transport, with investment in buses nnn
for towns and cities. It is estimated that nearly
10 lakh buses would need to be added to the
existing bus fleet in cities to meet the demands Tackling the Threat
of urban mobility.
z There must be firm initiatives that emulate the
of Antimicrobial Resistance
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal This editorial is based on “Don’t ignore the threat of
Mission. antimicrobial resistance” which was published in The
¾ Control of Private Vehicles: Strong steps need to be Indian Express on 06/11/2023. It highlights the need for
taken to control private motorized vehicular movement urgent action to address AMR, especially in low- and
in the cities. A congestion tax being levied on private middle-income countries, where the burden of infectious
car owners driving during peak hours can be thought diseases is high and access to quality antimicrobials is
of. Likewise, an odd number-even number plate limited.
formula can be another important intervention.
Some cities have a no-car day on certain days — an Tag: Science & Technology, GS Paper - 3, GS Paper - 2, Health
example that should be put into practice by those The Delhi Declaration during India’s G20 presidency
in power and with influence. saw a commitment to strengthen the global health
For Example, World Car Free Day is celebrated architecture by building more resilient, equitable,
annually on 22nd September to encourage the use sustainable and inclusive health systems to implement
of alternative modes of transportation. the One Health approach, enhance pandemic preparedness
¾ Zero Acceptance of Industrial Pollution: There should and strengthen existing infectious diseases surveillance
be zero acceptance of industrial pollution and real- systems.
time monitoring must become a reality. There must Another important part of this agreement was to
be street supervision by residents instead of waiting prioritize tackling Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) through
for the statutory bodies to react, which urban local research and development (R&D), infection prevention
bodies can ensure. and control, as well as antimicrobial stewardship efforts
¾ Preservation of Urban Commons: Urban commons within respective National Action Plans (NAPs).
(ponds, water bodies, urban forests, parks, playgrounds)
are another major area that should not at all be What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?
allowed to be taken over by either public or private ¾ Definition: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs
bodies for private gains. Urban communities must when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites change
protect, nurture and expand them. over time and no longer respond to medicines, making
¾ Incorporating Ecological Wisdom in Urban Planning: infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of
Incorporating ecological principles into urban planning, disease spread, severe illness, and death.
as advocated by Ian McHarg’s “Designing with Nature,” ¾ Causes of AMR: Resistance in bacteria can arise
can help create more sustainable and environmentally naturally by genetic mutation or by one species
acquiring resistance from another. It can also appear The magnitude is equal to that of diseases such
spontaneously because of random mutations or as HIV and malaria.
through the spreading of resistant genes through z Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia had the
horizontal gene transfer. highest death rates, signifying high susceptibility
The main causes of AMR are: to AMR.
z Misuse and overuse of antimicrobials The rising levels of antimicrobial resistance,
driven by excessive antimicrobial use threaten to
z Lack of clean water and sanitation
compromise not only public-health gains in the
z Inadequate infection prevention and control
field of infectious diseases but also jeopardizes
z Lack of awareness cancer treatment, transplants etc.
¾ Health Concerns: A 2021 report by Lancet, documenting ¾ Main drivers of AMR: The main drivers of antimicrobial
data from 204 countries, estimated that 4.95 million resistance include the misuse and overuse of
deaths were associated with bacterial AMR, and 1.27 antimicrobials, lack of access to clean water, sanitation,
million deaths were directly attributed to bacterial AMR. and hygiene (WASH) for both humans and animals.
What are the What are the Steps

Concerns related to taken by the Government to address AMR?
Antimicrobial resistance in India? ¾ National Action Plan (NAP) for AMR: In April
2017, India’s NAP for AMR was released by the
¾ High Rates of AMR: India’s high rates of AMR are a
Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The
serious problem. Antibiotic-resistant infections are objectives of the NAP include increasing awareness,
a growing threat to public health globally. High rates strengthening surveillance, promoting research,
of AMR can result in antibiotics becoming ineffective and improving infection prevention and control.
in treating common infections, leading to increased ¾ Signing the Delhi Declaration on AMR: The Delhi
morbidity and mortality. Declaration on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is
India has one of the highest rates of AMR in the an inter-ministerial consensus that was signed by
world, with more than 60,000 newborns dying the ministers of the concerned ministries in India.
each year from antibiotic-resistant infections. The declaration aims to address AMR in a mission
The ICMR report showed a sustained rise in mode by involving research institutes, civil society,
industry, small- and medium-sized enterprises,
drug-resistant pathogens, resulting in difficulty
and encouraging public-private partnerships.
to treat certain infections with available
¾ Antibiotic Stewardship Program (AMSP): The Indian
medicines.
Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has initiated
¾ High Burden of Infectious Diseases: India faces the AMSP on a pilot project basis in 20 tertiary care
a significant burden of infectious diseases like hospitals across India. The program aims to control
tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid, cholera, and pneumonia. the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in hospital
The emergence of AMR makes these diseases more wards and ICUs.
difficult to treat effectively. It’s especially concerning ¾ Ban on inappropriate fixed dose combinations
because these diseases are already major public health (FDCs): On the recommendations of the ICMR, the
challenges in the country. Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) has banned
¾ Unregulated Antibiotic Market: The existence of 40 FDCs that were found to be inappropriate.
a large and unregulated market for antibiotics is a ¾ Ban on the use of Colistin as a growth promoter
in animal feed: The ICMR, in collaboration with the
major contributing factor to AMR. Overuse, misuse,
Indian Council of Agriculture Research, Department
and self-prescription of antibiotics can lead to the
of Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Fisheries, and the
development of resistance. This issue calls for better DCGI, has banned the use of Colistin as a growth
regulation and enforcement to control the distribution promoter in animal feed in poultry.
and use of antibiotics. ¾ One Health approach: The government is working
¾ Lack of Surveillance and Monitoring: The absence on a One Health approach by encouraging
of adequate surveillance, monitoring, and reporting interdisciplinary collaboration at the human-
systems for AMR is a significant concern. Effective animal-environmental interface. The key priority
monitoring and reporting are essential for tracking areas include zoonotic diseases, food safety, and
the spread of resistant strains and implementing antibiotic resistance.
appropriate interventions. Integrated One Health Surveillance Network for
AMR: The ICMR has undertaken a project on an
¾ Inadequate Infection Control Measures: The
“Integrated One Health Surveillance Network for
absence of infection prevention and control
Antimicrobial Resistance” in collaboration with
measures in healthcare settings is problematic. the Indian Council of Agriculture Research to
Proper infection control practices are essential to assess the preparedness of Indian Veterinary
prevent the transmission of resistant infections in laboratories to participate in an integrated AMR
healthcare facilities, which can contribute to the surveillance network.
spread of AMR.
¾ Limited Research and Innovation: Research and What Measures can
innovation in the development of new antibiotics, be taken to Address the AMR issue?
diagnostics, and vaccines to combat AMR are crucial. ¾ Global Efforts:
The scarcity of such efforts in India is concerning, Collaborative Action Plans: Countries, particularly
as it limits the arsenal of tools available to combat G20 nations, should work together to develop
resistant infections. regional action plans to combat AMR. These
plans should include strategies for surveillance, Slowing the emergence of resistant bacteria and
research, and control of AMR. preventing the spread of resistant infections
International Funding Mechanism: Establish an Strengthening national surveillance efforts
international funding mechanism dedicated to Advancing the development and use of rapid and
AMR research and development. This funding can innovative diagnostic tests
support the creation of new antibiotics, treatment Accelerating basic and applied research and
options, and technologies to combat AMR. development
Patent Reforms: Promote patent reforms to Improving international collaboration and capacities.
encourage innovation and affordability in new z The UK: The UK Five Year National Action Plan
antibiotics. Models like the Medicines Patent Pool for Antimicrobial Resistance 2019-2024 sets out
can be explored to facilitate access to necessary three main ambitions: reducing the need for
medications. and unintentional exposure to antimicrobials,
¾ Local Efforts: optimizing the use of antimicrobials, and
National Action Plans (NAPs) Implementation: investing in innovation, supply and access. The
Prioritize the implementation of National Action plan also outlines specific targets and indicators
Plans (NAPs) related to AMR at the country level. to measure progress and impact.
These NAPs should include specific strategies for nnn
addressing AMR within each nation.
Surveillance and Research: Focus on surveillance India’s National
and research efforts to better understand the
Security Strategy
extent of AMR and develop innovative, affordable
interventions. Expanding the scope of monitoring This editorial is based on “India to bring in a National
networks is essential to gather data and track the Security Strategy: what is it, why is it important?” which
spread of AMR. was published in The Indian Express on 06/11/2023. It
Utilize Government Initiatives: Utilize government
talks about how a National Security Strategy document
initiatives, such as Free Diagnostic Services and outlines the security goals of a nation and the strategies
Kayakalp (or similar programs in other countries), to to attain them.
strengthen AMR containment efforts by improving
Tag: Internal Security, GS Paper - 3, Security Challenges & their
healthcare services and maintaining strict protocols.
Management in Border Areas, Cyber Security, Cyber Warfare,
Public Awareness and Responsible Behavior: Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism, Various Security
Educate citizens about the dangers of overusing Forces & Agencies & Their Mandate, Linkages of Organized Crime
antibiotics. Encourage responsible behavior with Terrorism.
regarding antibiotic use to reduce unnecessary After years of deliberations in the military and
prescriptions and misuse. strategic community, India has started the process of
Involvement of Academia and Civil Society
bringing in a National Security Strategy (NSS). The
Organizations (CSOs): Engage academia to enhance National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) is in the
understanding of the environmental dimensions process of collating inputs from several Central ministries
and departments to stitch together the draft of the
of AMR, develop new technologies, and provide
strategy before seeking the final cabinet approval for it.
training and education to healthcare professionals.
This is the first time that India will come out with a
z CSOs can raise awareness about AMR and
National Security Strategy.
advocate for policy changes, increasing public
engagement in the fight against AMR. What is a National Security Strategy?
Benchmarking with International Examples: ¾ About:
Benchmark with countries like Indonesia, Australia, A National Security Strategy document outlines
Brazil, the UK, and the US that have implemented the country’s security objectives and the ways to
successful strategies to address AMR. Learn from be adopted to achieve these.
their experiences and adapt effective measures to An NSS should consider traditional (affect only
the local context. the state) and non-traditional threats(affect the
z The US: The National Action Plan for Combating state, individual and the entirety of humanity).
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria 2020-2025 outlines Also, It must work within the framework of India’s
five strategic goals: Constitution and democratic principles.
The strategy often includes assessments of potential China also has a Comprehensive National Security
threats, resource allocation, diplomatic and military strategy, and Pakistan has released a National
actions, and policies related to intelligence, defense, Security Policy 2022-2026.
and other security-related areas. ¾ India’s Previous Attempts to Formulate a National
¾ Countries with a National Security Strategy: Security Strategy (NSS):
Developed nations with advanced military and Kargil Review Committee Report (2000): The Kargil
security structures, such as the United States, Review Committee, formed in the aftermath of the
the United Kingdom, and Russia, have National Kargil conflict in 1999, submitted a comprehensive
Security Strategies. report that included recommendations on national
security. While the report itself was made public, ¾ Nuclear Security and Geopolitical Shifts:
it did not lead to the immediate formulation of a The future of nuclear deterrence is a vital aspect
formal NSS. of India’s security. India has long been concerned
Report of the Naresh Chandra Task Force on Security about the nuclear capabilities of China and Pakistan
(2012): In 2012, the Naresh Chandra Task Force on in its neighborhood.
Security submitted a report that discussed various India has also expressed concerns about the
aspects of national security, including defense and presence of US nuclear weapons at Diego Garcia,
intelligence reforms. However, the report did not an island in the Indian Ocean.India’s nuclear
result in the immediate release of a formal NSS. deterrent needs to adapt to technological change
National Security Advisory Board (NSAB): The and geopolitical shifts.
NSAB, which comprises experts and advisers on ¾ Emerging Indo-Pacific Security Framework:
national security matters, has reportedly formulated The balance of power is shifting from North America
draft national security strategy documents on and Europe to the Indo-Pacific region, which is
multiple occasions. These drafts were presented becoming the new strategic center of gravity.
to successive governments, but a formal NSS did
An emerging security framework envisions
not materialize.
“competitive cooperation” within a matrix of
Gen. D.S. Hooda’s Document (2019): In 2019, Lt.
“cooperative security” in the Indo- Pacific Region.
Gen. (retd) D.S. Hooda, a former Army Commander,
¾ Challenges Beyond Conventional Threats:
prepared a national security strategy document
Domestic stability can be threatened by economic
which marked a significant step toward the
and social issues, such as left-wing extremism in
development of an NSS for India.
tribal areas.
¾ Suggested Outline of a National Security Strategy
¾ Technological Advancements and Cybersecurity:
Document:
Technology impacts national security, by both
¾ A National Security Strategy document should have
enhancing capabilities and creating vulnerabilities.
the following elements:
Cybersecurity is a major concern, requiring advanced
a working definition of national security and
technological capabilities.
national security objectives;
¾ Ecological Degradation and Climate Change:
an appreciation of the emerging security
environment taking into account the geopolitical Environmental changes have security implications,
changes in the world; such as glacier melting and sea-level rise.

an assessment of the national strengths and ¾ Need to Strengthen National Security Architecture:
weaknesses of the country in dealing with the The National Security Council (NSC) has been
challenges; underutilized in its advisory role.

identification of the military, economic, diplomatic There is a pressing need to empower the authority
resources needed to meet the challenges. of the National Security Adviser (NSA).
What is the Need of

the National Security Strategy in India ?
¾ Era of Strategic Uncertainty:
The end of the Cold War has created a complex
and unpredictable global landscape, with a growing
number of potential adversaries and expanding What can be the Potential Benefits
missions for armed forces. of the National Security Strategy in India?
While some regional groupings are assuming ¾ Comprehensive Approach: An NSS provides a
state functions, non-state actors like warlords, comprehensive framework for addressing various
ethnic chieftains, multinational corporations, and security challenges, both internal and external, in a
international NGOs are influencing global politics. holistic manner.
Key challenges include terrorism, ethnic diversity, ¾ Clear Objectives: It outlines clear security objectives,
small arms proliferation, narcotics trafficking, and helping to define the assets and interests that need
religious extremism, which require vigilant attention. protection and the identification of potential threats.
¾ Policy Guidance: An NSS offers policy guidance, ¾ Reactive Approach: India has often adopted a reactive
helping the government formulate and implement approach to national security, addressing security
strategies and policies to safeguard national security. challenges as they arise rather than having a proactive
¾ Prioritization: It helps prioritize security concerns, and overarching strategy in place.
enabling the allocation of resources and efforts to ¾ National Security Culture: Building a national security
the most critical issues. culture that emphasizes the importance of a NSS
¾ Resource Allocation: It assists in resource allocation, and systematic thinking about security has been a
enabling efficient use of financial and human resources gradual process.
to enhance security.
What are the
¾ Deterrence: The strategy can help deter potential
adversaries by demonstrating a clear and well-thought- Recommendations of the Hooda Committee?
out approach to national security The Hooda Committee(2019), under the leadership
¾ Whole-of-Government Approach: NSS promotes of Lieutenant General (Retd) D.S. Hooda, crafted the
a “whole-of-government” approach by involving following suggestions to enhance India’s National Security
multiple government departments and agencies, Strategy framework :
ensuring coordination and cooperation in security- ¾ Assuming the Rightful Place in Global Affairs:
related matters. India is encouraged to support international
¾ Public Awareness: Elements of the NSS can be shared cooperation, prioritize equitable and inclusive
with the public, raising awareness about national digital development, and provide an intellectual
security concerns and garnering public support. dimension to global cooperation.
¾ International Engagement: An NSS can guide India’s Engage confidently with major powers, including
engagement with other countries and international the US, Russia, and China, based on its own national
organizations on security matters. interests
India’s engagement with the Middle East is
What are the Challenges for emphasized, focusing on shared interests in energy,
Developing a National Security Strategy? trade, and security.
¾ Political Hesitation: Governments have been reluctant ¾ Achieving a Secure Neighborhood:
to put their security strategies in writing, possibly India must strengthen relations with neighboring
due to concerns about commitment traps, potential countries through soft power, improved connectivity,
criticism, or rigidity in decision-making. and regional trade.
Achieving a political consensus on the content and India-Pakistan relations are strained, with a need
priorities of the NSS can be challenging, as different for a sustained strategy to pressure Pakistan to
political parties may have varying perspectives on end support for terror. Diplomacy, economic
national security. isolation, and even limited military actions may be
¾ Legal Framework: Ensuring that the NSS complies necessary. Nuclear issues must also be addressed
with existing legal frameworks, including international through dialogue.
agreements and domestic laws, is essential but can Future rivalry between China and India is certain,
be complex. and it must be managed carefully. India desires
¾ Resource Allocation: Allocating the necessary resources, a peaceful relationship but cannot compromise
both financial and human, to implement the NSS on core interests, such as border integrity and
effectively can be a challenge, especially when there counterterrorism efforts.
are competing demands on the budget. ¾ Resolution of Internal Conflicts:
¾ Divergence between the military and political In Jammu & Kashmir, countering radicalization
leadership: The bureaucratic setup within the Ministry and eliminating terrorists must go hand in hand,
of Defence and other government agencies may have supported by a clearly defined political objective
diverging opinions on a formal NSS. to mainstream the region with a campaign to
¾ Changing Threat Landscape: Adapting the NSS to replace fear with hope.
address evolving security threats, such as cyber threats, In the North East, there should be a greater focus on
terrorism, and non-traditional security challenges, is development and integration, with a simultaneous
a continuous challenge. effort to resolve the Naga insurgency.
Tackling LWE requires addressing the root causes
What is Deepfake?
like tribal deprivation and exploitation.
¾ Deepfake is a term that refers to synthetic media
Combating transnational terrorism requires
that have been digitally manipulated to replace one
restructuring and cooperation among agencies. person’s likeness convincingly with that of another.
¾ Protect People from Global and Domestic Risks: ¾ Deepfakes are created using powerful techniques
Effective national security strategy should prioritize from machine learning and AI, such as deep learning
the protection of common citizens. and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs).
Risks can arise from global phenomena like ¾ Deepfake technology can be used for various purposes,
climate change and cyber threats and internal such as entertainment, education, art, and activism.
changes driven by demographics, urbanization,
However, it can also pose serious ethical and
and inequalities.
social challenges, such as creating fake news,
¾ Strengthening Capabilities: spreading misinformation, violating privacy, and
India needs to enhance capabilities for protecting harming reputation.
its citizens and deterring adversaries by securing It may be used to generate fake videos, it can also
our Land and Maritime Borders. be used to impersonate friends or loved ones to
The government must support Research and trick individuals into sending money to scammers.
development for indigenous defense platforms.
India needs to create a dedicated Cyber Command. What are the Uses of Deepfake Technology?
¾ Film Dubbing: Deepfake technology can be used
Conclusion: to create realistic lip-syncing for actors who speak
In an ever-evolving world, an anticipatory and flexible different languages, making the film more accessible
National Security Strategy serves as the cornerstone of and immersive for global audiences.
India’s well-being and success. Through the adoption of For example, a video was created to launch a
a watchful and adaptable National Security Strategy, India petition to end malaria, where celebrities like David
can more effectively steer through the dynamic landscape Beckham, Hugh Jackman, and Bill Gates spoke in
of global security and protect its interests and principles different languages using deepfake technology.
in the 21st century.
¾ Education: Deepfake technology can help teachers
nnn deliver engaging lessons by bringing historical
figures to life in the classroom, or creating interactive
simulations of different scenarios.
Deepfakes: Opportunities, For example, a deepfake video of Abraham Lincoln
Threats, and Regulation giving his Gettysburg Address could be used to

teach students about the American Civil War.
This editorial is based on “Rashmika Mandanna’s ¾ Art: Deepfake technology can be used as a creative
deepfake: Regulate AI, don’t ban it” which was published tool for artists to express themselves, experiment
in The Indian Express on 06/11/2023. It discusses the with different styles, or collaborate with other artists.
recent viral video of actor Rashmika Mandanna, which
For example, a deepfake video of Salvador Dali
was revealed to be a deepfake, and the need for a holistic
was created to promote his museum in Florida,
approach to the regulation of such technologies.
where he interacted with visitors and commented
on his artworks.
Tag: Science & Technology, GS Paper - 3, Artificial Intelligence
¾ Autonomy and Expression: Deepfake technology
Recently, a fact-checker webiste posted that a viral
can empower people to control their own digital
video of an actor entering a lift was a deepfake. The video
identity, protect their privacy, or express their identity
sparked much debate, with other actors calling for the
in different ways.
legal regulation of deepfake videos. In response, the
For example, a deepfake app called Reface allows
Minister of State for Electronics and Information
Technology (IT) talked about regulations under the IT users to swap their faces with celebrities or
Act, 2000, which could tackle the spread of such videos. characters in videos or gifs, for fun or personalization.
However, a holistic approach to the regulation of ¾ Amplification of the Message and its Reach: Deepfake
deepfakes should focus on the interplay between platform technology can help amplify the voice and impact
and ArtificiaI Inteliigence (AI) regulation, and ways to of people who have important messages to share,
incorporate safeguards for emerging technologies more especially those who face discrimination, censorship,
broadly. or violence.
For example, a deepfake video of a journalist who For example, deepfake audio or video can be used
was killed by the Saudi government was created to impersonate someone’s identity or voice, and
to deliver his final message and call for justice. make false claims or accusations.
¾ Digital Reconstruction and Public Safety: Deepfake ¾ Reputation Tarnishing: Deepfakes can be used to create
technology can help reconstruct missing or damaged an image of a person that does not exist, creating a
digital data, such as restoring old photos or videos, video of someone saying or doing something they
or enhancing low-quality footage. have never done, or synthesizing a person’s voice in
It can also help improve public safety by creating
an audio file, which can be used to tarnish someone’s
realistic training materials for emergency reputation.
responders, law enforcement, or military personnel. For example, deepfake media can be used to
damage the credibility or trustworthiness of a
For example, a deepfake video of a school shooting
person or an organisation, and cause reputational
was created to train teachers on how to react in
or financial losses.
such a situation.
¾ Financial Frauds: Deepfake technology can be used to
¾ Innovation: Deepfake technology can spur innovation
impersonate executives, employees, or customers, and
in various fields and industries, such as entertainment, manipulate them into revealing sensitive information,
gaming, or marketing. It can enable new forms of transferring money, or making false decisions.
storytelling, interaction, diagnosis, or persuasion.
For example, a deepfake audio of a CEO was used
For example, a deepfake video of Mark Zuckerberg
to trick an employee into wiring USD 243,000 to
was created to demonstrate the potential of a fraudulent account.
synthetic media and its implications for society.
What are the

