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Global Sustainable Architectural Trends: Top Three Trends In Nigeria And

Their Implications

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Journal of Engineering,
Computational & Applied Sciences

ISSN: 2795-3939
Received 04 November 2021; Accepted 07 December 2021; Available online 21 January 2022 Volume 1 Issue 01

Global Sustainable Architectural Trends: Top Three Trends In

Nigeria And Their Implications

Evelyn Allu-Kangkum
Department of Architecture, Faculty Of Environmental Sciences. University of Jos Nigeria

evelynallu28@yahoo.com
allue@unijos.edu.ng

Abstract
From the rapid adoption of new technologies, climatic considerations, to the changing work environment, to the new
normal created by the COVID-19 pandemic, reciprocal changes have also occurred in the architecture industry since 2020
– and that change will likely increase in the years to come. New trends have therefore emerged in architecture and other
specific trends include; architectural/design styles, residential architecture, industrial architecture, architecture and
engineering, construction and design, and Interoperability. The focus of this study is the general dominant trends in
architecture and what it holds for the sustainable future and particularly the pulse in Nigeria. The architectural trends for
2020 and beyond have one thing in common: the commitment to sustainable development and sustainable architecture.
Society in general is evolving towards environmental commitment, whilst architectural trends are seen as a social
manifestation of the now and how the future is shaped - thus, architecture is the future. The pulse for the Nigerian
visibility is sought through an online survey across all the 36 states and the three most recognised architectural trends
were identified as; new material and construction, sustainable/green buildings and redevelopment/adaptable spaces.
Conclusion are drawn from findings and recommendation are suggested thus, that architects in Nigeria need to align and
learn more about the global trends which are key to promote environmental sustainability and thus, shape the innovative
architectural designs of the future.

Keywords: : architecture; architectural trends; Nigeria; sustainability,

1. INTRODUCTION
The global new normal following the upended life style as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic has defined
major trends in all spheres of human endeavour. Consequently, the impact on the built environment
would shape the future of practices in the sector as well. This situation has prompted the built
environment professionals and particularly the architect to evolve new ways to provide services that
would be functional, flexible and healthy (ArchiDaily, 2021).
A careful observation of our environment shows clearly that changes and emerging trends in architectural
tastes and styles do occur over time. These changes are influenced by environmental sustainability
requirements, demographic shifts, new technologies, new construction methods, trends in artistic
expression, and the changes in building materials. These changes and trends in the practice of
architecture may not predict the future buildings beyond the next 50 years but the trends of the past and
the current would help in showing how these trends would influence the design, liveability and
innovation of the near future (Brooks, 2014; Williamson, Wong, Gusheh & Clark, 2021; Jones, 2021;
Urbany, 2021). Also the architectural trends for 2020 and 2021 have some common underpins: the
commitment to sustainable development, sustainable architecture, climate change and healthy living
(Franko, 2021; Jones, 2021; Rethinking The Future, 2021a). These underpins have been observed to
evolved trends in architecture and the literature review has identified ten common global trends in
architecture.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This review provides information on the current trends in architecture which can help the architectural
practitioners in decision-making for future practices, architectural educations and points to the future
design innovation. The information provided in architectural trends serves as guide for maximising the