Challenges of Deepfake Technology?
¾ Spreading False information: Deepfakes can be
used to purposefully spread false information or
misinformation, which can create confusion about
important issues.
For example, deepfake videos of politicians or
celebrities can be used to influence public opinion
or sway elections.
¾ Harassment and Intimidation: Deepfakes can
be designed to harass, intimidate, demean, and
undermine people.
For example, deepfake technology can fuel other
unethical actions like creating revenge porn, where
women are disproportionately harmed.
z Deepfake porn can also violate the privacy and
consent of the victims, and cause psychological
distress and trauma.
Deepfake technology can be used to create
blackmail or ransom materials, such as fake videos
of someone committing a crime, having an affair,
or being in danger.
z For example, a deepfake video of a politician What are the Rules set
was used to demand money in exchange for by the Government to Curb Deepfakes?
not releasing it to the public. ¾ IT Act, 2000 and IT Rules, 2021: Both the IT Act and
¾ Fabricating Evidence: Deepfakes can be used to IT Rules have clear instructions which place the onus
fabricate evidence, which can be used to defraud on social media intermediaries to ensure such deep-
the public or harm state security. Deepfake evidence fake videos or photos are taken down as soon as
can also be used to manipulate legal proceedings or possible. In case of failure, there are provisions for
investigations. imprisonment of up to three years of fine of Rs 1 lakh.
Section 66D of IT Act: Section 66D of the IT ¾ Developing and Improving Deepfake Detection
Act, 2000 states that anyone who cheats by Technologies: This can involve using more sophisticated
personating using a communication device algorithms, as well as developing new methods
or computer resource can be punished with that can identify deepfakes based on their context,
Imprisonment of up to three years and a fine metadata, or other factors.
of up to one lakh rupees. ¾ Strengthening Digital Governance and Legislation:
Rule 3(1)(b)(vii): This Rules mandates that social This can involve creating clear and consistent laws
media intermediaries must ensure that the users and policies that define and prohibit the malicious use
of their platform do not host any content which of deepfakes, as well as providing effective remedies
impersonates another person. and sanctions for the victims and perpetrators of
digital harm.
Rule 3(2)(b): It requires such content to be taken
down within 24 hours of receipt of a complaint ¾ Enhancing media Literacy and Awareness: This can
against such content. involve educating the public and the media about the
existence and potential impact of deepfakes, as well
What Should be done as providing them with the skills and tools to verify
to Address the Menace of Deepfakes? and report suspicious content.
¾ Promoting Ethical and Responsible use of Deepfake
¾ Learning from Other Countries: The life cycle of
Technology: This can involve establishing and enforcing
deepfakes can be divided into three parts – creation,
codes of conduct and standards for the creators and
dissemination and detection. AI regulation can be
users of deepfake technology, as well as encouraging
used to mitigate the creation of unlawful or non-
its positive and beneficial applications.
consensual deepfakes.
nnn
One of the ways in which countries such as China are
approaching such regulation is to require providers
of deepfake technologies to obtain consent of those
in their videos, verify the identities of users, and
Transforming Crop Residue
offer recourse to them. into Sustainable Solutions
The Canadian approach to prevent harm from
This editorial is based on “Don’t waste crop residue”
deepfakes includes mass public awareness
which was published in The Hindu Business Line on
campaigns and possible legislation that would
07/11/2023. It argues that crop residue burning is a
make creating and distributing deepfakes with
major source of air pollution in India, especially in the
malicious intent illegal.
northern states. It suggests some alternative ways of
¾ Adding Watermarks to all AI-generated Videos: Adding using crop residues, such as converting them into biofuels,
watermarks to AI-generated videos is essential for compost, or animal feed.
effective detection and attribution. Watermarks reveal
the content’s origin and ownership, serving various Tag: Biodiversity & Environment, GS Paper - 2, Government
purposes. They aid in attribution by clarifying the Policies & Interventions, GS Paper - 3, Environmental
content’s creator or source, especially when shared Pollution & Degradation
in different contexts.
For the past sixty years, Indian agriculture has mainly
Visible watermarks also act as a deterrent against
concentrated on increasing crop production without
unauthorized use, making it clear that the content paying much attention to managing crops after harvesting.
can be traced back to its source. Consequently, the development of effective value chains
Furthermore, watermarks support accountability for agricultural products has been limited while there
by providing evidence of the original creator’s has been almost no development of value chains for by-
rights, simplifying the enforcement of copyright products and crop residue.
and intellectual property protections for AI- Additionally, due to the growing demand for
generated content. producing more crops in a year, it has become common
¾ Deterring Users to Upload Inappropriate Content: practice to consider crop residue as waste and burn it
Online platforms should take steps to educate for quick disposal.
and inform users about their content policies, and As a result, it has become a significant and pressing
perhaps implement measures to deter the upload matter in current policy discussions. Burning crop residue
of inappropriate content. not only results in the loss of valuable biomass but also
contributes significantly to the increase of Greenhouse It also leads to the loss of plant essential nutrients
Gas Emissions (GHEs) and pollution. from the field, loss of organic carbon, and loss
On average, India produces about 650 million tonnes of plant residues on the soil surface to protect
of crop residue per year according to a Working Paper against soil erosion.
published by NITI Aayog in July 2023. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization
Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT), crop
What are the Primary residue burning in India contributed to about 23
Reasons behind Crop Residue Burning? million tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions in 2020.
¾ Short Time Interval Between Rice Harvesting and ¾ Biodiversity Degradation: It reduces the biodiversity
Wheat Sowing: The tight time frame between rice of the agricultural lands by killing beneficial
harvesting and wheat sowing restricts farmers microorganisms, insects, and plants. This can affect
from exploring alternative methods of crop residue the natural balance of the ecosystem and make the
disposal. This rush may lead them to opt for quicker, crops more vulnerable to pests and diseases.
albeit environmentally harmful, solutions like burning. ¾ Soil Degradation: Crop residue burning can lead to
¾ Increased Use of Combine Harvesters: The widespread soil degradation by reducing soil fertility and killing
adoption of combine harvesters contributes to the beneficial microorganisms.
challenge of stubble management. These machines Burning crop residues destroys essential nutrients
leave behind a significant amount of stubble, which such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium,
proves arduous to manually or mechanically remove. which would have otherwise returned to the soil.
This leftover residue adds to the incentive for farmers This can lead to a decrease in soil fertility and crop
to resort to burning as a quick solution. yields over time.
¾ Lack of Adequate Alternatives for Crop Residue ¾ Contribution to Air Pollution: CRB releases large
Management: The absence of affordable and amounts of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide
viable alternatives, such as composting, mulching, (CO), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia
incorporation, or conversion to bioenergy, further (NH3), and non-methane volatile organic compounds
exacerbates the problem. Without accessible options, (NMVOC) into the atmosphere.
farmers may find themselves compelled to resort to
These pollutants can cause respiratory problems,
the seemingly convenient method of burning.
cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and premature
¾ Low Nutritional Value and Palatability of Rice Straw:
death for people who are exposed to them.
The nutritional inadequacy and unpalatability of
rice straw make it an unsuitable option for animal What should be done
feed. This limitation reduces the avenues for utilizing
to Reduce Crop Residue Burning?
crop residues beneficially, pushing farmers toward
disposal methods like burning, despite the associated ¾ Use Crop Residue for Clean Energy: Crop residue can
environmental consequences. be efficiently used for producing clean renewable
¾ Economic and Social Factors: Various economic and energy instead of wasting it by burning.
social factors contribute to the prevalence of crop As per a report by the Centre for Science and
residue burning. Labour scarcity, resource constraints, Environment, about 10 kg of agricultural residue
and peer pressure create an environment where can generate 1 kg of compressed biogas.
farmers may prioritize immediate, cost-effective Towards this, there is an urgent need for necessary
solutions over long-term sustainable practices. policy measures to promote circular agriculture
Additionally, a lack of awareness about the detrimental that may not only help in reducing emissions,
impacts of burning further perpetuates this cycle. but also fetch additional income to farmers by
creating a value chain for crop residues.
What are the Problems ¾ Promote Circular Agriculture: Indian agriculture
Posed by Crop Residue Burning? has traditionally been circular with efficient on-farm
¾ Environmental Degradation: Crop residue burning management of crop residue for restoration of soil
contributes to environmental degradation by releasing organic nutrients and off-farm management by turning
harmful pollutants into the air, soil, and water. it into fodder, thatches, mulches, organic manure, etc.
The burning of crop residues releases large amounts However, with increasing intensive crop production
of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse practices, farmers are not finding on-farm residue
gases into the atmosphere, contributing to global management as an economical option and opting
warming. to burn the residue.
Under such a scenario, circular agriculture can be
Tag: Governance, GS Paper - 2,Government Policies &
promoted in two ways with appropriate incentives: Interventions, GS Paper-3, Scientific Innovations & Discoveries,
z On-farm management of crop residues by Artificial Intelligence, Social Media, Scientific Innovations &
incentivising individual farmers with schemes Discoveries, Industrial Policy, Cyber Security, Cyber Warfare.
like Green Credit Programme (GCP). Recently, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
z Off-farm management, either at farmer or village (TRAI) initiated a consultation on the regulation of Over-
level through cooperatives or at commercial The-Top (OTT) services in response to the government’s
level by creating a value chain for crop residue request.
as feedstock for biogas production. ¾ Telecom companies argue that OTT services, such
¾ Promoting Bio-CNG Production: Globally, commercial as Netflix and Amazon Prime, should share the costs
production of bio-CNG or compressed biogas (CBG) is of bandwidth, claiming that they benefit from the
picking up as one of the clean and renewable energy telecom companies’ infrastructure.In this context,
sources for energy. In India, several schemes were Net Neutrality debate has resurfaced.
announced to promote biogas production over the
past 40 years or so but, the progress has remained What is Net Neutrality?
muted. ¾ ‘Net- Neutrality’ refers to the concept of non-
Nevertheless, the latest initiative of allocating discrimination of internet traffic by intermediate
₹10,000 crore in Budget 2023-24 to install 500 networks on any criteria. The network should be neutral
new bio-CNG plants under GOBARdhan scheme to all the information being transmitted through it.
can be a potential step towards creating a viable ¾ All communication passing through a network should
value chain for crop residue as feedstock. be treated equally i.e. independent of its content,
¾ Effective Implementation of Waste to Energy (WTE) application, service, device, sender or recipient address.
Programme: Waste to Energy (WTE) Programme ¾ Net neutrality ensures that everyone has equal access
is also operational with about 90 WTE projects to information and services on the internet, regardless
under implementation till March 2023. In order of their financial resources or the size and power of
to be successful, such initiatives require effective the websites they use.
implementation, creating widespread awareness
¾ Origin of the Term: The term “net neutrality” was
and facilitating adequate flow of finance.
popularized by Tim Wu, a professor at Columbia Law
¾ Biogas Plants in Rural Areas: Emphasize the
School, in his 2003 paper titled “Network Neutrality,
establishment of biogas plants in rural areas. This not
Broadband Discrimination.”
only contributes to renewable energy production but
also generates significant non-farm rural employment ¾ Key principles of Net Neutrality include:
opportunities, addressing economic aspects.
Conclusion
There is an urgent need to promote circular agriculture
for efficient use of crop residues towards reducing
emissions and enhancing renewable energy production,
while providing economically profitable alternatives that
may fetch additional income for farmers.
nnn
¾ The stakeholders in the internet space who are
impacted by net neutrality include :
Net Neutrality in India The consumers of any internet service
This editorial is based on “A telco double dip attempt The Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) or Internet
that threatens Net neutrality” which was published in Service Providers (ISPs),
The Hindu on 07/11/2023. It talks about the importance The Over-the-top (OTT) service providers (those
of upholding net neutrality principles which lies in who provide internet access services such as
fostering an environment that promotes innovation, websites and applications),
nurtures healthy competition, and prioritizes consumer
The government, who may regulate and define
welfare.
relationships between these players
z Also, TRAI is an independent regulator in the ¾ Protects Freedom of Expression: Net neutrality
telecom sector, which mainly regulates TSPs safeguards freedom of expression by allowing people
and their licensing conditions, etc. to organize, communicate, and mobilize supporters
without interference, making it a vital tool for
Why does Net Neutrality Matter? democratic engagement.
¾ Preserves an Open Internet: Net neutrality ensures ¾ Fosters Innovation: An open internet encourages
free and unrestricted access to information, ideas,
innovation and competition. Startups, small businesses,
and services.
and entrepreneurs have equal opportunities to launch
Without net neutrality, individual ISPs can provide
new services and reach users without the need to
higher connection speeds to certain websites or
strike deals with ISPs.
throttle access to others. At the most extreme, an
ISP could block access to some material altogether. ¾ Prevents Anti-Competitive Practices: Without net
¾ Promotes Consumer Choice: Net neutrality allows
neutrality, ISPs could engage in anti-competitive
consumers to freely choose the content, applications, behavior by favoring their own content or services
and services they want to access without restrictions. or those of their partners. Net neutrality rules
They are not limited to a pre-selected set of offerings prevent such discriminatory practices and maintain
determined by ISPs. fair competition.
What is the Regulatory and potential violations of net neutrality.

Status of Net Neutrality in India? Airtel’s move to charge extra for Voice over Internet
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Protocol (VoIP) services like Skype and WhatsApp
plays a central role in regulating and ensuring net neutrality also sparked controversy.
in India.The regulation of net neutrality in India is marked ¾ TRAI Consultation (2015):
by a series of following developments : In 2015, TRAI released a consultation paper on
¾ Airtel Zero and VoIP Controversy (2014): over-the-top (OTT) services and net neutrality,
In 2014, Bharti Airtel introduced the “Airtel Zero” seeking public feedback.
scheme, which raised concerns about zero-rating ¾ TRAI’s 2016 Regulations:
In 2016, TRAI ruled in favor of net neutrality by
The use of OTT services leads to increased
z
prohibiting differential rates for data services data consumption, contributing to telecom
TRAI’s “Prohibition of Discriminatory Tariffs for companies’ revenue growth.
Data Services Regulations, 2016” put an end to Demand for Net Neutrality:
zero-rating services like Facebook’s Free Basics, z Net neutrality is crucial to prevent internet
ensuring non-discriminatory pricing.
fragmentation and ensure equal access,
¾ TRAI’s Recommendations in 2017: preventing discrimination by TSPs, which could
TRAI extended non-discriminatory principles to stifle innovation and restrict access to smaller-
content treatment. scale, innovative OTT services
License agreements between the government
z Net neutrality supporters believe in maintaining
and ISPs should be amended to prevent content a free, open, and nondiscriminatory internet for
discrimination. a democratic exchange of ideas and knowledge,
¾ TRAI’s Consultation Paper on 5G Digital Transformation, ethical business practices, fair competition, and
2023 : ongoing innovation.
It aims to identify policy challenges and formulate
Content Delivery Network Provision:
an effective framework for the rapid adoption and
z OTT platforms already cover expenses related
optimal utilization of new technologies within the
5G ecosystem. to content delivery networks (CDNs) to amplify
the internet’s capability for delivering content.
What are Some of the z OTT services compete in their own market
Key Debates on Net Neutrality in India? based on content variety and quality, streaming
¾ Perspective of Telecom Companies: quality, ease of navigation, and device availability.
Revenue Decline: Telecoms’ Liberty to Increase Prices:
z Over the last ten years, telecom companies have z Telecom companies can adjust their prices to
witnessed a reduction in revenue, primarily cover costs, as they capitalize on the demand
from conventional services such as voice calls created by OTT content and infrastructure
and SMS. investments.
z The proliferation of free competing OTT services ¾ Concerns for Consumers:
has been a key factor in this decline. Additional Costs :
Infrastructure Enhancement: z Supporters of net neutrality contend that
z TSPs contend that they make substantial imposing extra costs on OTT platforms might
investments in network infrastructure and assert be transferred to subscribers, leading to higher
the need for incentives, like differential pricing, fees or diminished service quality.
to sustain these investments and facilitate the
z Critics of net neutrality argue that preserving
expansion of internet penetration.
open competition in internet services is crucial
z Telecom companies perceive OTT platforms as
for safeguarding consumers’ access and choice.
deriving benefits from the infrastructure they
have established and sustained.
Hence, these companies urge OTT content
providers, such as Netflix, Amazon Prime,
and Disney+ Hotstar, to contribute to the
expenses associated with bandwidth.
Disparity in Taxation :
z Telecom companies contend that OTT services

encounter a disparity in taxation and licensing
fees, resulting in an imbalanced competitive
landscape.
¾ Perspective of OTT Platforms:
Exclusive Role of Internet Providers :
z OTT providers highlight that telecom companies

serve as conduits for Internet access; they
do not own it. Consumers remunerate these
companies for access through data plans.
What is the Way Forward Express on 11/11/2023. It talks about the significance
for an Inclusive Digital Landscape in India? of Chandrayaan-3 mission to explore the lunar south
pole, marking a pivotal moment in India’s space
¾ Regulation Clarity: The TRAI should continue to provide
exploration initiatives.
regulatory clarity and guidance on net neutrality.
This includes defining and enforcing net neutrality
Tag:Science & Technology, GS Paper - 3,Space Technology
principles that prevent discriminatory practices, while
also allowing for reasonable network management. Chandrayaan-3’s exploration of the lunar south pole
signifies a new era in India’s space endeavors.India’s
¾ Multi-Stakeholder Approach: Consider a balanced
successful soft landing near the Moon’s south pole is a
approach that acknowledges the interests of both
moment of national pride, establishing the country as the
telecom companies and OTT service providers. Finding
first to achieve this remarkable feat of landing a spacecraft
a middle ground that ensures fair competition and
in such proximity to the lunar south pole. This achievement
innovation while allowing telecom companies to
presents an opportunity for India to lead in transforming
recover investments is crucial.
the relationship between humanity and outer space.
¾ Transparency: Encourage transparency in how ISPs
manage their networks and how they cooperate with What is the Chandrayaan-3 Programme?
OTT providers. This transparency can help ensure that
¾ About:
any network management practices are reasonable
Chandrayaan-3 is India’s third lunar mission and
and non-discriminatory.
second attempt at achieving a soft landing on the
¾ Continual Assessment: Regularly assess the impact
moon’s surface.
of net neutrality regulations on the telecom industry
On July 14, 2023, Chandrayaan-3 took off from
and OTT providers. This assessment should consider
the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
the evolving nature of the internet and its services.
The spacecraft seamlessly entered lunar orbit on
¾ Public Awareness and Education: Increase public
August 5, 2023. The historic moment unfolded
awareness and education about the importance
when the lander made a successful touchdown
of net neutrality, its principles, and how it impacts
near the Lunar south pole on Aug 23, 2023.
consumers. Informed consumers can play a role in
¾ Mission Objectives :
formulating regulations for net neutrality.
To demonstrate Safe and Soft Landing on Lunar
¾ Global Best Practices: Take a look at global best
Surface
practices and examples of successful net neutrality
To demonstrate Rover roving on the moon and
regulations in other countries. These can provide
insights and lessons for India’s regulatory framework. To conduct in-situ scientific experiments.
¾ Components:
Conclusion: Chandrayaan-3 is a three-component mission
Settling the net neutrality debate in India requires a consisting of a Propulsion Module, a Lander
balanced and inclusive approach that considers the Module, and a Rover Module.
interests of all stakeholders while ensuring that the The Propulsion Module : It will carry the lander
principles of net neutrality are upheld to preserve a free and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit.This
and open internet. As technology continues to evolve, propulsion module has Spectro-polarimetry of
policymakers must remain vigilant to adapt regulations Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload to study
accordingly, ensuring a dynamic and inclusive digital the spectral and Polari metric measurements of
landscape for all. Earth from the lunar orbit.
nnn The Lander Module: The Lander Module (Vikram)
is carrying a scientific payload that includes a suite
of instruments to study the lunar surface and
Chandrayaan-3 : atmosphere Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical
Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure the thermal
India's Imperatives conductivity and temperature; Instrument for Lunar
for Space Leadership Seismic Activity (ILSA) for measuring the seismicity
around the landing site; Langmuir Probe (LP) to
This editorial is based on 5 key takeaways for New Delhi estimate the plasma density and its variations. A
| After the celebration: How Moonshot clears the way passive Laser Retroreflector Array from NASA is
for the big & the bold which was published in The Indian accommodated for lunar laser ranging studies.
The Rover Module:The Rover Module(Pragyan)
measured temperatures reaching 70 degrees Celsius,
is carrying a suite of instruments to study the surprising scientists who expected temperatures
lunar surface and subsurface which includes between 20 to 30 degrees Celsius.
Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Lunar Surface Elements Confirmed:The Laser-
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy instrument
for deriving the elemental composition in the onboard ‘Pragyan’ rover confirmed the presence
vicinity of landing site. of Sulphur on the lunar surface near the south
¾ Major Findings : pole.Elements such as Aluminum, Calcium, Iron,
Lunar Surface Temperature Surprise:Chandra’s Chromium, Titanium, Manganese, Silicon, and
Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) Oxygen were also detected.
Why is Chandrayaan-3
Significant for the Indian Space Programme?
¾ Leadership in Space Technology:
It joins the elite group of nations—Russia, the US,
and China—with demonstrated lunar soft landing
capability
India’s indigenous cryogenic engines and efforts
to declutter the orbit showcase its leadership in
space technology.
Positioning India as a global hub in the New Space
economy
¾ Strategic Significance of Soft Landing:
What is the Future Space Programme of ISRO ?
Soft landing capability demonstrated by
¾ Chandrayaan-4: Navigating the Path of Lunar
Chandrayaan-3 holds strategic importance for
Evolution
India with applications extending to Standard
Building upon past missions, Chandrayaan-4
Refuelling and Docking technology and Smart
emerges as a potential candidate for a sample
Space Robot technology, enabling interplanetary
return mission.
science missions and sample retrieval.
z If successful, it could mark the next logical
¾ Investigates Lunar Properties: step after Chandrayaan-2 and 3, offering the
Chandrayaan-3 carries seven science payloads capability to retrieve lunar surface samples.
across its modules. Propulsion module studies The mission holds promise for advancing our
earth’s atmosphere, lander module investigates understanding of the Moon’s composition and
lunar surface properties, and rover module analyzes history.
lunar rocks and soil z LUPEX: Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX)
Confirming the presence of water ice, validating mission, a collaborative effort between ISRO
lunar molten history, and detecting subsurface and JAXA(Japan), is poised to explore the
water ice are its key achievements. Moon’s polar regions.
It will be specifically designed to venture into
¾ Insights for Defense and Aerospace:
permanently shaded areas.
Soft landing capability contributes valuable insights
Investigating the presence of water and assessing
to India’s missile defense program.
the potential for a sustainable long-term station
Reusable launch vehicle technology derived from the are among LUPEX’s objectives.
mission aids in cost reduction for future launches
z XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite): It is
¾ Strategic Tools and Products: India’s first dedicated polarimetry mission to
Chandrayaan-3’s technologies translate into strategic study various dynamics of bright astronomical
tools and commercial products. X-ray sources in extreme conditions.
Autonomous rovers, developed from rover module The spacecraft will carry two scientific payloads
technology, find applications in disaster management in a low earth orbit.

and infrastructure monitoring. z NISAR: NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) is a Low
Earth Orbit (LEO) observatory being jointly
¾ Space Tourism and Economic Activities:
developed by NASA and ISRO.
Increasing interest in space tourism may lead to
NISAR will map the entire globe in 12 days and
private space parks.
provide spatially and temporally consistent
Convergence with smart space robots can create data for understanding changes in Earth’s
in-orbit manufacturing hubs, fostering economic ecosystems, ice mass, vegetation biomass, sea
activities level rise, ground water and natural hazards
Over 500 space-tech startups, MSMEs, and industries including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes
fuel the NewSpace movement in India. and landslides.
z Gaganyaan: Gaganyaan mission aims to send ¾ Space Policy and Legislation:
humans to space and return them safely Developing comprehensive space policies and
to Earth. The mission will consist of two legislation that address the evolving needs of the
unmanned flights and one manned flight, space sector is crucial.The delay in the passing of
using the GSLV Mk III launch vehicle and a the Space Policy is becoming a big drag.
human-rated orbital module. The Indian Space Policy,2023 sets out an ambitious
The manned flight will carry three astronauts, role for InSPACe (Indian National Space Promotion
including a woman, for up to seven days in low and Authorisation Centre) but provides no time
Earth orbit. frame for the necessary steps ahead
z Shukrayaan 1: It is a planned mission to ¾ Space Debris Management:
send an orbiter to Venus, the second planet As the number of satellites and space activities
from the Sun. It is expected to study Venus’s increases, managing space debris becomes crucial.
geological and volcanic activity, emissions India needs effective strategies to minimize debris
on the ground, wind speed, cloud cover, and generation and actively participate in international
other planetary characteristics. efforts for space debris mitigation.
z SPADEX :Space Docking Experiment or ¾ Geopolitical Realignment :
SPADEX is a twin spacecraft mission to mature India’s participation in the Artemis Accords with
technologies related to docking, orbital the USA has been viewed as a counter to China in
rendevous, formation flying, in-space satellite the changing geopolitical landscape.
servicing, and others.
¾ Competitive Edge :
What are the Key Challenges Maintaining a competitive edge in the global
in the Indian Space Programme Mission? space market requires regular innovation,
cost-effectiveness, and timely execution in the
¾ Limited Budget allocation: international space market.
The Indian space program operates on a relatively
¾ Space Applications for Societal Benefits:
modest budget compared to other major space-
Maximizing the societal benefits of space
faring nations.
applications, such as remote sensing and satellite
India’s space budget is only 0.05% of its GDP. In
communication, requires effective integration
contrast, the US allocates 0.25% of its GDP to with various sectors like agriculture, disaster
space activities. management, and environmental monitoring.
¾ Technological Challenges:
Increasing public awareness about the benefits of
India stands at No. 7 globally in terms of satellites space exploration and fostering interest in space
operated. It lags behind the US and China, the top science among students are essential for building
two spacefaring powers. a strong foundation for future advancements in
India relies on the West for critical components for the field.
launch vehicles, spacecraft, and satellites.
India’s Human Spaceflight Program poses unique
What Should be the Way Forward to Realize
challenges in terms of astronaut training, life India’s Full Potential in the Space Domain?
support systems, and ensuring the safety of crew ¾ Substantial Investment: A shift from “frugal
members. engineering” to more substantial investments and
¾ Commercialization and Market Access: ambitious projects is necessary. There has been a
India has limited presence in space manufacturing, constant urge from the science community to enhance
human space transport, space tourism, and high- the budgetary allocations to the department to push
altitude platforms.India’s share of the world space for bigger missions.
economy is barely 2.6%. ¾ Gain Expertise in Human Spaceflight : India must invest
Indian investors are risk averse and prefer safe in human spaceflight programs, astronaut training,
investments like 5G rather than long-term, high- and the development of necessary infrastructure for
risk investments in space technology crewed missions
Start-ups in the Space sector need attention – ¾ Private Sector Participation: Involving the private
capital, human resources, policy, support from sector is crucial, aligning with the global trend where
ISRO and market commerce plays a significant role in space programs.
¾ Geopolitical Negotiations: With great power rivalry This Preamble officially acknowledges India’s
extending to space, India must navigate negotiations commitment to achieving Net Zero Emission by 2070,
and collaborations strategically, especially considering meeting the Nationally Determined Contribution
its relationship with China. (NDC) targets by 2030, and expanding India’s forest
¾ Legal Framework: As space activities increase, India and tree cover to one-third of its land area.
needs comprehensive domestic and international ¾ Land under the Purview of the Act:
laws to regulate and promote space business. Global As per the amendment, the forest law will now
governance reforms are necessary to address evolving apply exclusively to areas categorized under the
challenges. Forest Act,1927 and those designated as such
¾ Rekindling Spirit of International Collaboration: on or after October 25, 1980. The Act will not
Collaboration with other countries is essential for be applicable to forests that were converted for
India’s space aspirations.India needs to rekindle the non-forest use on or after December 12, 1996.
spirit of cooperation and ensure that outer space The amendments seek to streamline the application
remains a shared domain for all of humanity of the Act to recorded forest lands, private forest
¾ Public Support :The government will have to engage lands, plantations, etc.
in outreach and education to build public awareness ¾ Exempted Categories of Land:
and enthusiasm for its space program. The Bill proposes certain exemptions to encourage
afforestation and plantation outside forests.
Conclusion: For instance, 0.10 ha of forest land has been
India’s space program requires strategic financial proposed to provide connectivity for habitation
planning and active international collaborations along and establishments located on the side of roads
with public engagement initiatives to propel India’s space and railways, up to 10 ha of land proposed for
program to new heights. security-related infrastructure, and up to 5 ha
nnn of forest land in Left Wing Extremism Affected
Districts for public utility projects.
These exemptions include strategic projects
related to national security within 100 km of the
Community Rights International Borders, Line of Actual Control (LAC),
and Forest Conservation Line of Control (LoC), etc.
¾ Leasing of Forest Land:
This editorial is based on “Community rights and forest
Under the Act, a state government requires prior
conservation “ which was published in The Hindu on
approval of the central government to assign
13/11/2023. It talks about the Forest (Conservation)
forest land to any entity not owned or controlled
Amendment Act of 2023, emphasizing its goals, related
by the government.
challenges, and the consequences it poses for the
Under the Act, this condition is extended to all
indigenous residents of the forests.
entities, including those owned and controlled by
Tag: Biodiversity & Environment, GS Paper-3, Conservation,
the government. It also requires that prior approval
Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Environmental Impact be subject to terms and conditions prescribed by
Assessment (EIA), GS Paper-2, Government Policies & the central government.
Interventions, Issues Relating to Development, Issues Related ¾ Permitted Activities in Forest Land:
to SCs & STs.
The Act restricts the de-reservation of forests or
The recently passed Forest (Conservation) Amendment the use of forest land for non-forest purposes. Such
Act, 2023 brings substantial legislative changes to the restrictions may be lifted with the prior approval
Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980, a crucial environmental of the central government.
law in India governing forest conservation. However, it The Act specifies certain activities that will be
has received limited attention and little discussion about excluded from non-forest purposes, meaning that
its impact on forests and their inhabitants. restrictions on the use of forest land for non-forest
purposes will not apply.
What are the Key Provisions of the Amendment?
These activities include works related to the
¾ Insertion of Preamble: conservation, management, and development of
The Amendment Act introduces a Preamble to forests and wildlife such as establishing check posts,
the Forest (Conservation) Act. fire lines, fencing, and wireless communication.
¾ Expansion of the Central Government’s Power of provisions of the Act, the delegated legislation-
Delegated Legislation: making power of the Central Government has
been expanded and it is now been bestowed with
Prior to the amendment, the power of the Central
the power to issue “directions” to any central
Government to make delegated legislation was government authority, State Governments, Union
limited to making Rules only. territories, or to any organization, entity or body
In order to ensure proper implementation of the recognized by them.
What are the Benefits of the Forest organizations, and individuals who argue that
Conservation Amendment Act, 2023? forest conservation laws hinder industrial progress.
This act will facilitate economic exploitation by
¾ Clarity on the Definition of ‘Forest’:
removing certain forest areas from legal jurisdiction,
The Amendment clarifies the definition of Forest

allowing for diverse uses, including linear projects
which addresses ambiguity around “deemed and security infrastructure.
forests” and diverse interpretations.
¾ National Security:
The Amendment clarifies FCA application to notified
The Act exempts certain linear infrastructure
and recorded forests only, resolving ambiguity. projects, such as roads and highways, from seeking
Exemptions, already in practice, now have statutory forest clearance permissions if they are located
backing, providing clarity for public utilities, national within 100 km of the national border.
security projects, and citizen interests. This is expected to facilitate the development of
¾ Climate Change Mitigation and Conservation: infrastructure in border areas, which is important
It aims to achieve the country’s national as well as for national security.
international commitments of NDCs, and carbon ¾ Compensatory Afforestation:
neutrality, eliminate the ambiguities, and bring The amendment promotes compensatory
clarity about the applicability of the Act in various afforestation, allowing private entities to undertake
lands, promoting the plantation in non-forest land, afforestation or reforestation projects.
enhancing the productivity of the forests. ¾ Empowering Local Communities:
¾ Provisions for Development: The Bill encourages activities like the establishment
The amendment is contextualized within the of zoos, safaris, and ecotourism, which will be
historical backdrop of the Godavarman Thirumulkpad owned by the government and set up in approved
case and opposition from private landowners, plans outside Protected Areas.
These activities not only raise awareness about A blanket exemption for projects like zoos, eco-
forest conservation and wildlife protection but tourism facilities, and reconnaissance surveys may
also create livelihood opportunities for local adversely affect forest land and wildlife
communities, integrating them with the overall ¾ Neglect of Tribal Rights:
development. The amendment removes the requirement for prior
consent from tribal grama sabhas for alterations
What are the Key Issues with the Amendment? to forests for non-forest purposes.
¾ Redefining Forests: Permission for private companies to use forest land
The Act created a contradiction to the pre-existing for ecotourism may promote corporate interests
definition of forest defined by the Supreme Court at the expense of tribal communities’ livelihoods.
of India in a 1996 order, stating any patches Potential negative impacts on local cultures and
of trees recorded as forest in any government traditions due to mass tourism.
records, irrespective of ownership, recognition, ¾ Top-Down Authority:
and classification, would automatically become The amendments raised concerns about potential
a deemed forest. forest exploitation by private, profit-driven
Approximately one-fifth to one-fourth of India’s companies or firms and neglection of state
forests have lost their legal safeguard due to the governments’ concerns by consolidating more
modification of the definition under this amendment power in the hands of the central government.
in the existing Act, according to the Punjab-based ¾ Human-Animal Conflicts:
Public Action Committee (PAC). Man-animal conflicts will increase if infrastructure
¾ Infrastructure Encroachment: development is allowed on forest land.
Exempting land near border areas for national The amendment does not address growing human-
security projects may adversely impact the forest animal conflicts in tribal hamlets, posing threats
cover and wildlife in northeastern states. to both livelihoods and wildlife.
What Should be The Way Forward? Develop adaptive management strategies that
allow for flexibility in responding to unforeseen
¾ Stakeholder Consultation:
challenges and evolving environmental conditions.
Engage in extensive consultations with environmental
experts, tribal communities, local stakeholders, Conclusion:
and NGOs to address concerns and incorporate
The path to national development should be a
diverse perspectives.
collective expedition, marked by a commitment to
Emphasis on inclusiveness, local participation, and
environmental sustainability that steadfastly guides the
transparency in decision-making.
pursuit of progress. The Forest Conservation Act serves
¾ Transparency in Decision-Making: as evidence of the potential to strike this intricate balance,
Ensure transparency in the decision-making paving the way for a future where a prosperous nation
process related to forest land use, exemptions, seamlessly coexists with a thriving environment.
and infrastructure projects, fostering trust among nnn
stakeholders.
¾ Periodic Review Mechanism:
Establish a robust periodic review mechanism to From Welfarism to Well-Being
assess the impact of the Act on forests, biodiversity,
and local communities, making necessary This editorial is based on “The welfare programme
adjustments based on the findings. economists loved to hate” which was published in
Consider amendments to the Act based on feedback
Hindustan Times on 14/11/2023. It talks about the
and evolving circumstances, ensuring inclusivity success of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
and responsiveness to emerging environmental Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) which has
challenges. proven to be a vital rural economic lifeline despite the
initial concerns of several economists in India.
¾ Empowerment of Local Communities:
Empower local communities, especially tribal groups,
Tag: Governance, GS Paper - 2, Welfare Schemes Government
by involving them in decision-making processes, Policies & Interventions, Issues Relating to Development, Issues
recognizing their traditional knowledge, and Relating to Poverty & Hunger.GS Paper - 3, Inclusive Growth,
ensuring equitable benefits from forest resources. Mobilization of Resources, Fiscal Policy
Reinforce legal safeguards to protect the rights Recent research has shown that the Mahatma Gandhi
of indigenous communities, acknowledging their National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
historical connection to forest lands and ensuring (MGNREGS) operates as a reliable social safety net,
their participation in conservation efforts. addressing economic distress in rural households.
¾ Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): ¾ Despite economist criticism and fears of distorting rural
Strengthen the EIA process to comprehensively labor markets, MGNREGS has become an automatic
assess the environmental impact of proposed stabilizer rather than a destabilizing force.
projects, ensuring sustainable development while ¾ This research prompts critics to recognize the
minimizing ecological damage. transformative capacity of welfare schemes to
¾ Conflict Resolution Mechanisms: positively impact the lives of India’s most vulnerable
Establish efficient conflict resolution mechanisms to
populations.
address disputes arising from the Act, providing a
fair platform for all stakeholders to voice concerns
What are Welfare Schemes?
and seek resolution. ¾ About:
Invest in capacity building for relevant authorities, Welfare schemes refer to government programs
ensuring effective implementation of the Act, or initiatives designed to provide financial, social,
adherence to guidelines, and competent decision- or other forms of assistance to individuals or
making. groups facing economic, social, or health-related
¾ Scientific Research and Monitoring: challenges.
Promote scientific research to monitor the impact These schemes aim to improve the well-being
of the Act on forest ecosystems, biodiversity, and quality of life for citizens, often focusing on
and climate goals, using data-driven insights for vulnerable or disadvantaged populations.
informed policy adjustments. ¾ Public Welfare in India:
In accordance with Part IV of the Indian Constitution, rates to benefit economically disadvantaged and
which outlines the Directive Principles of State marginalized sections of society.
Policy, underscores India is a ‘welfare state’. Measures have been implemented to reserve seats
For this, several legislative efforts have been made for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes across
to eliminate practices like untouchability, forced various domains such as government jobs, educational
labor, and Zamindari. institutions, Lok Sabha, and Vidhan Sabha.
Over time, the government has established fair-price ¾ Key Welfare Schemes Introduced by Centre and
shops, providing essential commodities at affordable States in India:
¾ Social Sector Expenditure Trends in India:
What are the Arguments By investing in education and skill development,
in Favor of Welfare Schemes in India? welfare schemes contribute to an increase in the
productivity of the workforce, which benefits the
¾ Poverty Alleviation: overall economy.
Welfare schemes aim to reduce poverty by providing
¾ Political Stability:
financial assistance, employment opportunities,
By addressing socio-economic challenges, welfare
and essential services to those in need.
schemes contribute to social stability and
Welfare schemes do not wipe away poverty or
harmony, reducing the likelihood of unrest and
vulnerability but they reduce them significantly social discontent.
so that a person availing of these schemes can Meeting the socio-economic needs of the population
lead a life of dignity and escape from extreme through welfare schemes can contribute to political
hunger and poverty. stability by addressing grievances and fostering
¾ Social Equity: a sense of inclusivity.
Welfare schemes provide targeted assistance to ¾ Crisis Management:
disadvantaged groups, welfare schemes work Welfare schemes act as safety nets during economic
towards reducing economic and social inequalities. downturns, natural disasters, or other crises,
Reservation policies and targeted welfare initiatives providing relief and support to affected individuals
empower historically marginalized groups, offering and communities.
them opportunities for education, employment,
and political participation.
¾ Human Development:
Welfare programs often focus on education,
healthcare, and skill development, contributing to
the overall human development of the population.
Health-focused welfare schemes enhance public
health outcomes by providing access to medical
facilities, immunization, and preventive healthcare
measures.
What are the Arguments ¾ Market Distortions:

Against the Welfare Scheme in India? Some argue that certain welfare measures, such
as price controls or subsidies, may distort market
¾ Debate on Welfare Schemes vs. Freebies:
mechanisms and impede the natural functioning
The difference between freebies and welfare of the economy.
schemes is not always clear, but a general way
Some argue that certain welfare measures, if not
to distinguish them is by their long-term impact managed carefully, can contribute to inflationary
on beneficiaries and society. Welfare schemes pressures by injecting excess money into the
have a positive impact, while freebies can create economy.
dependency or distortions.
¾ Political and Social Division:
A report by the NITI Aayog criticized that freebies Critics suggest that politicians may use welfare
such as laptops given by the state government schemes for political gain, manipulating them
diverted funds from more urgent needs such as to secure votes rather than implementing them
improving school infrastructure, teacher quality, based on genuine developmental needs.
or learning outcomes. Some argue that certain reservation policies may
¾ Financial Burden: create social divisions and hinder meritocracy,
The extensive welfare programs can impose a leading to resentment among various sections
significant financial burden on the government, of society.
potentially leading to budgetary constraints and A survey by the Association for Democratic Reforms
fiscal challenges. showed that 41% of voters in Tamil Nadu considered
Some argue that the long-term sustainability of freebies as an important factor in voting.
certain welfare programs is questionable, especially
if they create a perpetual need for government
subsidies without encouraging self-sufficiency.
¾ Dependency Culture:
The prolonged reliance on welfare may foster a
culture of dependency, discouraging self-reliance
and individual initiative among recipients.
Opponents argue that overly generous welfare
provisions might discourage people from actively
seeking employment, potentially eroding the work
ethic within the population.
¾ Corruption and Leakage:
Concerns exist about corruption and leakages in
the implementation of welfare schemes, with funds
intended for beneficiaries being misappropriated
through fraudulent practices. What Should be the Way
In some cases, critics argue that there is limited Forward to Go from Welfare to Well-being?
accountability in the implementation and ¾ Draw a Line Between Welfare and Freebies:
monitoring of welfare schemes, leading to a lack
Freebies must be understood from an economic
of transparency and oversight. perspective and connected to taxpayers’ money.
¾ Inefficiency and Bureaucratic Hurdles: Welfare policies should be based on evidence and
There are concerns that welfare benefits may not data to ensure that resources are directed where
always reach the intended beneficiaries, leading to they are most needed.
ineffective targeting and leaving out those who ¾ Prioritize Holistic Development:
genuinely need assistance. Prioritize holistic development that goes beyond
There are concerns that bureaucratic inefficiencies, addressing immediate needs. Policies should focus
red tape, and complex procedures can hinder the on education, healthcare, skill development, and
effective implementation of welfare programs, infrastructure to create a foundation for long-
leading to delays and inequitable distribution. term well-being.
Design programs that empower individuals by Regulating OTT:
providing them with the necessary skills and
knowledge to secure sustainable livelihoods. Draft Broadcasting
¾ Encourage Entrepreneurship and Employment Regulation Bill, 2023
Opportunities:
This editorial is based on “Regulating OTT: Draft
Encourage entrepreneurship and create an Broadcasting Regulation Bill may be an attempt to
environment that facilitates job creation. control digital infrastructure” which was published in
This involves supporting small and medium the Indian Express on 16 /11/2023. It talks about the
enterprises, promoting innovation, and fostering introduction of the Broadcasting Services (Regulation)
a business-friendly ecosystem. Bill, 2023, and raises concerns about whether the focus
¾ Empower Community Participation: is genuinely on public service or on increasing control and
regulation.
Empower local communities to identify their needs,
propose solutions, and actively contribute to their
Tag: Governance, GS Paper - 2, Government Policies &
own development. Interventions, Right to Information Issues Relating to
Foster collaborations between the public and Development, GS Paper - 3, IT & Computers, Achievements of
private sectors. Public-private partnerships Indians in Science & Technology, Role of Media & Social
Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges, Challenges to
can bring together resources, expertise, and
Internal Security Through Communication Networks, Cyber
innovation to address complex challenges more Security.
effectively.
The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act of
¾ Promote Inclusivity: 1995, governing linear broadcasting for three decades,
Ensure inclusivity by addressing the needs of faces challenges due to technological advancements and
vulnerable and marginalized populations. No the emergence of new platforms like DTH, IPTV, and OTT.
one should be left behind in the pursuit of overall Thus, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
well-being. in India has proposed the Broadcasting Services
Ensure gender equality in all aspects of development. (Regulation) Bill, 2023, recognizing the need for a
Empower women economically, socially, and comprehensive law to streamline the regulatory
politically as their well-being is intricately linked framework in the digitized broadcasting sector.
to the well-being of the entire community The bill, seemingly a forward-looking and adaptable
Strengthen social security nets that provide a framework for the evolving media industry, sets the tone
for the future of broadcasting regulation in India.
safety cushion during challenging times. Ensure
these nets are efficient, transparent, and targeted What are the Key Features of the
to reach those who need them the most.
Draft Broadcasting Regulation Bill, 2023?
¾ Integrate Environmental Sustainability:
¾ Consolidation and Modernisation:
Integrate environmental sustainability into
It addresses a long-standing need to consolidate
development initiatives.
and update the regulatory provisions for various
A focus on eco-friendly practices and sustainable broadcasting services under a single legislative
resource management contributes to both individual framework.
and community well-being. It extends its regulatory purview to encompass
broadcasting over-the-top (OTT) content and
Conclusion: digital news and current affairs currently regulated
Transitioning from Welfarism to Well-being requires through the IT Act, 2000 and regulations made
a comprehensive and integrated approach that focuses there under.
on empowerment, sustainability, and the overall ¾ Contemporary Definitions and Future-Ready
improvement of the quality of life for individuals and Provisions:
communities. In terms of policy, the Capability Approach To keep pace with the evolving technologies
rightly suggests a focus on expanding people’s capabilities and services, the bill introduces comprehensive
and freedoms rather than merely increasing their definitions for contemporary broadcasting terms and
income. incorporates provisions for emerging broadcasting
nnn technologies.
¾ Strengthens the Self-Regulation Regime: their investment and turnover to ensure fairness
It enhances self-regulation with the introduction and equity.
of ‘Content Evaluation Committees’ and evolves ¾ Infrastructure Sharing, Platform Services, and Right
the existing Inter-Departmental Committee into of Way:
a more participative and broader ‘Broadcast The bill also includes provisions for infrastructure
Advisory Council’. sharing among broadcasting network operators
¾ Differentiated Programme Code and Advertisement and carriage of platform services.
Code: Further, it streamlines the Right of Way section to
It allows for a differentiated approach to Programme address relocation and alterations more efficiently
and Advertisement Codes across various services and establishes a structured dispute resolution
and requires self-classification by broadcasters mechanism
and robust access control measures for restricted
content. What are the Arguments in Favour of the Bill?
¾ Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities:
¾ Updated Legal Framework:
The bill addresses the specific needs of persons with
The bill marks a transition from the Cable Television
disabilities by providing for enabling provisions for
Networks Regulation Act of 1995.
the issue of comprehensive accessibility guidelines.
z It is described as a “pivotal legislation” by
¾ Statutory Penalties and Fines:
the Information & Broadcasting Minister as it
The draft Bill introduces statutory penalties such as
aims to modernize the regulatory framework,
advisory, warning, censure, or monetary penalties,
for operators and broadcasters. adapting to the dynamic world of OTT, digital
media, DTH, IPTV, and emerging technologies.
Provision for imprisonment and/or fines remains,
but only for very serious offenses, ensuring a It also provides comprehensive accessibility
balanced approach to regulation. guidelines for the Divyangjan community.