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 potential benefits therein and provides references that directs policy formulation for government
agencies and professional institutions (Aghimien, Li, & Tsang, 2021).
Place, time and architecture propel growth and changes that determine a particular architectural trend (Roaf,
& McGill, 2018). Literature covered by this study has identified a number of trends in architecture but
this study groups and presents the ten most common trends in architecture as follows;
i. Sustainable architecture / Green buildings: Climate change has become a reality for many countries
worldwide as such, sustainable architecture practices/processes respect the environment and
continuously guide future development sustainably (TMD Studio, 2021; Allu, Ebohon, & Taki, 2013; Roaf
& McGrill, 2018). Also, sustainable architecture seeks to be efficient through sustainable processes, the
use of sustainable materials, innovation, renewable means of energy, health and well-being, without
negative impact on the delicate balance of the ecosystem (Bello, Allu-Kangkum, & Pontip, 2021; Inspiral,
2021; Rutkowski, 2021). Thus, reducing waste, pollution, increased socio-economic prospects, well-
being, durability, promoting green buildings and flexibility of the built environment and ecological
sustainability.
ii. Gated townships/Communities on the rise: Gated environment has been on the rise despite the
individualism requirements from social distancing of the new normal. The reasons for continuous
demand for gated communities include; security, material cost, quality recreation and social differences
with the larger community (Salah & Ayad, 2018; Ramamirtham, 2020; Ramos, 2021; Rethinking The
Future, 2021a). Community living is therefore on demand and as such, architects should harness their
design practices towards meeting this demand in the best possible ways. Gated cities/communities is a
trend that has rapidly become important due to the many challenges of insecurity being faced by
communities across the globe (Allu-Kangkum, 2021).

Figure 1. Gated communities. Source:https://housing.com/news/pros-cons-gated-communities-standalone-

buildings/ (Accessed 02/10/2021).
iii. New material and construction: New materials and construction has been a common trend globally due
to the new demands for the built environment to provide sustainable and efficient services and products.
Thus, the rising demand for new material and construction is geared towards ensuring that the materials
properties are efficient, sustainable, allows for speedy construction technology, and to also stands out as
a cost-effective construction material (Rethinking The Future (RTF), 2021a). White (2021) study notes
that, the drive in the material trend in recent years “clearly set the direction of the development of
society, which also affects the design of exteriors: careful consumption of natural resources, the use of
recycled materials (recyclable materials), and an increasing bias towards alternative energy sources”
White (2021, p.1). Thus, the driving force for this trend is borne by the society, sustainability and the
demand for energy efficient materials.
iv. Minimalism/online remote design: Minimalist architecture, sometimes referred to as 'minimalism' is
basically “less is more” which employs the use of simple core and basic elements of design, without any
form of ornamentation or decoration to create a true 'essence of architecture'. (Waldek, 2020; Designing
Buildings, 2021; Lime Architecture, 2021; RTF, 2021a). Minimalism engages with only the essentials of
architecture and online remote design may adopt minimalism but allows for architectural design to be
carried out from anywhere in the world.
v. Redevelopment/adaptable spaces: Architects and developers are now focusing on maximising the use of
space to provide multifunction services that meet the current demand of professionalism, sustainability
and clients’ needs (Jones, 2021). The following quote capsulate it thus, – they are known as the creators
of multifunctional architectural objects that combine residential, retail, entertainment, and workspaces.
This trend is associated with the fast pace of life and the desire to get as much service as possible while
saving time and energy. The continuation of the trend towards multifunctionality is becoming a
redevelopment. In modern large cities, there is an acute shortage of building space, so territories
occupied by industrial and other objects that have lost their relevance are an unforgivable luxury.
Abandoned factories, warehouses, depots around the world are being rebuilt, filled with new functions,
becoming residential apartments, office and entertainment centers, and public areas. (White, 2021, p.1).
vi. New social spaces/smart cities/external spaces: Smart cities projects are on the rise, this has made many
public spaces become spotlight and have positive impact on the intangible development aspects of many