¾ Equitable Penalties: ¾ Empowering Broadcasters:
Monetary penalties and fines are linked to the It Introduces provisions to empower broadcasters
financial capacity of the entity, taking into account with self-regulation mechanisms.
It aims to strike a balance between regulatory
oversight and industry autonomy.
¾ Differentiated Approach to Codes:
The draft Bill also “allows for a differentiated
approach” to Programme and Advertisement
Codes across various services.
By allowing a differentiated approach, regulations
can be tailored to suit the nature of linear and
on-demand content, providing more flexibility
and relevance to content creators.
¾ Fairness Measures:
Under this bill, monetary penalties are linked to the
investment and turnover of the entity for fairness.
Penalties are proportionally determined based on
the entity’s financial standing.
Larger corporations with higher investments and
turnovers may face higher fines compared to
smaller entities with limited financial capacity.
¾ Stakeholder Involvement:
The bill indicates the involvement of stakeholders
through public consultation. The industry is
welcoming the government’s initiative for a unified
law, anticipating it to streamline compliance and
enforcement processes.
What are the Arguments Against the Bill? Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act,1995
¾ Apprehensions of Control and Regulation: initially aimed at curbing illegal cable operators,
lacked transparency due to the nexus involving
The bill raises concerns about whether the focus

operators, politicians, entrepreneurs, and
is genuinely on public service or on increasing
control and regulation by the government. broadcasters.
The new bill fails to address the loopholes and
There are apprehensions that the Bill may intensify
government control over digital infrastructure issues in the implementation of the existing Act
and citizens’ viewing choices including conflicts of interest and opaque practices
¾ Ambiguous Provisions in the Draft:
within the Indian media industry.
A specific provision (point 36) in the draft,
¾ Government’s Trust Deficit:
emphasizes the broad and ambiguous language that The bill examines the recent history of the ruling
grants authorities the power to prohibit content. government with media regulation, highlighting a
Raises questions about the influence of “authorized pattern of unfulfilled promises and questionable
officers” working under government direction. outcomes.
¾ Potential Impact on Minority Communities: The bill draws parallels with the controversial IT
The bill raises concerns that the bill might lead to Rules, 2021 introduced for national welfare.
the erasure or selective representation of Indian ¾ Oligopolistic Media Ownership Tendencies:
minority communities. Amid debates on “cultural invasion” and “anti-
The vague language in the draft could be exploited national” programming, the nexus of government
to promote a universal majority identity of India. officials and media houses may promote oligopolistic
¾ Issues with Cable Regulation: media ownership.
¾ Content Classification and Ratings:

Implement a robust content classification and rating
system to provide clear guidelines for audiences.
This ensures that viewers can make informed
choices, and it helps in regulating content based
on appropriateness.
¾ Independent Regulatory Body:
Establish an independent regulatory body with
the authority to enforce and monitor compliance.
Ensure transparency, impartiality, and accountability
in regulatory decisions.
¾ Differentiated Approach for Platforms:
Recognize the diversity of broadcasting platforms,
including traditional TV, OTT, and digital media.
Adopt a differentiated approach in regulation,
acknowledging the unique characteristics and
challenges of each platform.
¾ Regular Review and Update:
Establish a mechanism for regular review and
update of regulations. This allows the regulatory
framework to stay abreast of technological changes,
societal shifts, and emerging challenges.
¾ Clear Enforcement Mechanisms:
Define clear enforcement mechanisms for regulatory
violations. Establish a fair and efficient process for
handling complaints, investigations, and sanctions to
maintain the integrity of the regulatory framework.
What are the Steps Ahead for ¾ Promote Media Literacy:
Effective Broadcasting Regulation in India? Invest in media literacy programs to educate the
public about responsible media consumption.
¾ Comprehensive Legislation:
Informed viewership contributes to a healthier
Develop a comprehensive and modern legislative
media environment and reduces the need for
framework that encompasses all aspects of excessive regulatory measures.
broadcasting, including traditional television, OTT
¾ International Best Practices:
platforms, digital media, and emerging technologies.
Study and incorporate international best practices in
Encourage competition among broadcasters and
broadcasting regulation. Learn from the experiences
content creators to foster diversity of content.
of other countries to adopt effective strategies
Avoid concentration of media ownership to ensure
while considering the unique cultural and social
a plurality of voices and perspectives.
context of India.
¾ Stakeholder Consultation:
Prioritize stakeholder consultation to gather Conclusion
insights from industry experts, content creators, The Broadcasting Regulation is not just about
broadcasters, and the public. Ensure a diverse compliance but about creating an environment that
range of perspectives to create well-informed encourages growth, innovation, and equitable access to
regulations. communication services. By finding the optimal
¾ Adaptability to Technology: equilibrium between regulatory supervision and industry
Design regulations that are adaptable to technological autonomy, India can strategically position itself for long-
advancements. Consider the rapidly evolving nature term success in the swiftly advancing telecommunications
of the media landscape and ensure that regulations sector.
remain relevant and effective over time. nnn
Rise of Autonomous What is the Role of
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in LAWS?
Weapons: Challenges and
¾ Autonomy in Weapons Systems: Autonomous
Opportunities weapons systems require “autonomy” to perform
This editorial is based on “India, ‘killer robots’ and the their functions in the absence of direction or input
China challenge” which was published in The Indian from a human actor. Autonomy can be achieved
Express on 15/11/2023. It discusses the implications of through two Approaches:
the development and deployment of Lethal Autonomous Through Pre-defined Tasks: This involves
Weapons Systems (LAWS), also known as “killer robots”, programming the system with a set of instructions
for India’s national security and foreign policy. to perform specific actions without real-time
decision-making based on the current environment.
Tag: Science & Technology, GS Paper - 3, Robotics, Artificial Through AI: This involves using AI tools to derive
Intelligence behavior from data. The system learns from the
Similar to other significant technological data it receives, allowing it to make decisions or
advancements, artificial intelligence presents substantial adapt its behavior independently.
challenges globally, particularly concerning responsible ¾ AI as an Enabler: Artificial intelligence is not a
utilization in both civil and military sectors. While the prerequisite for the functioning of autonomous
discourse surrounding the regulation and promotion of weapons systems, but, when incorporated, AI could
AI in civilian applications has made notable progress in further enable such systems.
recent years, discussions about its military uses are gaining
In other words, not all autonomous weapons
international momentum. There is a growing global
systems incorporate AI to execute particular tasks.
consensus advocating for stringent limitations on the
military utilization of AI, especially concerning ¾ AI in an Assistance Role: Artificial intelligence can
autonomous weapons capable of independent operation. also be used in an assistance role in systems that are
Concurrently, major powers are heavily investing in the directly operated by a human.
rapid development of increased autonomy in weapons For example, a computer vision system operated
systems through AI. by a human could employ artificial intelligence

to identify and draw attention to notable objects
What are Lethal in the field of vision, without having the capacity
Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS)? to respond to those objects autonomously in
¾ Lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), also any way.
known as “killer robots”, are a type of autonomous
military system that have the capability to select
What are the Benefits of
and engage targets without any human intervention. Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS)?
¾ They may operate in the air, on land, on water, ¾ Force Multiplier and Battlefield Expansion:
underwater, or in space. LAWS can enhance military effectiveness by acting
¾ An autonomous weapon system is pre-programmed as a force multiplier. They can potentially carry
to kill a specific “target profile.” out tasks autonomously, allowing human forces to
The weapon is then deployed into an environment focus on strategic planning and decision-making.
where it searches for that “target profile” using LAWS may expand the battlefield by providing
sensor data, such as facial recognition. additional capabilities and coverage, enabling
¾ LAWS are controversial and raise ethical, legal, and a more comprehensive approach to military
humanitarian concerns. operations.
¾ Resource Allocation Efficiency:
LAWS have the potential to improve resource
allocation efficiency by reducing the costs associated
with training, logistics, and personnel.
Automated systems can operate for extended
periods without the need for rest or extensive
training.
¾ Reducing Casualties and Human Suffering:
LAWS may contribute to reducing casualties for

¾ The UN urged the international community to
one’s own forces by taking on risky tasks or engaging address the challenges posed by autonomous
in dangerous situations where human involvement weapons through this resolution.
could lead to higher casualties.
¾ The resolution specifically called for a report from
¾ Improving Information Gathering and Decision- the UN Secretary-General, taking into account the
Making: views of governments and civil society groups.
LAWS equipped with advanced artificial intelligence,
sensors, and algorithms can enhance information What are the Countries doing
gathering, detection, and decision-making in the Field of Autonomous Weapons?
capabilities.
¾ United States: The U.S. is a major player in the
They can process large amounts of data quickly
development of autonomous weapons. It has
and potentially provide more accurate and timely
deployed unmanned systems, including naval ships,
information to commanders.
and plans to expand its fleet of uncrewed ships in
What are the Issues with LAWS? the coming years.
¾ Ethical Issues: Delegating the decision to use lethal The U.S. military branches, such as the Navy, Air
force to algorithms raises significant questions about Force, and Army, are investing in drone systems
who is ultimately responsible and accountable for the and experimenting with combined operations
use of force by autonomous weapons, particularly involving both manned and unmanned systems.
given their tendency towards unpredictability. The Pentagon has established institutions to
¾ Legal Issues: LAWS pose challenges for the compliance integrate AI into defense management, emphasizing
with international humanitarian law and human the importance of human control over the use of
rights law, such as the principles of distinction, autonomous weapons.
proportionality, and precaution, as well as the ¾ China: China has prioritized AI in building an
accountability mechanisms for violations. “intelligentized” People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
The United Nations Secretary General António China is deploying AI across various military functions,
Guterres agrees that “machines with the power and including inventory management, maintenance,
discretion to take lives without human involvement logistics, reconnaissance, surveillance, and combat.
are politically unacceptable, morally repugnant
China’s significant industrial capacity and centralized
and should be prohibited by international law.”
control over resources allow it to produce
¾ Technical Issues: LAWS are subject to errors, failures,
autonomous weapons at a fast pace.
and vulnerabilities that could compromise their
reliability, safety, and security, such as the lack of The U.S. is actively trying to stay ahead of China
robustness, interpretability, and adversarial resilience in AI development, recognizing the importance of
of artificial intelligence, sensors, and algorithms. maintaining an edge in this technology.
¾ Security Issues: LAWS could increase the risk of armed ¾ India: India is also navigating the field of autonomous
conflict, escalation, and proliferation, by lowering weapons, signaling a pragmatic approach to global
the threshold for the use of force, expanding the issues. Despite a negative vote at the UNGA on
scope and scale of warfare, and enabling new forms autonomous weapons, India recognizes the importance
of attacks and countermeasures. of AI in national defense plans, especially given the
military imbalance with China. While India has strengths
What is the United
in AI, it acknowledges that it lags behind the U.S. and
Nations’ stand on Autonomous Weapons?
China in the military application of this technology.
¾ The UN General Assembly recently voted on a
resolution regarding lethal autonomous weapons. What should India do
¾ The resolution received overwhelming support,
to Enhance its Capacities on LAWS?
with 164 countries in favor, five against, and eight
abstentions. ¾ Invest in National AI Capabilities for Defence:
The voting pattern among major military powers Allocate substantial resources to build core AI
varied, with the US and its allies supporting the sciences.
resolution, China abstaining, and India voting Develop a comprehensive range of technological
against it. capabilities related to AI.
Establish operational military doctrines that Tag: Governance, GS Paper-2, Government Policies &
effectively integrate AI into Indian defense Interventions, Right to Information, Representation of People’s
management and armed forces. Act, Issues Relating to Development, Transparency &
Accountability, E-Governance.
¾ Enhance Technological Partnership with the US:
A Constitution Bench led by the Chief Justice of India
Leverage the blossoming technological partnership
has recently concluded its hearings that challenge the
with the US, particularly in the field of AI.
legitimacy of the electoral bonds scheme. The discussions
Collaborate on joint initiatives and projects to
primarily revolved around the conflicting aspects of voters’
advance AI capabilities.
right to information and the confidentiality of donors.
¾ Shape International Norms:
The central concern in these proceedings is the need
Continue the tradition of shaping international for transparency in election funding. In this context, the
norms, especially in the realm of emerging reconsideration of the state or public funding of elections
technologies. has emerged once again.
Work with like-minded countries to develop global
governance for responsible military use of AI. What is State Funding of Elections?
¾ Cooperate on Responsible AI Use: ¾ About :
Collaborate with other nations on ensuring State funding of elections refers to a system in
responsible military use of AI. which the government provides financial support
Advocate for the inclusion of human control and to political parties and candidates to facilitate their
oversight in the deployment of autonomous participation in the electoral process.
weapons. This funding is typically derived from public
¾ Build Institutions: resources and aims to reduce the reliance on private
Establish institutions dedicated to AI research, donations, minimizing the potential influence of
development, and implementation in defense. vested interests in political campaigns.
Strengthen existing frameworks for international ¾ Objective :
cooperation on AI-related issues. The objective is to promote transparency, fairness,
¾ Engage in Diplomacy: and equal opportunities for all participants in the
Actively engage in diplomatic efforts to foster electoral arena.
collaboration with other nations on AI governance. ¾ Types of State Funding :
Participate in international forums to discuss and Direct Funding: This involves the government
set guidelines for the ethical use of AI in defense. providing direct monetary assistance to political
parties and candidates to support their election
Conclusion campaigns
Given the massive military imbalance with China and Indirect Funding: Indirect funding encompasses
the kind of challenges India confronts in both the subsidized or free media access, tax advantages,
Himalayan and maritime frontiers, AI should necessarily complimentary use of public spaces for campaign
be an important part of India’s national defence plans. materials, and provisions for utilities, travel
nnn expenses, transport, and security, among others.
¾ Status of State Funding of Elections in India:
Existing state funding measures comprise allocating
State Funding Debate: A free airtime on public broadcasters for national
Path to Transparent Elections parties during general elections and for registered
state parties in state legislature elections.
This editorial is based on “Should elections be state National Parties receive certain benefits such as
funded?” which was published in The Hindu on security, office space, and utility subsidies.
17/11/2023. It talks about the absence of transparency
Another form of indirect state funding in India
in election funding, examining the prospect of state
is that registered political parties are exempted
funding as a potential solution to augment transparency
from paying income tax, as stipulated in Section
in electoral processes.
13A of the IT Act.
What have Various Commissions Did not endorse state funding of elections.
said about State Funding of Elections? Agreed with the Law Commission report (1999)
on the prerequisite of implementing a robust
¾ Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998):
regulatory framework for political parties before
Endorsed state funding of elections for constitutional,
considering state funding.
legal, and public interest reasons.
Aimed to create a fair playing field, particularly for What are the Arguments in
parties with limited financial resources. Favor of State Funding of Elections in India?
¾ Law Commission of India (1999):
¾ Leveling the Playing Field:
Concluded that total state funding is desirable,
State funding aims to reduce the influence of
provided political parties refrain from taking funds money in politics, creating a more level playing
from other sources. field where political parties can compete based on
Emphasized the need for a regulatory framework ideas and policies rather than financial resources.
for political parties before attempting state funding. State funding may encourage more individuals to
¾ Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2008): participate in politics by removing financial barriers
Advocated partial state funding to curb “illegitimate for potential candidates who may not have personal
and unnecessary funding” of election expenses. wealth or access to significant private funding.
Addressed the issue of ethics in governance and ¾ Reducing Corruption:
recommended measures to reduce undue financial By providing public funding, there is a potential
influence. to decrease the reliance on private donations,
¾ National Commission to Review the Working of the minimizing the scope for corrupt practices and
Constitution (2001): reducing the influence of vested interests in politics.
State funding can contribute to greater transparency
allowing them to focus on public interests rather
in political financing, as public funds are subject to than catering to the interests of major donors.
regulations and scrutiny, providing clearer insight ¾ Strengthening Political Parties:
into the financial aspects of political campaigns. Public funding can contribute to the financial
¾ Promoting Fair Competition stability of political parties, allowing them to focus
State funding can foster fair competition by on long-term goals and policy development rather
preventing certain parties or candidates from than short-term fundraising for each election cycle.
gaining undue advantages based solely on their State funding has the potential to address economic
financial resources. disparities among political parties, ensuring that
Reduced dependence on private donors may lead to smaller or emerging parties have a fair chance to
greater independence for elected representatives, participate in the democratic process.
India has limited financial resources, and allocating

funds for state-funded elections may divert resources
from other essential public services.
¾ Potential for Misuse:
Skeptics express concerns about the potential
misuse of state funds, emphasizing the need for
stringent regulations and accountability measures
to prevent misuse or diversion of public resources.
There are concerns that state funding could be
manipulated for political advantage, with the
ruling party having control over the allocation and
distribution of funds, potentially influencing the
electoral process.
¾ Risk of Dependency:
The state funding may lead to political parties
becoming overly dependent on public funds,
potentially stifling financial independence and
innovation in fundraising.
Opponents contend that state funding may diminish
the incentives for political parties to engage in
grassroots fundraising and connect with their
constituencies on a local level.
¾ Challenges in Implementation:
Critics highlight the practical challenges in
What are the Arguments implementing state funding, such as determining

eligibility criteria, distributing funds equitably, and
Against State Funding of Elections in India?
establishing effective monitoring mechanisms.
¾ The Burden on Taxpayers: Some argue that state-funded initiatives may
Using public funds for elections places an additional lack efficiency and accountability compared to
burden on taxpayers, who may not want their private funding, as public institutions may not be
money allocated to political activities. as responsive or transparent.
What Should be the Way Forward? of funding, including details of donors and the
amounts received.
¾ Comprehensive Legal Reforms:
Ensure that this information is easily accessible to
Enact and implement comprehensive legal reforms
the public and regularly updated.
to regulate political party finances, election
Introduce an upper limit on the amount that can
expenditures, and the sources of funding.
be donated to political parties to curb the influence
This may include revisiting and strengthening of large corporate contributions.
existing laws or introducing new legislation to
¾ Independent Electoral Oversight:
address loopholes.
Strengthen the role of independent electoral
Encourage cross-party consensus on the need for
oversight bodies, such as the Election Commission
electoral funding reforms of India, to monitor and enforce compliance with
¾ Transparency in Political Party Funding: campaign finance laws. Provide these bodies with
Mandate political parties to disclose all sources adequate resources and autonomy.
¾ Auditing and Accountability: How Fatal are the Road Accidents in India?
Establish a robust auditing mechanism to scrutinize

¾ As per the report on Road Accidents in India-2022
the financial accounts of political parties. This published by the Ministry of Road Transport and
includes conducting regular audits of their income, Highways, a total of 4,61,312 road accidents have
expenses, and compliance with legal provisions.
been reported by States and Union Territories (UTs)
Implement strong whistleblower protections to
during the calendar year 2022, which claimed 1,68,491
encourage individuals with knowledge of illicit lives and caused injuries to 4,43,366 persons.
funding practices to come forward without fear
This marks an increase of 11.9% in accidents, 9.4%
of retaliation.
in fatalities, and 15.3% in injuries compared to
Leverage technology to enhance transparency
the previous year (2021).
in electoral funding. Explore blockchain or other
¾ According to another data published by the WHO,
secure digital platforms to record and disclose
financial transactions, ensuring an immutable and each year, a staggering 3,00,000 people are estimated
accessible record. to be killed on the road in India.
That is equivalent to more than 34 people every hour
¾ Learn from Best Practices:
of every day. And that is a conservative estimate.
Study and adopt international best practices in
campaign financing and electoral transparency. The number of people suffering life-altering
Establish a mechanism for regular review and

injuries in road crashes is exponentially higher
adaptation of electoral funding regulations to even than that.
address emerging challenges and ensure continued ¾ Road safety is a global problem, with 1.3 million
effectiveness. people killed in road crashes every year. But almost
Conduct public awareness campaigns to educate one in every four road deaths around the world
citizens about the importance of transparent takes place in India.
electoral funding.
What are the Primary
Conclusion : Reasons Behind Road Accidents in India?
By embracing transparency in electoral funding in ¾ Overspeeding: Drivers exceeding the prescribed
India, the nation can fortify the foundations of its speed limits pose a significant risk. Lack of awareness
democratic institutions and empower citizens with the regarding speed limits and inadequate enforcement
knowledge and confidence that their electoral choices contribute to this problem.
are influenced by ideas and values rather than the undue For example, according to the Road Accidents
influence of financial interests. in India-2022 report, over-speeding continued
nnn to remain the most major cause accounting for
72.3% of all accidents across India and over two-
third of all deaths and injuries.
Unraveling Silent ¾ Drunk Driving: Driving under the influence of alcohol
Pandemic of Road Accidents or drugs impairs judgment and coordination.
According to the Road Accidents in India-2022
This editorial is based on “Steering road safety in India report, drunk driving accounted for 2.2% of road
back onto the right lane” which was published in The accidents in India in 2022.
Hindu on 20/11/2023. It discusses the road safety crisis
¾ Distracted Driving: Using mobile phones, eating,
in India and the need for immediate interventions to
or engaging in other activities while driving diverts
address the issue.
attention and increases the likelihood of accidents.
A survey by IIT Bombay highlighted that about
Tag: Governance, GS Paper-3, GS Paper-2, Infrastructure,
Government Policies & Interventions 60% of drivers use phones while driving among
India’s road network is a paradoxical situation. On all the participants in the study.
one hand, it presents a significant and expanding ¾ Poor Infrastructure and Road Design: The quality
opportunity for commuting, connecting, transporting, of infrastructure and road design plays a crucial role
and traveling, which is in tandem with the country’s in road safety. In India, several factors contribute to
modernization and remarkable economic growth. accidents, such as potholes, poorly marked lanes,
However, like in many other nations, India’s roads also inadequate road signs, insufficient lighting, and lack
pose a silent but deadly pandemic. of pedestrian facilities.
¾ Extreme Weather Conditions: Severe weather seat belts is not mandatory for passengers in the
conditions also have a tendency to heighten the rear seat. While the law mandates the use of rear
likelihood of accidents. Dense fog, excessive rainfall, seat belts, only 27.7% of the respondents were
strong winds, and similar conditions make driving aware of the law.
more challenging, which can result in horrifying
accidents if drivers fail to exercise extra caution. What are the
¾ Mechanical Failures: Apart from human errors and Impacts of Road Accidents in India?
adverse weather conditions, one of the major causes ¾ Injuries and Disabilities: Road accidents can cause
of road accidents is due to vehicle breakdowns or serious physical injuries and disabilities, such as
malfunctions. Faulty brakes, tires, steering, lights, fractures, burns, amputations, spinal cord injuries,
or other components can compromise the safety and brain injuries. These can affect the quality of
and performance of the vehicle. life and well-being of the victims and their families.
¾ Non-Compliance with Traffic Rules and Regulations: According to the WHO, road traffic injuries are
The lack of adherence to traffic rules and regulations the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years
significantly contributes to road accidents. (DALYs) lost among 15-29 year olds in India.
Non-Use of Seat Belts and Helmets: Failure to ¾ Psychological Trauma and Stress: Road accidents
wear seat belts and helmets increases the risk of can also cause psychological trauma and stress, such
severe injuries and fatalities. as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety,
z At least eight out of every 10 car occupants depression, and grief. These can affect the mental
(nearly 83%) killed in accidents across India in health and emotional stability of the victims and
2021 were not wearing seatbelts, according to their families.
a report of the Union road transport ministry. ¾ Death and Loss of Loved Ones: Road accidents can
Violation of Traffic Signals: Disregarding traffic result in death and loss of loved ones, which can
signals, overtaking at intersections, and jumping have devastating and irreversible consequences for
red lights pose serious risks. the victims and their families.
z According to a report , out of the total road ¾ Social Inequality and Exclusion: Road accidents can
accidents in 2020, 919 were caused by jumping exacerbate social inequality and exclusion, as they
of traffic signal which killed 476 people. disproportionately affect the poor and vulnerable
Overloading of Vehicles: Overloaded commercial
groups, such as pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists,
vehicles compromise stability and manoeuvrability, and public transport users. These groups often lack
leading to accidents. access to safe and affordable transportation, health
care, and social protection.
z In 2020, at least 10,000 people were killed and
Vulnerable road users, who include pedestrians,
25,000 were injured by overloaded trucks on
cyclists and the riders of two-wheelers, account
National Highways in India..
for almost three quarters of road deaths in India.
¾ Poor Enforcement and Governance: The effectiveness
¾ Loss of Productivity and Income: Road accidents
of traffic enforcement and governance has a significant
can cause loss of productivity and income, as they
impact on road safety.
affect the ability and availability of the workforce,
Inadequate Traffic Police Presence: Insufficient
and reduce the earning potential and savings of the
traffic police officers on the roads hinder victims and their families.
enforcement efforts. Increasing the number of
In India, road crashes are estimated to cost between
traffic police personnel and their visibility can
5% and 7% of national GDP.
enhance enforcement.
¾ Increase in Health Care and Legal Costs: Road accidents
z India has a little over 72,000 traffic police to
can also increase the health care and legal costs,
manage 20 crore vehicles. as they require medical treatment, rehabilitation,
Corruption and Bribery: Corruption among traffic compensation, and litigation. These can impose a
police personnel undermines road safety efforts. heavy burden on the public and private sectors, and
z According to Transparency International, the victims and their families.
India ranked 85th out of 180 countries in the According to a study commissioned by the road
Corruption Perceptions Index in 2022. transport and highways ministry, the average
Low Awareness: According to a 2019-20 study by socio-economic cost of a road accident in India
SaveLIFE, 37.8% people said they thought wearing in 2018 was:
z Death: Rs 91 lakh It has implemented various measures,

z Grievous injuries: Rs 3.6 lakh such as strict enforcement of traffic laws,
improvement of road infrastructure,
What should be done to Address promotion of seat belt and helmet use, and
the Silent Pandemic of Road Accidents? introduction of advanced safety technologies
¾ Enforcement of Seatbelt and Helmet Use: in vehicles.
A WHO report estimated: “Wearing a seat-belt Japan also has a comprehensive road safety
reduces the risk of death among drivers and front education system, which covers all stages of
seat occupants by 45-50%, and the risk of death life, from preschool to senior citizens.
and serious injuries among rear seat occupants ¾ Implementation of Motor Vehicles (Amendment)
by 25%.” Act, 2019:
¾ Awareness Campaigns: Ensure full implementation of the Motor Vehicles
Launch large-scale public awareness campaigns, such (Amendment) Act, 2019, which includes measures
as the UN’s #MakeASafetyStatement, to educate to enhance road safety.
the public about the importance of road safety. ¾ Emergency Care Services:
¾ Speed Limit Enforcement and Anti-Drink Driving Improve access to high-quality emergency care
Measures:
services and proper after-care for road crash victims.
Implement measures to reduce speeding, including
Address regional disparities in emergency care to
enhanced traffic management systems and
ensure uniform survival chances across different
monitoring.
states.
Zero tolerance for drink-driving, with strict penalties
for offenders. ¾ Public-Private Collaboration:
¾ Infrastructure Improvement: Encourage collaboration between the public and
Enhance road infrastructure to ensure safe
private sectors to develop and implement innovative
conditions, addressing issues that contribute to solutions for road safety.
accidents. Support initiatives by private sector companies
Invest in ongoing government programs for rapid that contribute to improving road safety. Some
improvements in road safety. of the inintiatives are:
¾ Focus on Vulnerable Road Users: z Drive Safe India campaign by Maruti Suzuki
Prioritize the safety of vulnerable road users, z Drive Safe, Drive Smart campaign by Mahindra
including pedestrians, cyclists, and two-wheeler & Mahindra
riders, who account for a significant portion of ¾ Align with Global Initiatives:
road deaths. Align with global initiatives, such as the UN’s Second
Develop infrastructure and awareness programs
Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030, to
specifically tailored to protect these users. adopt a comprehensive safe-system approach.
¾ International Best Practices:
Study and adapt successful international road safety Sundar Committee Recommendations on Road
practices to the specific needs and circumstances Safety
of India. ¾ Creation of the National Road Safety & Traffic
z The Netherlands’ Sustainable Safety vision Management Board, an apex body at the national
focuses on preventing crashes and reducing level to promote road safety and traffic management
crash severity by creating a safe road system. in the country, to be constituted through an Act of
It is based on five principles: functionality,
the Parliament with members and experts drawn
homogeneity, predictability, forgivingness, from various fields including road engineering,
and state awareness. automobile engineering, traffic laws, medical care, etc.
Some of the measures implemented under
¾ Establishment of State Road Safety & Traffic
this vision are road classification, roundabouts, Management Boards in each state and union
bicycle paths, and traffic calming. territory, with similar functions and powers as
the national board, to coordinate with the state
z Japan has achieved a remarkable reduction
governments and local authorities on road safety
in road traffic deaths, from 16,765 in 1990 to
3,215 in 2019. and traffic management issues.
¾ Development of a National Road Safety Plan with What are the
specific targets, strategies, and action plans for Governor’s Powers w. r. to Passage of Bills?
reducing road accidents and fatalities, and enhancing ¾ The governor’s powers with respect to the passage of
road safety and traffic management. bills are defined by Article 200 and Article 201 of the
¾ Improvement of post-accident care and trauma Constitution. According to these articles, the governor
management, and establishment of a national has the following options when a bill is presented to
road accident database and information system, him/her by the state legislature:
with standardized formats and protocols for data He/she may give assent to the bill, which means
collection, analysis, and dissemination. the bill becomes an act.

¾ To provide flow of funds, the Committee has He/she may withhold assent to the bill, which
suggested earmarking of 1% of total proceeds of means the bill is rejected.

cess on diesel and petrol for Road Safety Fund. He/she may return the bill (if it is not a money bill)
¾ The Committee has also dwelt upon other various to the state legislature with a message requesting
issues like decriminalization of road accidents, reconsideration of the bill or some of its provisions.
insurance and dedicated highway police, etc. z If the bill is passed again by the state legislature
Based on the recommendations of the Sundar with or without amendments, the governor
Committee, the Union Cabinet approved the National cannot withhold assent to it.
Road Safety Policy in 2010. He/she may reserve the bill for the consideration
nnn of the president, who may either assent to

or withhold assent from the bill, or direct the
governor to return the bill to the state legislature
for reconsideration.
The Governor's Role: Challenges z The reservation of the bill by the governor is
and Reform Proposals mandatory if the bill endangers the position

of the state high court.
This editorial is based on “It is high time the colonial z It is also discretionary if the bill is against the
institution of the governor is reined in” which was provisions of the Constitution, the Directive
published in The Indian Express on 21/11/2023. It Principles of State Policy, the larger interest of
criticizes the role of Tamil Nadu Governor, who has the country, or of grave national importance, or
returned several pending Bills to the state government, deals with compulsory acquisition of property
after the Supreme Court expressed serious concern about under Article 31A of the Constitution.
Governors not acting on Bills.
What are the Challenges
Tag: Indian Polity, GS Paper-2, Role of Governor, Indian associated with Governor’s Office?
Constitution. ¾ The Appointment of Governors: The governor is
The Governor of Tamil Nadu, has once again brought appointed by the president on the advice of the
to light the issue of retaining the colonial institution of central government. This raises questions about the
Governor. The Supreme Court reminded him that he is political neutrality and impartiality of the governor.
not an elected authority and should not presume to sit There have been instances where governors have
in judgement of the elected government, following which been appointed from the ruling party at the centre
he returned all 10 bills sent to him for assent by the Tamil or have been removed or transferred for political
Nadu state legislature. reasons.
This undermines the dignity and stability of the
To ensure that these bills receive assent, a special
office of the governor.
session was called by the speaker of the Tamil Nadu
¾ The Role and Powers of Governors: The governor
Assembly to pass these bills again.
has various roles and powers under the constitution,
Additionally, decisions of the state government such as giving assent to bills passed by the state
regarding sanction for prosecution of AIADMK ministers, legislature, appointing the chief minister and other
appointment to the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission, ministers, sending reports to the president on the
and premature release of prisoners have been held up state of affairs, and exercising special responsibilities
by the governor for no apparent reason. in some states.
However, these roles and powers are often subject

Should the Office of Governor be abolished?
to the discretion of the governor, which can lead
¾ The immediate response to such conduct by governors
to conflicts with the elected state government.
is often to advocate for the abolition of the institution
There have been cases such as Tamil nadu’s where
altogether.
governors have delayed or withheld assent to
¾ However, this approach is both imprudent and
bills, dismissed or dissolved state governments,
unnecessary.
recommended president’s rule, or interfered in
Imprudent because Westminster parliamentary
the functioning of state universities.
democracy necessitates the presence of a head
These actions have been criticized as arbitrary,
of state and head of government, and eliminating
partisan, or unconstitutional by the state
the governor would entail dismantling the entire
governments or the opposition parties.
system.
¾ The Accountability and Immunity of Governors:
Unnecessary because there are viable alternatives,
Although the governor is supposed to be the President’s
such as judicial intervention or constitutional reform.
analogue at the state government, the reality is that
they have been, and continue to be, the agents of the
What Reform Measures can be taken?
Union government, sent to keep a check on popularly
elected state governments. ¾ Judicial Intervention: The Supreme Court can continue
The governor can be removed from office at the
to monitor the conduct of the governors and issue
pleasure of the Union government. directions or observations to ensure that they act in
accordance with the Constitution and the law.
The governor is secure in the knowledge that
This can help to prevent arbitrary or partisan
as long as they do as they are told by the Union
government, they will continue to hold their actions by the governors and uphold the federal
positions. As heads of state, they are not even principle of Indian polity.
answerable to the courts for their actions while ¾ Reform the Current Appointment and Removal
in office (Art 361). Process: The Constitution can be amended to change
the process of appointment and removal of the
What were the Constitutional governors, as suggested by the authors of “Heads
Makers' views on Office of Governor? Held High”.
¾ Some members of the Constituent Assembly, such This can involve a more transparent and consultative
as Dakshayani Velayudhan, Biswanath Das and H mechanism, such as a collegium or a parliamentary
V Kamath, were highly critical of the provisions committee, that can select the candidates based
relating to governors.
on merit and suitability.
They argued that the draft constitution was a
The removal of the governors can also be made
replica of the Government of India Act, 1935,
more difficult by requiring a resolution of the
which gave too much power to the Centre and
state legislature or a judicial inquiry.
undermined the autonomy of the states.
¾ Grant him/her a President-like status: Make the
They also feared that the governors would act
as agents of the Centre and interfere with the governor accountable to the state legislature in
state governments. the same manner that the president is accountable
to the Union Parliament — through election and
¾ On the other hand, B R Ambedkar, the chief architect
of the constitution, defended the existing provisions impeachment.
relating to governors. Make him/her an Elected Representative: The
He said that there was very little time to make

governor can be made an elected representative
changes to the Government of India Act, 1935, of the state, rather than a nominee of the Union
and that the governors were only supposed to government.
work with and not overrule the state governments. z This can enhance the accountability and
He did not address the possibility of a governor legitimacy of the office and reduce the scope
simply doing what the Centre wishes, as other for interference or influence by the Centre.
members pointed out. z The election of the governor can be done by the
He also did not explain why the provisions relating state legislature or by the people of the state,
to the governor were retained as they were, as in the case of the president.
while other provisions of the Government of Make him/her Impeachable: The governor can
India Act, 1935, were modified where needed. be made impeachable by the state legislature on
the grounds of violation of the Constitution or Instead, the commission suggested that a
z
misconduct. governor should be removed only by a resolution
z This can provide a check and balance on the of the state legislature, which would ensure
power and authority of the governor and deter more stability and autonomy for the states.
any abuse or misuse of the office. ¾ BP Singhal vs Union of India (2010):
z The impeachment process can be similar to The Supreme Court held that the President can
that of the president, requiring a majority of remove a Governor at any time and without
the total membership and a two-thirds majority assigning any reason. This is because the Governor
of the members present and voting in both holds office “during the pleasure of the President”
houses of the state legislature. under Article 156(1) of the Constitution of India.
However, the Court also held that the removal
What are the Constitutional Reforms suggested
cannot be based on arbitrary, capricious or
by Various Committees and Supreme Court? unreasonable grounds.
¾ The Sarkaria Commission (1988):
The governor should be appointed by the president Conclusion
after consultation with the Chief Minister of the The discussion on the role of Governors in India
concerned state. underscores the need for nuanced reforms. While outright
The governor should be a person of eminence in abolition is deemed imprudent, proposals for transparent
some field of public life and not belong to the appointments, increased accountability, and limited
state where he is appointed. discretionary powers have been put forth. Striking a
The governor should not be removed before balance between state and central interests is crucial
the completion of his term except in rare and for ensuring the effective functioning of the Governor’s
compelling circumstances. office without undermining democratic principles.
The governor should act as a bridge between nn
the centre and the state and not as an agent of
the centre.
The governor should exercise his discretionary Domicile Reservations:
powers sparingly and judiciously and not use them
to undermine the democratic process. Challenges and Alternatives
¾ Venkatachaliah Commission (2002): This editorial is based on “Parochial law: On Haryana’s
The appointment of Governors should be entrusted 75% quota to locals in private sector” which was
to a committee comprising the prime minister, the published in The Hindu on 22/11/2023. It criticises the
home minister, the speaker of the Lok Sabha and Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act,
the chief minister of the concerned state. 2020, which mandates 75% reservation for local
The governors should be allowed to complete candidates in private sector jobs.
their five-year term, unless they resign or are
removed by the President on the ground of proven Tag: Indian Polity, GS Paper - 2, Indian Constitution, Fundamental
misbehaviour or incapacity. Rights
The central government should consult the Chief The Punjab and Haryana High Court has done the
Minister before taking any action to remove the right thing by quashing the Haryana State Employment
governor. of Local Candidates Act, 2020 that provides for 75%
The Governor should not interfere in the day-to- reservation to State domiciles in the private sector
day administration of the state. He should act in jobs. The court stated that it was beyond the purview
as a friend, philosopher and guide to the state of the State to legislate on the issue and restrict private
government and use his discretionary powers employers from recruiting people from the open
sparingly. market.
¾ Punchhi Commission (2010): The court said that by allotting 75% reservation for
The Commission recommended deleting the phrase “locals”, the Act militates against the rights of citizens
“during the pleasure of the President” from the of the rest of the country, and that such acts could lead
Constitution, which implies that a governor can to other States coming up with similar enactments, in
be removed at the will of the central government. effect putting up “artificial walls” throughout India.
What was the Law Can the Governments

and Why it was Challenged? discriminate on the basis of Domicile?
¾ The Law: The Bill passed by the Haryana Assembly in ¾ On one hand the Art 16(2) of the Constitution says,
November 2020 reserved 75% of jobs in the private “No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race,
sector that offered a monthly salary of less than Rs caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any
30,000 (originally Rs 50,000) for residents of Haryana. of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in
The Bill received the Governor’s assent on respect of, any employment or office under the State.”
March 2, 2021, and came into effect on January On the other hand the clause 4 of the same article
15, 2022. says that nothing in this article shall prevent the
All companies, societies, trusts, limited liability State from making any provision for the reservation
partnership firms, partnership firms, and large of appointments or posts in favour of any backward
individual employers were covered under the class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State,
Act. Any person employing 10 or more people is not adequately represented in the services
on salary, wages, or other remuneration for under the State.
manufacturing or providing any service, as well as
But these provisions are applicable in government
any entity that may be notified by the government,
jobs.
were included.
¾ Art 19(1)(g) provides all citizens the right to practise
¾ The Challenge: The Faridabad Industries Association
any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade
and other Haryana-based associations went to court,
or business.
contending that Haryana wanted to create reservations
in the private sector by introducing a policy of “sons Thus imposing such limitations by State Governments
of the soil”, which was an infringement of the infringe upon an individual’s constitutional right
constitutional rights of employers. to engage in their chosen profession, trade, or
The petitioners argued that private sector jobs
business, as stated in Article 19(1)(g).
are purely based on skills and an analytical bent ¾ Furthermore, the High Court in its decision stated
of mind, and employees have a fundamental right that “The concept of constitutional morality has
to work in any part of India. been openly violated by introducing a secondary
They also argued, “The act of the government status to a set of citizens not belonging to the state
forcing the employers to employ local candidates of Haryana and curtailing their fundamental rights
in the private sector is the violation of the federal to earn their livelihood.”
structure framed by the Constitution of India, The Andhra Pradesh High Court observed that the
whereby the government cannot act contrary Andhra Pradesh’s Bill for providing reservation on
to public interest and cannot benefit one class”. the basis of domicile, passed in 2019, “may be
¾ The Government’s Response: The Haryana government unconstitutional”, but it is yet to hear the case
argued that it had the power to create such reservations on merits.
under Article 16(4) of the Constitution, which says
that the right to equality in public employment does What are the Arguments in
not prevent the State from “making any provision for favor of States' laws providing
the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of Reservation on the basis of Domicile?
any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion
of the State, is not adequately represented in the ¾ It is a way of ensuring that the local people of a state
services under the State”. get adequate representation and opportunities in
the public and private sectors. This can encourage
Is Haryana the Only employment opportunities for local candidates in
One to Implement such a Law? the state and to secure their livelihoods.
Haryana has the fourth highest rate of
Haryana is not the first state to adopt a nativist stance
to address the unemployment crisis. States such as unemployment (9% as per Periodic Labour Force
Maharashtra (up to 80% reservation), Karnataka (75%), Survey, 2021-22) in the country.
Andhra Pradesh (75%) and Madhya Pradesh (70%) have z It is higher than the national average (4.1%) and
similar laws for local residents and most of these have that of its neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh,
been challenged in courts. Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Punjab.
¾ It can also be seen as a measure of affirmative action ¾ These laws are not a feasible or effective solution
for the disadvantaged sections of the society who to address the problem of unemployment among
may face discrimination or lack of access to education local youth, as they do not address the root causes
and employment in other states. of the issue, such as lack of education, training, and
By providing reservation for the natives, the state opportunities, and instead infringes upon the rights
governments can empower them and enhance of others .
their social and economic status. ¾ These laws are a populist and protectionist measure
¾ It can also be justified on the grounds of preserving the that could trigger a backlash from other states and
lead to balkanisation of the labour market, which
cultural and linguistic identity of the local people. By
is opposed to the vision of having an integrated and
giving preference to the natives, the state governments
mobile labour market in the country to achieve the
can protect their interests and promote their culture
objective of ‘One nation, One market’.
and language.
This can also foster a sense of belonging and What could be the Alternative to Such Laws?
loyalty among the local people towards their state.
¾ Adopt pro-market policies that create a conducive
environment for the private sector to grow and
What are the Arguments against such Laws?
flourish, by reducing the regulatory and bureaucratic
¾ These laws may violate the fundamental rights of hurdles, providing incentives and subsidies, ensuring
citizens to move freely and work anywhere in India, fair competition and transparency, etc.
as guaranteed by Article 19(1)(d) and (e) of the ¾ Focus on human development that enhances the skills,
Constitution. education and employability of the local candidates,
Labour migrates as per demand and wages and by investing in quality education, vocational training,
industry seeks to hire the best talent irrespective skill development, entrepreneurship, etc.
of their domicile status. ¾ Provide stimulus packages that provide financial
Migrant labour has contributed to building and and social support to the local candidates, who are
sustaining the economies of industrialised states affected by unemployment, by offering schemes such
such as Haryana, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. as unemployment allowance, job guarantee, social
In fact, that is how successful economies manage security, etc.
the world over. ¾ Provide incentives and subsidies to private sector
¾ These laws may strangle the private sector, which entities that employ local candidates, instead of
depends on the availability of skilled, qualified imposing a mandatory quota. This could encourage
and efficient workforce, by imposing arbitrary voluntary compliance and reduce the burden on
employers.
and unreasonable restrictions on their hiring and
recruitment policies. ¾ Promote the development of local industries and
sectors that have a high demand for local candidates,
They may discourage investment and development
instead of restricting the employment of non-local
in the state, as the private sector may prefer to
candidates. This could create more job opportunities
relocate or expand in other states that offer more
and economic growth for the state and its people.
favourable and flexible conditions for doing business.
¾ These laws are an intrusion into the freedom and Conclusion
autonomy of private employers to recruit based on The debate on state-imposed domicile reservations
their requirements and suitability for the job, which in private employment in India involves balancing local
affects their right to carry out business and trade interests and constitutional freedoms. Proponents
under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution . emphasize representation and cultural preservation, while
¾ These laws are counterproductive and detrimental critics highlight constitutional concerns and economic
to the economic growth and competitiveness of drawbacks. Exploring alternatives like pro-market policies
the state, as they hinder the access to a diverse and and targeted incentives is crucial for a constructive path
skilled workforce from different parts of the country, forward, as the resolution will shape the trajectory of
which is essential for the operations and innovation employment policies.
of various sectors . nnn
Rethinking India’s representatives who had signed the 1914