26
 developed cities. The design of these public spaces and smart cities allows for interaction and connect
despite the pandemic, these consciously designed spaces are sort after for the purpose of having healthy
social spaces (RTF, 2021a). Also biophilic architecture has become the boom in 2020 - the practice of
integrating plants to create indoor spaces that still allow occupants to connect to nature despite the
lockdowns (Dezeen, 2020). The pandemic has made these public spaces to become more liveable,
attractive and spacious to accommodate social distancing parameters.
vii. Do-it-yourself (DIY) landscape project: With the introduction of lockdowns due the covid-19 pandemic
many people were able to explore hobbies and particularly with the DIY landscape projects. got a head
start. Architects are now providing open spaces even within small home projects to encourage DIY
activities that would engage occupants with DIY activities of landscaping (RTF, 2021a Williamson, Wong,
Gusheh, & Clark, 2021). Furthermore, landscaping projects help the occupants escape the boredom
associated with lockdowns.
viii. New Ratings/IGBC ratings: In the 1990s when the Building Research Establishment’s Environmental
Assessment Method (BREEAM), was introduced at a time when sustainability was not a well-known
concept. BREEAM helped for the Identification, encouragement, and measurement of sustainability
compliance and to help mitigate the direct and indirect environmental impacts of construction (RTF,
2021b). However, over the years new rating systems were developed for three basic reasons; to verify
and demonstrate environmental performance, secondly to quantify the scope for improvement, and
thirdly to promote positive marketing (Cass & Shove, 2018; RTF, 2021b). Altogether, this study identifies
six main rating systems as follows;
a. BREEAM: The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) is a
globally renowned green assessment method that provides independent third-party assessment and
certification for the sustainability of buildings. This international scheme was developed by the Building
Research Establishment (BRE).
b. LEED: LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is the most popular green building
rating system in the world. Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), LEED provides a
concise framework for identifying and executing green building design, construction, operations, and
maintenance. The LEED certification is an international symbol of sustainability leadership and
performance. LEED is available for all building types – commercial as well as residential and all building
phases including design and construction, operations, interiors, and retrofit. The levels of certification
achieved range from Certified, Silver, and Gold, to Platinum based on the sustainable strategies adopted
c. Green Globes: The Green Globes is a green building assessment and certification system owned and
administered by the Green Building Initiative (GBI), a non-profit organization established in 2004. GBI
works towards accelerating the development and use of energy-efficient and environmentally safe
methods in architecture. The GBI educates through its Green Globes program– a third-party verification
and certification scheme in which buildings that have won over thirty-five percent of the total available
points can score a rating of 1 to 4 Green Globes. The evaluation begins with a questionnaire-based self-
assessment that can be easily done in-house, thus eliminating the cost of consultant services. It features
interactive guidance with pop-up tips in simple language, easy navigation, and a digital manual. Users
can see how points are being awarded, hence making it an affordable, user-friendly, and transparent
green building solution.
d. BCA Green Mark Scheme: Developed by the Building and Construction Authority (BCA), the Green
Mark Scheme is a benchmarking scheme aimed at promoting and adopting green building techniques in
the construction and real estate sectors. It was launched in January 2005 to achieve environmental
efficiency by incorporating sustainability in design and construction. The key objective of the scheme is
to narrow the potential environmental impact and improve indoor environmental quality and wellbeing
through strategic energy, water, and material resource consumption.
e. Pearl: Developed by the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council as part of its sustainable development
initiative Estidama- which is the Arabic word for sustainability. Estidama arose from the need to plan,
design, execute, and maintain sustainable developments suitable for the harsh climate of the region
while enriching and preserving the rich local culture and traditions. The Pearl rating system can be
divided into communities, buildings, and villas, with different requirements for each and various levels of
certification ranging from one to three pearls. A minimum rating of one pearl is mandated (two pearls for
government buildings) for all new development projects within the emirate of Abu Dhabi. The Pearl
Rating comprises three stages. The first stage is the Pearl Design Rating, the completion of which paves
the way to the Building Permit. The second stage is the Pearl Construction Rating fulfilment of which can
help obtain the Certificate of Completion. The third is the Pearl Operations Rating (Re-thinking the
Future RTF, 2021b, p.3 – 14).
f. IGBC ratings: Indian Green Building Counting (IGBC) rating, Green building rating brings together a
host of sustainable practices and solutions to reduce the environmental impacts. Green building design
provides an integrated approach considering life cycle impacts of the resources used. The IGBE is
stepped down into 30 rating specifics with the aim to enable a sustainable built environment for all and
facilitate India to be one of the global leaders in sustainable built environment by 2025 (IGBC, 2021, p.1).