Convention held in Shimla which delineated
Approach to China: the McMahon Line on the map did not have
Strategic Considerations the right to do so.
¾ Border Incursions:
This editorial is based on “ India should not talk to China
The border between India and China is not clearly
— even if Biden talks to Xi” which was published in The
demarcated throughout and there is no mutually
Indian Express on 22/11/2023. It talks about the recent
agreed Line of Actual Control (LAC) along certain
development in QUAD partner’s engagement with China
stretches.
and calls for a reassessment of its approach to engaging
Border confrontations have occurred in different
with China.
instances, including Demchok in 2014, Depsang
Tag: International Relations, GS Paper-2, India and its in 2015, Doklam in 2017, and the Galwan incident
Neighbourhood, Important International Institutions, Groupings in 2020.
& Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India’s Interests, ¾ Water Sharing:
International Treaties & Agreements, Effect of Policies and Politics
of Countries on India’s Interest. China’s advantageous geographical positioning
creates an asymmetry that allows it to capitalize
In recent weeks, India’s QUAD partners—Australia,
on the reliance of downstream nations, such as
Japan, and the US—have rekindled
India, on hydrological data.
high-level political interactions with China. However,
There are concerns over China’s dam-building
India is unwilling to resume political and economic
activities on transboundary rivers, including the
discussions with China until the Ladakh military standoff,
Brahmaputra, which have led to tensions over
which started in spring 2020, is satisfactorily resolved.
water-sharing issues.
This has reignited discussions on whether India should
¾ Tibet Issue:
reassess its existing approach to engaging China in order
to address a range of complex disputes. India hosts the Tibetan government-in-exile and
spiritual leader the Dalai Lama, which has been a
What are the Key point of contention with China.
Disputes between India- China Relations? China accuses India of supporting Tibetan
separatism, while India maintains that it respects
¾ Border Disputes:
the “One China” policy but allows the Tibetan
Western Sector (Ladakh): community to reside in India.
z The Johnson Line proposed by the British placed ¾ Trade Imbalance:
Aksai Chin in the princely state of Jammu and
India’s trade deficit with China reached the
Kashmir.
historically high level of USD 87 billion in 2022.
z China rejected the Johnson Line and favored
Complex regulatory requirements, intellectual
the McDonald Line, asserting control over
property rights violations, and a lack of
Aksai Chin.
transparency in business dealings present
z Though Aksai Chin is administered by China, challenges for Indian businesses seeking access
India’s official position on the issue is that, by to the Chinese market.
virtue of it being a part of Jammu and Kashmir
¾ Concerns over Belt and Road Initiative (BRI):
(Ladakh), the region remains an integral part
India’s main objection to the BRI is that it includes
of India.
the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which
Middle Sector (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand): passes through the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir
z The Middle Sector has a relatively minor dispute, (PoK), a territory that India claims as its own.
with India and China exchanging maps where India also argues that the BRI projects should
they broadly agree on the LAC. respect the international norms, rule of law, and
Eastern Sector (Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim): financial sustainability, and should not create
z China considers the McMahon Line illegal debt traps or environmental and social risks for
and unacceptable claiming that Tibetan the host countries.
What are the China’s debt trap diplomacy refers to a strategy in

Geopolitics Behind China’s Assertion? which China extends loans to developing countries,
often for infrastructure projects, with the intention
¾ China’s Salami Slicing Strategy:
of creating economic dependence
In military terms, Salami Slicing refers to a divide-
and-conquer strategy involving incremental threats As a result, China may gain strategic leverage or
and alliances to overcome opposition and acquire control over key assets if the debtor is unable to
new territories. fulfill its financial obligations. Critics argue that
this approach allows China to expand its influence
In the case of China, Salami Slicing is evident
in its approach to territorial expansion in both globally by exploiting the economic vulnerabilities
the South China Sea and the Himalayan regions, of borrowing nations.
with the Doklam standoff often seen as a ¾ China’s Five Fingers of Tibet Strategy:
manifestation of China’s salami-slicing tactics in The “Five Fingers of Tibet” is a term used to describe
the Himalayas. China’s territorial claims and strategic approach
¾ Chinese Debt Trap Diplomacy: in relation to Tibet.
The metaphorical term describes Tibet as the z Arunachal Pradesh: Securing control over
palm, with China aspiring to control or influence Arunachal Pradesh would enable China to
the five surrounding regions, referred to as fingers. dominate the entire northeastern region of
The metaphorical “fingers” represent the following India, extending its military reach and strategic
areas: influence in the area.
z Ladakh: Gaining control over Ladakh would ¾ Strategic Encirclement of India by China’s “String
provide China with unimpeded access to Pakistan. of Pearls”:
z Nepal: Exerting influence over Nepal would grant
China’s “String of Pearls” refers to a geopolitical
China strategic access to the heartland of India.
and strategic initiative that involves building a
z Sikkim: Asserting control over Sikkim would offer
network of Chinese-funded, owned, or controlled
China a tactical advantage in severing India’s
ports and other maritime infrastructure facilities
“Chicken Neck” (Siliguri Corridor), effectively
in strategic locations across the Indian Ocean.
isolating the northeastern states from the
Indian mainland. Some of the notable locations associated with
z Bhutan: Gaining control over Bhutan would
China’s String of Pearls include Gwadar Port in
bring China in proximity to Bangladesh, providing Pakistan, Hambantota Port in Sri Lanka, Chittagong
a potential route to the Bay of Bengal and Port in Bangladesh, and Djibouti in the Horn of
enhancing China’s regional influence. Africa.
How is India Responding also support the common interest of unhindered

to China's Aggressive Measures? maritime trade and security.
I2U2: It is a new grouping of India, Israel, the
¾ Global Strategic Alliances:
USA, and the UAE. Forming alliances with these
India actively engages with like-minded nations countries strengthens India’s geopolitical standing
to collectively address China’s influence in the in the region.
Indian Ocean Region ¾ India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC):
QUAD: It is the grouping of four democracies –India, Launched as an alternative trade and connectivity
Australia, the US, and Japan. All four nations find corridor, IMEC aims to strengthen India’s presence
a common ground of being democratic nations and in the Arabian Sea and the Middle East.
Funded by the Partnership for Global Infrastructure It is an intergovernmental organization established
Investment (PGII), it serves as a counter-initiative to promote economic cooperation and regional
to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) with the integration among countries bordering the Indian
support of G7 nations. Ocean.
¾ International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): IORA member states work on various initiatives
INSTC, established through an agreement between related to trade, investment, and sustainable
India, Iran, and Russia, creates a comprehensive development in the Indian Ocean region (IOR).
7,200-km multi-mode transportation network ¾ India’s Necklace of Diamonds Strategy:
connecting the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and In response to China’s String of Pearls strategy,
Caspian Sea. India adopted the Necklace of Diamonds strategy,
The key node, Chahbahar Port in Iran, strategically emphasizing the encirclement of China by enhancing
monitors China’s activities in the Arabian Sea and its naval presence, expanding military bases, and
the Strait of Hormuz, providing an alternative to strengthening diplomatic ties with regional nations.
the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor’s (CPEC) z This strategy aims to counter China’s military
Gwadar port. network and influence in the Indo-Pacific and
¾ Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) : Indian Ocean regions.
How Shifting International Communications Interoperability and Security

Politics is Affecting India-China Relations? Memorandum of Agreement (CISMOA), and Basic
¾ USA: Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-
India has signed four foundational agreements as
spatial Cooperation (BECA) with USA that cover
General Security of Military Information Agreement areas of military information, logistics exchange,
(GSOMIA), Logistics Support Agreement (LSA), compatibility.
By virtue of these agreements, India and the Under President Yameen’s leadership, there was a
USA may collaborate and jointly counter Chinese notable pivot toward China marked by substantial
strategies. Chinese investments. Despite the election of
¾ Japan: Mohammad Muizzu as president, a trend of
increasingly anti-India positions is becoming evident.
India, in collaboration with Japan and Australia,
The India-Maldives relationship suffered a setback
has initiated the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative
to reduce reliance on China. when Maldives entered into a Free-Trade Agreement
(FTA) with China in 2017.
¾ QUAD:
India has provided renewed economic assistance,
In the global power dynamics, India is actively
undertaken infrastructure projects, and expanded
engaging through QUAD to counter Chinese defense cooperation to strengthen its influence
unilateralism, while China collaborates with Russia, in the region.
Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey to challenge the US-led
¾ Bhutan:
liberal world order.
Bhutan declines BRI partnership, fostering strong
Recently India’s Quad Partners Australia, Japan,
political and economic relations with India.
and the US engaged in renewed high-level political
India aids Bhutan in hydropower projects and
discussions with China.
proposes regional initiatives.
¾ Himalayan QUAD:
¾ Afghanistan:
This project involves China, Nepal, Pakistan, and
Following the Taliban takeover in Afghanistan, the
Afghanistan as a counterweight to the QUAD.
Taliban has referred to China as the “most crucial
¾ Pakistan: partner” in the nation’s reconstruction endeavors.
Pakistan signed a memorandum in 2013, a landmark
agreement for long-term planning and development What Should be the Way Forward?
of CPEC, the BRI’s flagship project. ¾ To secure Peace, Prepare for War:
To China, Pakistan serves not only as a client state India needs to prepare for the possibility of conflict
but also as a significant tool to restrain India. with China which involves bolstering India’s military
¾ Sri Lanka: capabilities.
Sri Lanka has also received massive funding under The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence
the BRI. Sri Lanka provides China with various has recommended that allocation for defense should
naval capabilities to function in the Indian Ocean. be 3% of GDP to maintain India’s deterrent posture.
China has acquired the strategic Hambantota Port Development of infrastructure along the border,
from Sri Lanka bolstering Beijing’s String of Pearls such as roads and bridges, can help both countries
access remote areas and reduce the possibility of
The Colombo port city being built by China is being
any misunderstandings or conflicts.
termed a ‘Chinese Colony’ by strategic experts in
India and Sri Lanka. ¾ Diplomatic Dialogue from a position of Strength:
Compartmentalization of Issues: By isolating
¾ Bangladesh:
individual challenges, negotiators can develop
Bangladesh joined the BRI in 2016, and bilateral
solutions tailored to each particular aspect
relations with China have been growing since,
Address Border Disputes: Prioritize resolving
much to India’s dismay.
ongoing border disputes through diplomatic means
Bangladesh is being aided by China, but India–
and negotiations.
Bangladesh’s cultural and geographical proximity
Engage in High-Level Talks: Both countries should
will dominate. India and Bangladesh have mutual
engage in high-level diplomatic talks to discuss and
issues and interests that can be used by India to
resolve existing issues.
strengthen relations at any point.
z The Foreign Ministers of India and China signed
¾ Nepal: a ‘Five Points’ agreement to reduce the tension
Nepal joined the BRI agreement with China in 2017. on the Ladakh border at Moscow in 2020.
China aims to build political links, but India’s Implement Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs):
influence remains strong due to its dominant Improve communication channels between
cultural influence. the military forces of both countries to prevent
¾ Maldives: misunderstandings and accidental escalations.
¾ Strategic Autonomy in Foreign Affairs: Review FTAs: India should also consider signing
The geopolitical considerations of India’s China
an FTA with China to increase exports and reduce
policy have an independent logic the trade deficit.
India should not be the only QUAD nation or a ¾ Encourage Cultural Exchanges:
significant power not engaged in a dialogue with China. Encourage People-to-People Contacts: Promote
Rather than expressing apprehension about cultural exchanges, educational programs, and
potential shifts in US-China relations, India should tourism to enhance understanding between the
prioritize leveraging current opportunities with people of India and China.
the US and the West.
Promote Track II Dialogues: Encourage non-
The strategic focus should seek to hasten India’s
governmental exchanges, involving scholars,
rise in the global power hierarchy, diminish the
strategic gap with China, and strengthen military think tanks, and civil society, to contribute fresh
deterrence. perspectives and ideas.
¾ Economic Cooperation: ¾ Collaborate in International Cooperation:
Diversify Imports: India needs to reduce its Collaborate on Global Issues: Work together on
dependence on Chinese imports by diversifying global challenges such as climate change, public
its imports from other countries such as Vietnam, health, and counter-terrorism, showcasing joint
South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Indonesia. leadership on the world stage.
Boost Exports: India can focus on increasing its Joining Multilateral Platforms: Engage in multilateral
exports to China. India should focus on exporting platforms to address shared concerns and foster
high-value products like engineering goods, cooperation on regional and global issues.
electronics, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals.
¾ High Tech is the new Foreign Policy:
Develop Domestic Industries: India needs to
develop its domestic industries to reduce its Joint Research and Innovation: Encourage
reliance on imports. This will not only help reduce collaboration in technology, research, and
the trade imbalance but also create employment innovation to benefit both nations economically
opportunities in India. and technologically.
Joint Efforts on Environmental Issues: Collaborate

What is Quantum Computing?
on environmental initiatives, such as addressing
¾ Quantum computing is a process that uses the
air pollution and water management, to highlight
laws of quantum mechanics to solve problems
shared interests. too large or complex for traditional computers.
¾ Emerge as a Net Security provider in the Indo-Pacific Quantum computers rely on qubits to run and solve
Region: multidimensional quantum algorithms.
Maritime Security: India should participate in efforts A qubit is a basic unit of quantum information
to ensure the safety and freedom of navigation that can be in a coherent superposition of both
in critical sea lanes, contributing to the overall states.
security architecture in the Indo-Pacific. z Qubits are the quantum analog of classical
Humanitarian Assistance: India should keep bits, which can only be either 0 or 1 but unlike
its commitment to regional security by actively a normal bit, which can only be 0 or 1, a qubit
participating in humanitarian assistance and can also be in a state where it is both at the
disaster relief operations. same time.
z Qubits can be implemented using various
Conclusion: physical systems, such as trapped ions, photons,
Assessing changes in great power dynamics and or superconducting circuits.
formulating responses constitute a fundamental aspect ¾ Quantum computers can perform some calculations
of any nation’s foreign policy. For India, the key focus exponentially faster than any modern “classical”
should be on capitalizing on emerging opportunities to computer, by taking advantage of quantum
enhance its alliances with the US and adeptly navigate phenomena such as superposition and entanglement.
complex relations with China. India’s ascension in the In particular, a large-scale quantum computer
international system positions it well to effectively manage could break widely used encryption schemes and
any abrupt shifts in great power relations. aid physicists in performing physical simulations.
nnn
How might Quantum-AI
Convergence Reshape Technology and Society?
Quantum Computing and ¾ Quantum Networking: Leveraging quantum
teleportation for transferring quantum states without
AI in Symbiotic Harmony the physical transfer of individual particles, redefining
This editorial is based on “When AI meets Quantum secure communication and potentially paving the way
Computing” which was published in The Hindu Business for a ‘quantum internet.’
Line on 22/11/2023. It discusses the potential applications ¾ Increased Computational Power: Quantum computers
and challenges of combining artificial intelligence (AI) have the potential to solve certain types of problems
and quantum computing, two of the most promising much faster than classical computers. When integrated
technologies of the 21st century. with AI algorithms, this enhanced computational power
could lead to breakthroughs in complex problem-
Tag: Science & Technology, GS Paper - 3, IT & Computers solving, optimization, and machine learning tasks.
Quantum Computing (QC) and Artificial Intelligence In 2019, Google’s Sycamore quantum processor
(AI) are two of the most transformative technologies in achieved ‘quantum supremacy’, solving complex
our era, pushing the boundaries of computation and problems in about 200 seconds that would take
cognition. Although they may seem to follow separate classical supercomputers millennia.
paths at first, QC redefines the limits of speed and ¾ Improved Optimization Algorithms: Quantum
parallelism while AI reshapes our understanding of algorithms excel at solving optimization problems.
intelligence and automation. However, when these paths By combining quantum computing with AI, industries
intersect, the potential outcomes become extraordinary such as logistics, finance, and manufacturing could
and formidable. benefit from more efficient resource allocation,
The convergence of Quantum Computing and supply chain management, and financial modeling.
Artificial Intelligence amplifies the strengths of each, ¾ Enhanced Cryptography and Security: Quantum
offering a symbiotic relationship that transcends the algorithms like Shor’s have the potential to break
limitations of traditional computing. widely used encryption methods. While this poses a
threat to existing security systems, it also opens the through the principles of quantum entanglement
door for the development of new, quantum-resistant and superposition.
encryption techniques. The intersection of quantum Quantum Potential: Quantum Machine Learning
computing and AI could be instrumental in creating (QML) and algorithms can process high-dimensional
advanced cryptographic methods that are secure data more efficiently, offering advantages in tasks
against both classical and quantum threats. like pattern recognition and dataset classification.
¾ Energy Optimization: Quantum-AI convergence ¾ Algorithmic Practicality:
may lead to improved energy efficiency in various Challenge: Quantum versions of ML algorithms,
applications. By optimizing algorithms and processes such as Quantum Support Vector Machines, show
through quantum computing, energy consumption in promise in theory but face practical implementation
data centers and other computing-intensive operations challenges due to current limitations in quantum
could be reduced. hardware.
¾ Advancements in Climate Modeling: Quantum Quantum Potential: Quantum algorithms, when
computing can enhance the accuracy and speed of practical, could significantly enhance tasks like
climate modeling simulations. This could contribute neural network training, system optimization,
to better understanding and addressing climate and real-time analytics.
change-related challenges by providing more precise ¾ Optimization Problems:
predictions and insights. Challenge: Classical optimization problems in AI
¾ Scientific Discovery: Quantum-AI convergence has the and ML, such as escaping local minima, can be
potential to accelerate scientific discovery by handling time-consuming.
and analyzing large datasets more efficiently. This Quantum Potential: Quantum annealing actively
could lead to breakthroughs in fields such as physics, addresses optimization problems by leveraging
chemistry, and biology. quantum tunnelling, showcasing real-world
applications like real-time route optimization.
¾ Drug Discovery and Healthcare: Combining AI’s pattern
¾ Exploration of Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs):
recognition with quantum computing’s simulation
Challenge: Transitioning from classical neural
abilities for advancements in drug discovery and
personalised medicine. networks to QNNs remains theoretical, with practical
implementations yet to be realized.
¾ Climate Modelling: Quantum-enhanced AI may lead
Quantum Potential: QNNs have the potential to
to more accurate climate models, offering improved
surpass classical neural networks in capabilities,
solutions to the climate crisis.
offering improved performance in tasks like
decision-making and pattern recognition.
What Potential does Quantum
Computing have to Address Data related What could be the Ethical
Challenges of Quantum-AI Convergence? Considerations of Quantum-AI Convergence?
¾ Data Quantity and Quality: ¾ Misinformation and Biased Decision-Making: The
Challenge: Quantum-AI convergence requires integration of Quantum Computing and AI introduces
substantial datasets to train models effectively. the risk of misinformation and biased decision-making.
Obtaining large, high-quality datasets remains a AI algorithms, when powered by quantum capabilities,
challenge, especially for quantum applications in may inadvertently amplify biases present in training
areas like chemistry, material science, and drug data, leading to unfair outcomes.
discovery. ¾ Privacy Infringement: The combination of Quantum
Computing and AI can potentially lead to more
Quantum Potential: Quantum algorithms can
sophisticated and intrusive data analysis. There is
enhance data processing efficiency, but leveraging
a need for robust privacy protection measures to
their full potential depends on the availability of
prevent unauthorized access to sensitive information.
sizable, well-curated datasets.
¾ Autonomous Weaponry: The prospect of combining
¾ High-Dimensional Data Processing:
quantum capabilities with AI raises concerns about
Challenge: Machine Learning (ML) often deals with the development of autonomous weaponry. Ethical
high-dimensional data, demanding exponential considerations must guide the responsible use of
increases in computational resources for classical these technologies to prevent the creation of weapons
computing. Quantum solutions are theorized to that could act independently and make life-or-death
handle high-dimensional vectors more efficiently decisions.
¾ Unforeseen Societal Repercussions: The convergence Conclusion

of Quantum Computing and AI may have unforeseen
The intersection of quantum computing and artificial
societal repercussions. The rapid advancement of
intelligence represents more than just a technological
these technologies could lead to disruptions in various
advancement; it marks a profound leap forward. This
sectors, affecting employment, economic structures,
convergence fundamentally alters the landscape of
and social dynamics.
computation, scientific exploration, and ethical
¾ Technical Challenges and Security Implications: The
governance. The interdependence between these fields
current state of quantum computing faces significant
holds the promise to redefine our digital future, providing
technical challenges, such as decoherence and error-
answers to challenges that were once considered
correction. Ethical considerations extend to the
insurmountable.
potential security implications of these challenges.
nnn
What can be
Done to Overcome the Challenges?
¾ Quantum-Resistant Encryption:
India’s Economic
Quantum computers have the potential to break Surge: Analysing the Robust
currently used encryption methods, such as Growth in FY24
Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) and Elliptic curve
cryptography (ECC), through algorithms like Shor’s This editorial is based on “How India can sustain its
algorithm. economic momentum in an uncertain world” which was
Developing quantum-resistant encryption methods published in The Indian Express on 24/11/2023. It
is crucial to maintaining the security and privacy discusses the factors that have contributed to a sustained
of sensitive data in a future where quantum growth this year and what are the areas of concerns
computers become more prevalent. that India need to be cautious of.
¾ Ethical Guidelines and International Regulations for
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper - 3, Growth & Development, GS
Autonomous Systems:
Paper - 2, Government Policies & Interventions.
The development and deployment of autonomous
From a macroeconomic perspective, the month of
systems, including AI, require clear ethical guidelines
November 2023 has so far been rather cheerful, and may
and international regulations to prevent unintended
well end on a positive note when the Gross Domestic
consequences and ethical breaches.
Product (GDP) numbers for India are released for the
These guidelines should address issues like bias,
second quarter.
transparency, accountability, and the potential
The Indian economy is seen to have maintained its
impact on employment.
growth momentum in the second quarter of Financial
¾ Ethical Frameworks for Converging Technologies:
Year 2023-24 (Q2 FY24) and is estimated to have grown
As various technologies, such as quantum computing about 7% with robust factory expansion and higher
and AI, converge, it is important to establish ethical consumption.
frameworks to anticipate and mitigate potential
negative impacts. How has the Indian
Equitable distribution of benefits across society Economy Grown in the Fiscal Year 2024?
should be a central consideration to avoid ¾ India’s GDP grew by 7.8% in the first quarter of the
exacerbating existing societal inequalities. 2023-2024 fiscal year.
¾ Transparent Communication and Collaboration in ¾ The growth estimates for the second quarter can
Quantum-Powered AI: touch the 7% mark because of the factors such as
Quantum-powered AI systems present unique e-way bills, Goods and Services Tax (GST) collections,
security risks, and as they advance, transparent credit growth, electricity consumption, and other
communication and collaboration are essential. mobility indicators suggest that healthy private
Sharing information about potential vulnerabilities consumption and factory output, robust services
and collaborating on security measures can activity, and front-loading of government capital
help ensure the responsible development and expenditure (Official estimates will be released by
deployment of quantum-powered AI. the end of November 2023).
The central government has spent around 49% Texas Intermediate is down around 20% from
of its FY24 budgeted capex in the first half of the a high in September.
year, which is 43% higher than the expenditure in z Festivals: The festive season also ended on a
the same period in 2022. positive note. According to the Confederation
of All India Traders (CAIT), retail markets in
What are the Factors India saw record trading of Rs 3.75 lakh crore
that have contributed to the Robust Growth? during this festive season.
Add to this an additional trade of Rs 50,000
¾ Geopolitical Factors:
crore during the remaining festivals and the
In global geopolitics, positive signs have emerged
signals are encouraging.
from West Asia, where Israel and Hamas are
reported to have agreed to a short ceasefire. What are the Factors
Another positive development has been US and that India Should Keep a Watch upon?
Chinese President holding a summit and discussing
¾ Oil Prices: Oil prices need to be carefully watched
various global and bilateral issues including the
with the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
West Asia situation, Iran, Taiwan, climate change Countries (OPEC) and its allies (OPEC+) leaders set
and military communication. to review production targets later this month. The
z Despite there being no joint statement or grouping will want to defend the prices going forward
formal cooperation declaration, the summit and they could do that by leveraging their pricing power
still managed to send a positive and important and making sure that the supply deficit is maintained
signal that cooperation can bring benefits to a via extension of supply cuts. Following steps can help
nervous world. India reduce its dependence on the OPEC+.
¾ Economical Factors: Diversify the Sources of Oil Imports: India has
External: increased the number of its crude oil suppliers

from 27 countries in 2006-07 to 39 in 2021-22,
z Inflation Easing: A positive surprise has come
adding new suppliers like Columbia, Libya, Gabon,
from the recent inflation prints in the developed
Equatorial Guinea etc., while strengthening its
world. relationship with countries like US and Russia.
The US Consumer Price Index (CPI) based Accelerate Bio-fuel Economy: India has been
inflation stood at 3.2% in October, down developing its bio-fuel economy by increasing the
from 3.7% in September. ethanol blending in petrol from 1.53% in 2013-14
Alongside, inflation in the European Union to 20% by 2025-26.
also dropped sharply to 2.9% from 4.3% the z The government has also launched the National
month before. Green Hydrogen Mission to develop green
z Bond Yield Easing: Bond yields have eased hydrogen production capacity of at least 5
globally and equities have soared as these price MMT per annum.
readings have raised hopes that the fight against Shift to Renewable Energy Sources: India has been
inflation may have finally reached an end. promoting the use of natural gas and renewable
Internal: energy sources to reduce its oil consumption and
carbon footprint.
z Decline in Inflation: Retail inflation eased by
z The government has set a target of increasing
10 basis points to 4.9% — a four-month low.
the share of natural gas in the energy mix from
Core inflation eased to 4.2%. 6% to 15% by 2030.
The Wholesale Price Index declined 0.52% z The government has also announced its aim
compared to the same period in 2022, marking of achieving 500 GW installed capacity from
the seventh consecutive month in negative non-fossil fuel based sources by 2030.
territory, imparting relief to producers via ¾ External Demand: The external demand environment
softer input prices. still remains very feeble and world trade growth remains
z Stability in Crude Oil Prices: Global crude at historic lows, with few signs of improvement. In
oil prices have continued to soften and are fact, it is projected to decline from 5% in 2022 to
seemingly staring at a bear market. The West 1% in 2023.
Boost Domestic Demand: The government has Conclusion

announced a series of measures to boost the
India’s Q2 FY23-24 macroeconomic outlook is
investment climate, such as easing the Foreign
optimistic, projecting a 7% GDP growth. Factors include
Direct Investment (FDI) norms, reducing the geopolitical stability, favorable economic conditions, and
corporate tax rate, and launching a production- controlled inflation with stable oil prices. Challenges like
linked incentive scheme for various sectors. fluctuating oil prices require strategic measures, such as
z These initiatives can help attract more domestic diversifying sources and prioritizing green initiatives.
and foreign investment and create more jobs Domestically, sustaining demand and boosting export
and income opportunities for the people. competitiveness are key focuses. India demonstrates
Enhance Export Competitiveness: India can commitment to global economic stability through effective
boost export competitiveness through improved policy coordination, including monetary and fiscal
quality, increased productivity, diversified export measures.
markets, and streamlined trade facilitation. nnn
The government has taken steps to improve the
ease of doing business, simplify the GST regime,
implement the National Logistics Policy, and Navigating Climate
reform the labour laws.
z These measures can help reduce the regulatory Change Through Climate-
and logistical barriers for exporters and make Smart Agriculture
them more efficient and competitive in the
global market. This editorial is based on “Need for climate-smart
Pursue Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements: agriculture in India” which was published in The Hindu
India can pursue regional and bilateral trade on 25/11/2023. It discusses the challenges of climate
change and food insecurity, and how climate-smart
agreements with its strategic partners and potential
agriculture (CSA) can be a viable option to address
markets, which can help expand its market access,
them.
reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers, and promote
trade and investment flows.
Tag: Agriculture, GS Paper - 3, Agricultural Resources, Irrigation
z The government has expressed its interest in
The two most important issues facing humanity in
joining the Comprehensive and Progressive
the 21st century are climate change and food insecurity.
Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Some of the ongoing effects of climate change, such as
(CPTPP), which is a mega-regional trade pact
heat waves, flash floods, droughts, and cyclones, are
among 11 countries.
negatively influencing lives and livelihoods.
z India is also negotiating free trade agreements
The world’s southern continents are reportedly
with the European Union, the UK, Australia, and
experiencing severe drought due to climate change, which
the Gulf Cooperation Council.
negatively impacts agricultural production and farmers’
z These agreements can help India diversify its livelihoods. Both population expansion and dietary
trade relations and benefit from the regional changes are contributing to an increase in the demand
value chains. for food. The effects of the environment on farm output
¾ Monetary and Fiscal Polices: India should align only add to the difficulty.
its monetary and fiscal policies, considering both As a result of climate change, traditional farming
local and global influences. Experts praise India for practices are becoming less productive. Climate change
effectively coordinating these policies, unlike the US is increasing the dangers faced by farmers, prompting
and elsewhere. them to re-evaluate their practices. Farmers are taking
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the finance a variety of adaptation measures to reduce the negative
ministry have adeptly handled global risks and effects of climate change. The need for a holistic strategy
ongoing inflation concerns. is driven by climate change’s dual challenges of adaptation
The government is progressing towards its 5.9% and mitigation, and the pressing need for agricultural
GDP fiscal deficit target and should emphasize its production to rise by 60% by 2050 in order to fulfill food
commitment to this goal. demand.
z Agroforestry can enhance soil quality, conserve
water, diversify income sources, provide
fuelwood and fodder, and sequester carbon.
Precision Irrigation: Drip irrigation, sprinkler
irrigation, and collecting rainwater are all examples
of effective climate-smart agriculture strategies
that can be used to maximize water use efficiency
and reduce negative impacts on the environment.
z Precision irrigation can also be combined with
sensors, drones, and satellite imagery to monitor
soil moisture and crop water needs in real time.
Variable Rate Fertilization: Applying the right
amount of fertilizer at the right time and place
can optimize crop yields and minimize nutrient
losses and greenhouse gas emissions.
z Variable rate fertilization can be achieved
What is Climate-Smart Agriculture? by using soil testing, remote sensing, and
¾ Climate-smart agriculture is an approach that helps precision agriculture technologies to tailor
guide actions to transform agri-food systems towards fertilizer application to the specific needs of
green and climate resilient practices. It supports each crop and field.
reaching internationally agreed goals such as the
SDGs and the Paris Agreement. What are the
¾ It aims to tackle three main objectives: Benefits of Climate Smart Agriculture?
Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity ¾ Increased Agricultural Productivity: Production
and incomes resources are diminishing, and demand for agricultural
Adapting and building resilience to climate change products is increasing; thus, there is a need for resource-
Reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas efficient farming to cope with climate variability.
emissions In India, crop yield decline owing to climate change
¾ Some examples of climate-smart agriculture practices (between 2010 and 2039) could be as high as 9%.
are: CSA substantially contributes to climate adaptation,
Cultivating Climate-Resilient Crop Varieties: Growing mitigation, and food security.
crops that are more resistant to temperature and z Studies from different climate-smart techniques
precipitation changes, pests, diseases, and salinity used in India show that they improve agricultural
can help farmers cope with the adverse effects of production, make agriculture sustainable and
climate change on crop production. reliable, and reduce GHG emissions.
z For instance, drought-tolerant maize varieties
z One study from the northwest Indo-Gangetic
have been developed and disseminated in
Plain for wheat production shows that site-
sub-Saharan Africa, benefiting millions of
specific no-tillage is advantageous for fertilizer
smallholder farmers.
management and can boost yield, nutrient
Conservation Agriculture: No-till and reduced-
usage efficiency, and profitability while lowering
tillage cultivation, employing crop residues and
GHG emissions.
cover crops to keep the soil covered, and rotating
Furthermore, The importance of CSA lies in its ability
crops to enhance soil fertility and biodiversity are
some of the practices that fall under conservation to increase agricultural output while maintaining
agriculture. ecological stability.
z These practices can reduce soil erosion, improve z This correlation is not only a desired consequence
water retention, increase carbon sequestration, but rather essential for long-term food security
and lower greenhouse gas emissions. and sustainable resource usage in a warming
Agroforestry: Integrating trees and shrubs with
planet.
crops and livestock can create more diverse and ¾ GHG Emission Reduction: The agricultural sector
productive agricultural systems that provide multiple produces a large amount of GHGs. The sector’s share
benefits for farmers and the environment. in GHG’s emissions in 2018 was 17%. Therefore, CSA
implementation is crucial for lowering GHG emissions ¾ High Costs and Risks: The initial costs associated
and protecting biodiversity. with adopting new technologies and practices can
Furthermore, it aids in enhancing farmland carbon be a significant barrier for farmers. Additionally, the
storage. perceived risks may discourage adoption.
The Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming ¾ Policy and Regulatory Barriers: Policies that do not
by reducing GHG emissions is tied directly to the support or incentivize CSA can be a major hindrance.
success of the CSA. Regulatory barriers might also slow down the scaling
up of CSA practices.
Agroforestry and carbon sequestration are two
examples of CSA measures that could help India What Measures should be taken for
meet its international obligations and contribute Better Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture?
to the global fight against climate change.
¾ Capacity Building and Awareness: Enhancing the
¾ Support for Small and Marginal Farmers: The majority
capacity and awareness of farmers and extension
of Indian farmers are small or marginal. Therefore, CSA workers on the principles and practices of CSA through
can play a significant role in helping them increase training, demonstration, farmer-to-farmer exchange
their profits. The intersection of climate vulnerability and mass media.
and agricultural importance places India at a unique
¾ Financial and Technical Support: Providing financial
juncture where CSA adoption is not merely desirable and technical support to farmers for adopting CSA
but essential. technologies and innovations, such as subsidies, credit,
¾ Biodiversity Conservation: CSA’s ecosystem-based insurance, market linkages and digital platforms.
approach and different crop varieties help cropland ¾ Policy and Institutional Strengthening: Strengthening
and wild regions coexist together. This collaborative the policy and institutional framework for promoting
effort helps to safeguard native plant species, keep and scaling up CSA, such as integrating CSA into
pollinator populations stable, and mitigate the effects national and state action plans on climate change,
of habitat degradation. creating a dedicated CSA fund and establishing a CSA
¾ Reduced impact of Climate Change: CSA promotes coordination committee.
crop diversification, increases water efficiency, and ¾ Encourage the Marginalised Groups to Participate:
integrates drought-resistant crop types, all of which Encouraging the participation and empowerment of
help lessen the disruptive effects of climate change. women and marginalized groups in CSA planning and
By reducing exposure to climate-related dangers implementation, such as ensuring their representation
and shocks, CSA increases resilience in the face in CSA committees, providing them with equal access
of longer-term stressors like shorter seasons and to resources and opportunities and addressing their
erratic weather patterns. specific needs and preferences.
¾ Foster Innovation and Collaboration: Fostering
What are the Challenges innovation and collaboration among different actors
before Climate Smart Agriculture in India? and sectors for developing and disseminating context-
specific and demand-driven CSA solutions, such as
¾ Lack of Awareness and Knowledge: This is a common involving farmers in participatory research, creating
challenge in the adoption of new agricultural practices. public-private partnerships and facilitating multi-
Farmers and extension workers may not be aware stakeholder platforms.
of the benefits of CSA or how to implement these
practices effectively. Initiatives for Climate Smart Agriculture
¾ Limited Access to Finance, Insurance, and Markets: ¾ The National Adaptation Fund for Climate
Financing is crucial for farmers to invest in new Change, National Innovation on Climate Resilient
technologies and practices associated with CSA. Lack Agriculture, Soil Health Mission, Pradhan Mantri
of access to finance, insurance, and markets can Krishi Sinchayee Yojana, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas
hinder the adoption of CSA. Yojana, Biotech-KISAN, and Climate Smart Village
are a few examples of government initiatives in
¾ Inadequate Infrastructure and Institutional Support:
India focusing on CSA.
The success of CSA relies on supportive infrastructure
and institutions. This includes irrigation systems, ¾ Various public and private sector entities such as
storage facilities, and organizations that can provide farmer-producer organisations and NGOs are also
assistance and guidance. working towards the adoption of CSA.
The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, In this situation, the adoption of electric vehicles in
Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), which road transportation has the potential to effectively combat
is a global partnership of research organizations the problem of air pollution in the country.
that aims to address the interlinked challenges
What Prompts the Necessity
of food security, poverty, and climate change.
for Electrification of Road Transport in India?
The World Bank Group, which provides loans,
grants, and technical assistance to support CSA ¾ Air Quality Improvement:
projects and programs in developing countries. Globally, the transport sector contributes about
The Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture 25% of CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion and
(GACSA), which is a voluntary platform that 15% of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.
brings together governments, civil society, According to the latest International Transport
farmers, research institutions, and private sector Forum Report, by 2050 global CO₂ emissions from
to facilitate knowledge sharing, policy dialogue, transport will increase by 16%, even if today’s
and investment in CSA. political commitments are fully implemented.
Out of the 50 most polluted cities in the world,
The Climate-Smart Agriculture Youth Network
(CSAYN), which is a group of young people from 35 are in India.
different countries who are promoting CSA Electrification of road transport can reduce criterion
awareness and action among youth and other air pollutants, specifically NOx and PM2.5, which
stakeholders. is important for improving ambient air quality,
particularly in densely populated cities.
Conclusion ¾ Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels:
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) has the potential to Transport is heavily reliant on oil, with 95% of
assure food security, empower farmers, and protect our demand met by petroleum products. Just under half
delicate ecosystems by merging innovation, resilience, and of India’s oil demand is accounted for by transport.
sustainability. In the face of a changing climate, the path z Electrification decreases this dependence,
of CSA stands out as a source of inspiration and transformation promoting cleaner and more sustainable energy
for a world working to ensure a sustainable future. sources. By diversifying the energy sources for
transportation, electrification enhances energy
nnn
security.
¾ Global Climate Change Mitigation:
Electrifying road transport aligns with global efforts
Electrification: to combat climate change.
India’s Strategy to Electric vehicles generally have lower carbon
emissions, supporting India’s commitment to
Decarbonise Road Transport reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
This editorial is based on “Fleet Electrification to tackle In 2021, various researchers claimed that electrical
urban pollution” which was published in The Hindu on vehicles in India produced approximately 19-34%
27/11/2023. It talks about the issue of air pollution, fewer GHG emissions than gasoline cars.
mainly originating from vehicle emissions, and endorses ¾ Potential Source of Economic Growth:
the electrification of road transport as a crucial strategy India is the world’s fourth largest car manufacturer,
for reducing carbon emissions in the transportation sector. making EVs a potential source of economic growth
and exports. The Indian government is committed
Tag: Biodiversity & Environment , GS Paper - 3, Environmental to achieving 30% electrification of total mobility
Pollution & Degradation, Industrial Policy, Industrial Growth, by 2030.
Infrastructure, GS Paper - 2, Government Policies & Interventions, Electric mobility creates jobs and innovation in
Issues Relating to Development. battery manufacturing, renewable energy, and
Many cities in India have experienced poor air quality charging infrastructure.
many times this year, making the air unhealthy for millions ¾ Urban Planning and Livability:
of people. Two important studies about Delhi pollution, Electric vehicles can help decongesting cities by
one from 2015 called Urban Emission and another from promoting shared mobility and compact design.
2018 by TERI, show that a big reason for the smog in It may open avenues for pedestrian-friendly
cities is pollution from tiny particles called PM2.5 and spaces, cycling infrastructure, and efficient public
PM10. These particles mostly come from vehicles and transportation, contributing to overall urban
construction activities. livability.
What are the Key Challenges Without any pollution control measures in place,
in Electrification of Road Transport in India? heavy reliance on coal power plants to generate
electricity for electrical vehicles can result in up to
¾ Decarbonization of Power Generation: multiple times higher emissions of SO2.
Policies for decarbonization of road transport ¾ Lifecycle Carbon Emissions of EVs:
through electrification without decarbonization Recent research concluded that EVs must be driven
of power generation will merely shift pollution 200,000 km before their “whole of life” carbon
from the tailpipes of vehicles to smokestacks of emissions equal that of an internal combustion
thermal power generators. engine vehicle.
z“Whole of Life” carbon missions is the total ¾ Need for better infrastructure:
carbon emissions produced over the entire life EVs require different charging and maintenance

cycle of a product, process, or system, including infrastructure than traditional ICE vehicles because
manufacturing, use, and disposal. of the differences in engine and other working parts.
The large quantity of energy needed to manufacture However, India’s current charging infrastructure
a lithium-ion battery and the typical weight of an may not be enough to handle the increased
EV which is on average 50% higher than a similar demand for EVs.
ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) vehicle that Given NITI Aayog’s projection of eight crore EVs
requires more steel and aluminium in the frame on the road by 2030, India needs to have at least
are among the reasons. 39 lakh cumulative charging stations between FY
¾ Technology Barriers to Electrification : 2022 and FY 2030.
The production of lithium-ion batteries, which are
¾ Low Market Penetration:
a key component of EVs, requires specific minerals The global EV market grew 43% annually on
and rare earth elements. average over the last five years, and the worldwide
India currently relies heavily on imports for battery
automobile market penetration rate of EVs stood
at about 2.6% in 2019.
manufacturing, leading to supply chain challenges.
India, which is the fourth largest car market globally,
¾ Financing Challenges Faced by the EV Sector:
still has EV penetration at only around 1%, and
The upfront cost of purchasing an electric vehicle is
that too is dominated by electric two-wheelers.
relatively higher compared to conventional vehicles. The market data indicates that the sales of electric
The high initial cost makes it less affordable for buses and cars amounted to just 4000 units in the
many potential buyers, limiting the demand for EVs. fiscal year 2020.
What are the Major Government Initiatives for Transport Electrification in India?
¾ Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) Scheme II
¾ National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP)
¾ Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme
¾ National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage
¾ Vehicle Scrappage Policy
¾ Ministry of Power: In its revised guidelines on charging infrastructure prescribed that at least one charging
station should be present in a grid of 3 km and at every 25 kms on both sides of the highways.
¾ Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs: It has amended the Model Building Bye-laws, 2016 (MBBL) to mandate
setting aside 20% of the parking space for EV charging facilities in residential and commercial buildings.
¾ Department of Science and Technology: It has launched a grand challenge for developing the Indian Standards
for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure.
¾ High Taxes on Petrol and Diesel: High taxes on Petrol and Diesel (about 60 % of retail prices), lowering of Goods
and Services Tax (GST) from 12 % to 5 % on EVs along with tax and other incentives offered to EV purchasers are
expected to drive the growth of EVs.
What Can India Learn from

Other Countries' Success?
¾ Setting up a Well-defined
Electric Mobility Roadmap:
United Kingdom: It has
released a Transport
Decarbonization Plan with
commitments and actions
to decarbonize the UK’s
transport to zero-emission
cars and vans by 2030.
Chile Energy Roadmap
2018-2022: Aims to increase
the existing number of
electric cars tenfold by
2022. Electrify 100% of
public transport by 2040.
Achieve a 40% penetration
What Should be the Way Forward?
rate of electric cars in the private stock by 2050. ¾ Government Fleet:
¾ Setting Clear Targets for Implementation of Electric All the government-used vehicles should be 100%
Mobility: electric only.
Norway:100 % electric vehicle sales in light-duty z There is a recent demand for 7,750 e-trucks
vehicles (LDVs) and public bus segments by 2025. in India by 2030, if it materializes, will result
¾ Easily Accessible incentives: in the country saving over 800 billion liters of
South Korea: One-time purchase subsidy for diesel by 2050.
electric cars, Planned reduction in purchase tax There is a need for all states to announce clear
surcharges of electric cars. targets and plans to transition government-owned

fleets to electric and to lead by example.
¾ Administrating the Implementation at the Subnational
z Some states have already set targets for the
Level:
transition of vehicles owned by government
California: Financial and non-financial incentives
agencies to 100% EVs, such as Andhra Pradesh,
in addition to those at the federal government Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar
level. Clear and specific adoption targets are set Pradesh, and Haryana.
for the region.
¾ Creation of Funds For Charging Infrastructure:
¾ Countries Switching to EVs at Impressive Rates: Instruments like Viability Gap Funding are capable
The top 5 countries with the highest share of EV of reducing the overall cost of setting up charging
sales are Norway (all-electric vehicles made up station operations of the business.
80% of passenger vehicle sales in 2022), Iceland ¾ Inclusion of EVs under Priority Sector Lending:
(41%), Sweden (32%), the Netherlands (24%) and In order to push the retail financing of EVs, the
China (22%). sector should be brought under the umbrella of
China boasts the largest electric car fleet in the the Reserve Bank of India’s priority-sector lending
world. (PSL) guidelines.
The PSL mandate, which has a proven track
z ¾ Innovative Solutions through Technology:
record of improving the supply of formal credit The integration of IT-enabled solutions, such as data
towards areas of national priority, is capable of monitoring and analytics, is crucial for enhancing
offering a strong regulatory incentive for banks operational performance, retaining commuters,
and NBFCs to scale their financing to EVs.
and boosting passenger trips.
¾ Innovation through Financial Models:
¾ Facilitate Private Sector Participation:
NITI Aayog suggests the recognition of EVs as an
The private sector is actively interested in
infrastructure sub-sector and the incorporation of
EVs as a separate reporting category under the RBI. the development of electric vehicle charging
infrastructure, addressing a critical aspect of EV
New financing models like green bonds are pivotal
for increasing the adoption of electric buses further. adoption and encouraging more individuals and
businesses to embrace electric mobility.
¾ Innovation through Products:
India has introduced its first electric double-decker
¾ Transitioning to Sustainable Mobility:
bus, marking a significant innovation in public NITI Aayog in a report titled ‘Decarbonising
mass transportation. Transport 2023’ suggests that achieving a
This distinctive bus stands out as an optimal solution successful “transport transformation” requires
for city travel, reducing road space and boasting a a “mobility transition” and an “energy transition
higher passenger capacity per footprint. in transport.”
Conclusion:
However, solely emphasizing the electrification of road transport will fall short of achieving effective decarbonization
in the transportation sector. To address this challenge comprehensively, a holistic approach is required that not only
promotes efficient, less carbon-intensive modes of transportation but encompasses addressing grid emission factors,
investing in alternative fuel generation, and eliminating fossil-fuel subsidies, all of which are crucial steps toward
advancing the energy transition and achieving decarbonization within the transport sector in India.
nnn
Reducing Supreme days after India became an independent, democratic

republic.
Court's Case Overload It came into being in Delhi (current seat) as a result
This editorial is based on “It’s time to revamp the of Article 130.
structure of the Supreme Court” which was published ¾ The first Supreme Court after independence included
in The Hindu on 28/11/2023. It argues that it is time to eight judges, including the CJI.
revamp the structure of the Supreme Court of India, As the workload rose year after year and arrears of
which is currently a single apex court. cases began to accumulate, Parliament increased
the number of judges from eight in 1950 to 11 in
Tag: Indian Polity, GS Paper - 2, Judiciary, Indian Constitution
1956, 14 in 1960, 18 in 1978, 26 in 1986, 31 in
Currently, there is a considerable backlog in the 2009 and 34 in 2019.
judicial system, with a staggering 80,000 cases awaiting The Constitution under Art 124 confers the power
resolution before the 34 judges of the Supreme Court. to increase the strength of the Supreme Court
This backlog reflects a significant challenge that has
on Parliament.
prompted a recurrent call for structural reforms within
the apex court. The sheer volume of pending cases not How Many Jurisdictions
only highlights the strain on the existing judicial Does the Supreme Court Have?
infrastructure but also underscores the need for a more
efficient and streamlined legal process. ¾ The Supreme Court of India has three jurisdictions
under the Constitution: original, appellate, and
What do we Know advisory.
About the Supreme Court? ¾ The Supreme Court serves as a Constitutional Court
¾ The Supreme Court, established under Article 124 as well as a Court of Appeal. The Court sits in benches
of the Constitution, is the highest judicial authority of varying sizes, as determined by the Registry on the
in the country. directions of the Chief Justice of India (CJI), who is
the Master of the Roster.
¾ It has the power to hear and decide cases involving
the interpretation of the Constitution, the validity ¾ Constitution Benches of the Supreme Court typically
of laws, and the protection of fundamental rights. comprise five, seven, or nine judges who deliberate
¾ It also acts as the final court of appeal for all civil on a specific issue related to constitutional law.
and criminal matters. Article 145(3) of the Constitution provides for the
¾ It consists of the Chief Justice of India and up to 34 setting up of a Constitution Bench.
other judges, who are appointed by the President It says a minimum of five judges need to sit for
of India. deciding a case involving a “substantial question
¾ The Supreme Court has its own rules and procedures, of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution”,
and it can issue various types of orders and judgments. or for hearing any reference under Article 143,
which deals with the power of the President to
How has the Indian Supreme Court Evolved? consult the Court.
¾ During colonial times, there were three Supreme
How Many Cases are
Courts: in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.
Pending Before the Supreme Court?
¾ The Indian High Courts Act of 1861 replaced
the Supreme Courts with High Courts for separate ¾ Till September 2023, as per data provided by National
regions. Judicial Datagrid:
¾ The Government of India Act, 1935, created the The number of cases pending before the top court
Federal Court of India as an appellate body for the of the country is: 80,344.
Privy Council and High Courts. z Of this, 78% are civil matters, 22% criminal.
¾ India adopted the Constitution in 1949. The Supreme Interestingly, the Supreme Court has till date
Court, as we know it now, was founded on 28th January disposed of 36,164 of the total 37,777 cases filed
1950, under Article 124 of the Constitution, two so far in 2023.
More than 4,000 cases pending before the Supreme According to a report by the Law Commission of
Court are over a decade old. India,The Supreme Court has 193 working days
a year for its judicial functioning.
What are the Reasons Behind ¾ Lack of Infrastructure: The Supreme Court faces
this Staggering Number of Pending Cases? a shortage of adequate infrastructure, such as
¾ Low Strength of Judges: The Supreme Court has a courtrooms, staff, technology, etc., which hampers
sanctioned strength of 34 judges, but as of August its efficiency and productivity.
2023, there were only 32 judges in office. This means For instance, the Supreme Court has only 17
that there are two vacancies that need to be filled courtrooms, which are not enough to accommodate
urgently. all the benches and cases.
The judge-to-population ratio in India is also very The court staff also face problems such as low
low compared to other countries. salaries, poor training, and high workload.
According to a response provided by the law Though the Supreme Court has introduced modern
minister in Rajya Sabha, India has approximately technologies, such as video conferencing, e-filing,
21 judges per million population. digital libraries, etc., to facilitate faster and
smoother disposal of cases but they aren’t very
z This is far below the global average of 50 judges
popular amongst the common public.
per million people.
¾ Appeals from High Courts: It was reported that appeals
Moreover, the recommendations made by the
in the top court mostly comprised matters from High
collegium for the appointment of judges are often
Courts that are closer to the Supreme Court.
delayed by the government.
That is, appeals from the Punjab and Haryana High
¾ Absence of Judges: The Supreme Court judges
Court, Allahabad High Court, and Delhi High Court
often have to attend various official and non- formed the major chunk of matters, whereas courts
official functions, such as conferences, seminars, far away from the apex court had fewer appeals
inaugurations, etc., which take up their valuable time filed, due to both difficulties in accessibility and
and affect their availability for hearing cases. costs.
Moreover, the judges also have to take leave
¾ Filling of Frivolous Cases: The Supreme Court is
for various reasons, such as health, personal, or the highest court of appeal in India, and it has the
vacation. power to hear appeals from any judgment or order
z The Supreme Court breaks for its annual summer of any court or tribunal in the country. However, this
vacation, which is typically for seven weeks power is often misused by litigants who file frivolous
starting at the end of May. or vexatious appeals in the Supreme Court.
Under its very broad jurisdiction, the Supreme The 2009 Law Commission, in its 230th report
Court has entertained frivolous public interest suggested that court vacations be cut down by
litigations, such as demands that passages be 10-15 days at all levels of the judiciary to help cut
deleted from the Quran or secularism be removed the backlog of cases.
from the Preamble to the Constitution. ¾ Establish a Final Court of Appeal and a Permanent
According to a report by the PRS Legislative Research, Constitution Bench: The work of the Supreme Court
the Supreme Court admitted 86% of the Special could be split so that there is a Final Court of Appeal
Leave Petitions (SLPs) filed in 2016. and a permanent Constitution Bench.
z This is significantly higher than the 25% admission This would ensure greater judicial stability and
rate recommended by the Law Commission of consistency by explicitly distinguishing cases filed
India in its 2009 report on access to justice. under constitutional authority from those filed
under appellate and review jurisdiction.
What Reform Measures Should ¾ Establish a Dedicated Authority for Infrastructure:
be Taken to Reduce the Pendency of Cases? Former CJI NV Ramanna proposed to set up the
¾ Split the Supreme Court into Two Divisions: The Tenth National Judicial Infrastructure Authority of India
Law Commission of India proposed that the Supreme (NJIAI) which will help improve judicial infrastructure
Court be split into two divisions: the Constitutional which currently needs urgent attention.
Division and the Legal Division. The proposal stated
that only issues pertaining to constitutional law would Conclusion
be brought to the proposed Constitutional Division. The Supreme Court’s overwhelming case backlog
Reiterating this, the Eleventh Law Commission highlights the need for urgent reforms. Addressing issues
stated in 1988 that dividing the Supreme Court like a shortage of judges, inadequate infrastructure, and
into parts would make justice more widely available frivolous appeals is crucial. Measures such as increasing
and would significantly decrease the fees that workdays, establishing regional benches, and exploring
litigants have to pay. specialized courts can enhance efficiency and accessibility.
¾ Establish a National Court of Appeal for SLPs: In Bihar Embracing these reforms can create a more responsive
Legal Support Society v. Chief Justice of India, 1986, and effective judiciary in India.
the Supreme Court stated that it was “desirable” to nnn
establish a National Court of Appeal that would be able
to entertain special leave petitions. This would allow
the Supreme Court to only entertain constitutional India’s Maritime
and public law-related questions.
¾ Establish the Regional Benches of Supreme Court: As
Security Paradigm
a step towards making the Court more accessible, the This editorial is based on “The challenge of maritime
229th Law Commission Report, 2009 recommended security in the Global South” which was published in
four regional benches to be located in Delhi, Chennai The Hindu on 29/11/2023. It argues that the Global South
or Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai to hear non- faces a complex and evolving maritime security
constitutional issues. environment, with threats ranging from piracy, terrorism,
It recommended six judges from each region at four illegal fishing, drug trafficking, and environmental
regional benches take up appellate responsibility, degradation, to great power rivalry.
with a Constitution Bench in New Delhi working
on a regular basis. Tag: Internal Security, GS Paper - 3, Security Challenges & their
By dividing the heavy backlog of non-constitutional Management in Border Areas
cases among regional benches, the Supreme Court, According to Charles Darwin, the ability to adapt and
it said, could “deal with constitutional issues and adjust to the changing environment is the key to human
other cases of national importance on a day-to- survival and progress. He believed that it is not the
day basis.” strongest or most intelligent species that survives, but
¾ Increase the number of Work Days: The Malimath the one with the capacity to be resilient and adaptable.
Committee suggested that the Supreme Court should This notion of resilient adaptability has been proven true
work for 206 days and it also recommended that the over time, and it is particularly relevant in the maritime
period of vacation should be reduced by 21 days, domain where dealing with emerging challenges requires
keeping in mind the long pendency of cases. a flexible approach.
What is the Significance terrorism, smuggling, illegal fishing, and environmental
of Maritime Security for India? degradation. India needs to protect its coastal and
¾ India has a long coastline of over 7,000 km, which offshore assets, such as oil and gas installations, fishing
makes it vulnerable to various threats such as piracy, grounds, and ports, from these threats.
¾ India’s economy depends largely on the sea, as over 70% Asymmetrical Tactics: The use of asymmetrical
of its trade value and nearly 95% of its trade volume tactics, as observed in Ukraine’s actions against
is carried by sea. India also imports most of its energy Russia in the Black Sea or China’s deployment of
needs from the sea, especially from the Gulf region. maritime militias in the South China Sea, introduces
Therefore, India needs to ensure the security a new dimension to maritime security. This involves
and freedom of navigation of the Sea Lanes of unconventional and unexpected methods that may
Communication (SLOCs) in the Indian Ocean and not follow traditional military strategies.
beyond, which are vital for its economic growth Grey-Zone Warfare: The use of grey-zone
and energy security. tactics, which fall between conventional and
¾ India has a strategic interest in the Indian Ocean unconventional methods, presents challenges
Region (IOR), which is home to many friendly and in responding effectively as these tactics often
cooperative countries, as well as some potential exploit legal and policy ambiguities.
adversaries. z Such tactics can include covert operations and
India has historical, cultural, and diasporic ties actions below the threshold of open conflict.
with many countries in the IOR, and also invests E.g. Violation of the SEZ by countries like USA.
in their development and security. Combat Drones: The utilization of combat drones
adds a new dimension to maritime operations,
What are the
enabling states and non-state actors to conduct
Challenges in the Maritime Domain? reconnaissance, surveillance, and potentially carry
¾ Hard Security Challenges: out attacks.
Land Attack Missiles: The deployment of land Reluctance to Cooperate: Some littoral states
attack missiles at sea poses a direct threat to resist maritime cooperation with foreign agencies,
maritime security. This includes the use of missiles aiming to reduce reliance on external assistance.
that can target land-based facilities from maritime This reluctance can impede the development of
platforms, challenging traditional notions of sea- comprehensive and coordinated security measures.
based threats. Information Sharing Challenges: While there
¾ Unconventional Security Threats: is a willingness to share information, there are
Illegal Fishing: Maritime security is threatened by limitations in the extent of collaboration, with
illegal fishing activities, which can deplete marine states often sharing only the minimum required
resources and undermine the livelihoods of coastal for common security goals. E.g. Even though India
communities. E.g. Fishing in Indian Waters by Shri and the USA have signed several agreements on
Lankan fishermen. Information sharing but still there are reluctance
Natural Disasters: The increasing frequency and to information sharing due to some security and
intensity of natural disasters in the maritime domain, sovereignty concerns.
such as cyclones and tsunamis, pose significant
challenges to maritime security and emergency What are the Initiatives
response efforts. Taken by India to Enhance Maritime Security?
Marine Pollution: Pollution, including oil spills and ¾ Capacity Augmentation of Maritime Security Agencies:
plastic waste, poses environmental and economic This includes the modernization and expansion of
threats to the maritime domain. the Indian Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Police to
Human and Drug Trafficking: Illicit activities like enhance their capabilities for surveillance and patrol
human and drug trafficking, often carried out of the nation’s maritime zones.
through maritime routes, contribute to insecurity It also involves the acquisition of advanced
in the maritime domain. platforms, systems, and equipment such as aircraft
Climate Change Impact: Rising sea levels, climate carriers, submarines, frigates, helicopters, radars,
change, and related impacts disproportionately and satellites.
affect less developed states, making them more
¾ Enhanced Technical Surveillance of Coastal and
vulnerable to environmental changes and extreme
Offshore Areas: This includes the implementation
weather events.
of various projects and schemes such as the Coastal
¾ Zero-Sum Competition in the Indo-Pacific: The Surveillance Network, the National Command
perceived zero-sum competition among powerful Control Communication and Intelligence Network,
nations in the Indo-Pacific is identified as a threat,
the National Automatic Identification System, and
particularly for the developing world. The competition
the National Maritime Domain Awareness Project.
may divert attention and resources away from
These aim to provide a comprehensive and
addressing the security concerns of littoral states in
Asia, Africa, and the Southern Pacific. integrated picture of the maritime domain and
enable timely detection and response to any
Zero-sum competition in the Indo-Pacific is a term
threats or incidents.
that refers to the idea that the interests and actions
of the US and China in the region are mutually ¾ Establishment of Mechanisms for Inter-Agency
exclusive and incompatible and that any gain for Coordination: This includes the creation of various
one side is a loss for the other. bodies and committees such as the National Committee
z This perspective assumes that the Indo-Pacific
for Strengthening Maritime and Coastal Security,
is a zero-sum game, where the two powers the National Maritime Security Coordinator, the
are locked in a rivalry for influence, resources, Joint Operations Centres, and the Coastal Security
and security. Operations Centres.
¾ Challenges in Maritime Governance: These aim to facilitate effective coordination and
Lack of Coordination: Littoral states in Asia and

information sharing among various stakeholders
Africa face challenges in coordinating their efforts to involved in maritime security such as the Navy,
combat maritime threats. Unequal law-enforcement Coast Guard, Customs, Intelligence, Fisheries,
capabilities and varying security priorities hinder and Ports.
effective collaboration. E.g. ASEAN countries often ¾ Integration of the Fishing and Coastal Communities:
show reluctance to call out China’s hegemonial This includes the implementation of various measures
actions in the South China Sea. such as the issuance of biometric identity cards,
the installation of transponders and distress alert confidence-building measures among the maritime
transmitters, the conduct of community awareness actors.
and education programs, and the provision of livelihood ¾ Strengthening the role and capabilities of the
and welfare schemes. coast guards and other maritime law enforcement
These aim to involve the fishing and coastal agencies, as they are often the first responders to
communities in the maritime security framework non-conventional threats, such as piracy, smuggling,
and enhance their security and well-being. trafficking, and pollution.
¾ Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) They can also play a vital role in enhancing maritime
¾ Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) domain awareness, safeguarding the sovereignty and
¾ Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) rights of coastal states, and providing humanitarian
assistance and disaster relief.
What Measures can ¾ Addressing the root causes and drivers of non-
be Taken to Overcome the Challenges? conventional threats, such as poverty, inequality,
¾ Enhancing maritime security cooperation among corruption, governance, and climate change, through
like-minded countries, through bilateral, trilateral, or sustainable development, regional integration, and
multilateral mechanisms, such as the Quadrilateral multilateral cooperation. These can help to improve
Security Dialogue (Quad), the Indian Ocean Rim the livelihoods, resilience, and security of the
Association (IORA), and the ASEAN Regional Forum coastal communities, and reduce the incentives and
(ARF). opportunities for criminal activities.
Such cooperation can include information-sharing,
joint exercises, capacity-building, interoperability, Conclusion
and coordination of responses to common threats. India is committed to maritime security and has
¾ Developing a common code of conduct or a set of initiatives like SAGAR and IONS to navigate the evolving
norms and rules for the maritime domain, based landscape. India’s capacity building and international
on the principles of international law, especially the cooperation not only protect its coastline but also
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea contribute to global maritime stability. The vision for
(UNCLOS). secure seas propels India towards a future of resilience,
Such a code of conduct can help to prevent or adaptability, and collaboration.
manage disputes, reduce tensions, and promote nnn
Drishti Mains Questions
1. What are the key challenges in mobilizing, measuring and monitoring climate finance ?
Suggest measures to ensure accurate and transparent financial contributions for climate mitigation and adaptation
projects on a global scale.
2. India’s economic growth has witnessed significant fluctuations in recent years. Analyze the key factors
responsible for the decline in GDP growth rates and the measures that the Indian government should
undertake to rejuvenate the economy.
3. India aims to become a USD 30 trillion economy by its 100th year of independence. Discuss the key
objectives and challenges associated with this vision, and propose policy measures that can help
India overcome the obstacles in achieving its economic aspirations.
4. Discuss the role of the United Nations in maintaining international peace and global order in the face
of contemporary challenges. What reforms are necessary to enhance its effectiveness in this critical
mission?
5. Discuss the multifaceted challenges posed by air pollution in India and outline the key strategies
required to ensure a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future for its citizens.
6. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) threatens public health in India. Examine AMR concerns, government
efforts, and suggest more actions to combat it.
7. Discuss the key elements and priorities that India should consider in the National Security Strategy
to effectively address current and future security challenges of the country.
8. Discuss the potential uses and threats of deepfake technology. In light of this, examine the measures
governments and technology companies can take to mitigate the negative consequences of deepfakes.
9. Discuss the challenges associated with crop residue burning in Indian agriculture and propose
comprehensive strategies to address the issue, emphasizing the role of circular agriculture, bio-CNG
production, and sustainable rural development.
10. Examine the historical development and importance of Net Neutrality in India. Discuss the fundamental
principles and obstacles related to net neutrality regulations and propose suggestions for a well-
balanced regulatory framework within the country.
11. Discuss the key challenges in the Indian space programme mission. How can India strategically enhance
its space program to achieve unprecedented success in the field of space exploration?
12. Discuss the advantages and significant challenges associated with the Forest (Conservation) Amendment
Act, 2023. How can this amendment play a pivotal role in steering a course where development and
environmental sustainability can actively support each other toward national progress?
13. What are the key challenges and debates surrounding the formulation and implementation of welfare
policies in India? Suggest policy strategies that can empower the holistic development of individuals
and communities in the country.
14. What are the primary concerns in crafting the Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023, in India?
Suggest policy strategies aimed at instituting and sustaining robust regulations for the telecommunications
sector in the country.
15. Evaluate the benefits and challenges associated with Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS).
Propose actionable steps that India could take to enhance its capacities on LAWS.
16. Discuss the potential benefits and challenges associated with implementing state funding of elections
in India. What policy measures do you suggest to create a more equitable and accountable electoral
process in India?
Drishti Mains Questions
17. Examine the multifaceted challenges associated with road accidents in India and suggest comprehensive
strategies that the government should adopt to address the silent pandemic of road accidents.
18. Evaluate the challenges associated with the office of Governor and propose reforms to the current
appointment and removal process, drawing insights from recommendations made by committees.
19. Assess the arguments for and against state-imposed domicile reservations in private employment in
India. What are the key considerations that policymakers should take into account when addressing
these issues?
20. What are the key points of contention between India and China, and what strategies is China employing
to establish influence in the Indo-Pacific region? In the face of changing power dynamics, what
diplomatic approaches would you suggest for India’s foreign policy?
21. Analyze the ethical considerations associated with the integration of quantum computing and AI.
How can these concerns be mitigated?
22. Examine the role of both domestic and global factors contributing to India’s positive GDP growth.
Additionally, analyze the challenges posed by external factors and suggest policy measures that India
should consider to sustain its economic resilience in the current global scenario.
23. What do you understand by Climate-smart Agriculture (CSA)? Discuss the significance of CSA in
addressing the twin challenges of climate change and food insecurity and evaluate the measures
necessary for enhancing the adoption of CSA.
24. Examine the necessity for electrifying road transport in India. Discuss the challenges involved and
propose solutions for successful implementation of electrification in the country’s transportation
sector.
25. Discuss the factors contributing to the staggering backlog of cases in the Indian Supreme Court.
Discuss key reforms needed to address the challenges faced by the Supreme Court.
26. Discuss the challenges observed in maritime security and how can India enhance its resilience in the
face of these challenges.

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Monthly

01st November to 30th November 2023

What are Indian

and inflation objectives. government in the lives of citizens and promoting

What are the What are the Steps

changes in the world; such as glacier melting and sea-level rise.

challenges; underutilized in its advisory role.

What is the Need of

Threats, and Regulation giving his Gettysburg Address could be used to

What are the

What is the Regulatory and potential violations of net neutrality.

z Telecom companies contend that OTT services

z OTT providers highlight that telecom companies

technology, find applications in disaster management in a low earth orbit.

What are the Arguments ¾ Market Distortions:

balanced approach to regulation. guidelines for the Divyangjan community.

¾ Content Classification and Ratings:

systems through AI. by a human could employ artificial intelligence

LAWS may contribute to reducing casualties for

 India has limited financial resources, and allocating

What are the Arguments implementing state funding, such as determining

 Establish a mechanism for regular review and

z Death: Rs 91 lakh  It has implemented various measures,

collection, analysis, and dissemination. the bill becomes an act.

suggested earmarking of 1% of total proceeds of means the bill is rejected.

nnn of the president, who may either assent to

and Reform Proposals mandatory if the bill endangers the position

However, these roles and powers are often subject

 He said that there was very little time to make

What was the Law Can the Governments

Rethinking India’s representatives who had signed the 1914

What are the  China’s debt trap diplomacy refers to a strategy in

How is India Responding also support the common interest of unhindered

How Shifting International Communications Interoperability and Security

Joint Efforts on Environmental Issues: Collaborate

¾ Unforeseen Societal Repercussions: The convergence Conclusion

 External: increased the number of its crude oil suppliers

 Boost Domestic Demand: The government has Conclusion

What Can India Learn from

surcharges of electric cars. targets and plans to transition government-owned

Reducing Supreme days after India became an independent, democratic

 Lack of Coordination: Littoral states in Asia and

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India has limited financial resources, and allocating

Establish a mechanism for regular review and

z Death: Rs 91 lakh It has implemented various measures,

He said that there was very little time to make

What are the China’s debt trap diplomacy refers to a strategy in

External: increased the number of its crude oil suppliers

Boost Domestic Demand: The government has Conclusion

Lack of Coordination: Littoral states in Asia and