27
 The views of participants were sought on the awareness the continuous developments and trends of
these rating systems and not on their applicability. So as to gauge the sensitivity of the Nigerian
architects on the global architectural trends in relation to rating systems. More so, that India a
developing economy like Nigeria has developed the most recent rating system which guides all
infrastructural development set the pace for Nigeria.
ix. Series of new facades: The trends relating to facades are the result of continuous technological dynamics
and of the advancement in the area of materials science. Advancing the arguments for the new trend on
transparent facades, Brzezicki (2020), posits that, current trends in architecture are rooted in philosophy
and reflect the prevailing social moods of the society and identified facades and particularly transparency
in façade as a product of contemporary architectural trend.
x. Amenity/open spaces. The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed many developmental activities,
especially about the way we live, work and the recent demand for including driving an immediate
demand for healthier, livable and attractive outdoor living spaces. Research has shown that the
coronavirus pandemic transitions period created some level of uncertainty on enclosures and on the
other hand proven that, coronavirus transmission is lessened in amenity/outdoor space (Reed, 2020).
This has significantly increased the demand for the open spaces in order to maintain emotional, physical
and mental health, suggesting that the trend for public amenities/open spaces for developments are here
to stay (Reed, 2020). It is reasonable to also assumed that the amenity/open spaces would remain
relevant owing not just for the increased demand for their health benefits.
These identified ten (10) trends in architecture may not all occur simultaneously in particular country or
context at the same time (Designblendz, 2020; Think Architecture, 2021; Architecture Art Designs,
2021). This study has therefore, set out to find out the three (3) most common trends in the Nigerian
context, to highlight the implication for the architectural practice and innovations therein.
3. METHODOLOGY
The main focus of this study was to investigate and identify new dominant trends in architecture within the last
one year globally and to ascertain the top three trends in Nigeria. This article presents the results of the
undertaken study conducted through an online survey link across all the 36 States of Nigeria between 30th August
and 30th September 2021. A total of 156 architects participated and a total of 150 representing 96. 1%, responded
to all six questions across the six geo-political regions of Nigeria.
According to Di Leonardo et al. (2017) a simple statistical analysis makes results easy to present, understand and
are usually the best for studies that may require further action. Di Leonardo position has been employed in this
study to present its findings through generated pie and bar charts with results shown in percentages (%).

4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

The questionnaire was divided into two sections. Section A sought to know the location, gender and registration
status of the architects who participated in the survey.
Section A.
The composition of states that make up the geo-political regions used as location are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. States in the Nigerian Geo-Political Regions/Zones.
S/ Geo-Political States Composition Number of States Number of
N Regions/Zones Respondents
1 North-Central Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, Plateau, and 6 States and FCT 71
Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja.
2 North-West Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto and 7 States 23
Zamfara.
3 South-West Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo 6 States 21
4 North-East Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba and Yobe 6 States 17
5 South-South Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo and 6 States 15
Rivers
6 South East Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo 5 States 9
Total 36 States and FCT 36 States and FCT 156

28
 Figure 2. Regional Distribution of Respondents in percentages.
There were a total number of 156 respondents and all of them indicated their location as shown in Figure 2 above
with the highest number of responses of 45.5% recorded from the North-Central region of Nigeria.

Figure 3. Gender distribution in percentages.

From Figure 3, it is obvious that there were 41 females and 114 male respondents, it may be noted that one of the
respondents did not indicate any gender for no known reason since the author has no knowledge of the individual.

Figure 4. Professional Status of Respondents.

In Table 1 the total number of respondents were 156 but Figure shows that only 150 indicated their registration
status with the Nigerian Institute of Architects (NIA). The details are given as; 95 (63.3%) full members, 44
(29.3%) of Associate Members and only 11 Fellows participated with a representation of 7.3% of the total number
of responses received. This result could be a reflection of interest or a ratio of NIA registration status. However,
this study is more concern with the outcome of views expressed on the focus of its study as presented in Section B.
Section B: In this section the study sought to ascertain the perception of the respondents on the theoretical
underpins on the new architectural trend globally and in the Nigerian context.

29
 Figure 4. Response on the Awareness of Global Trends in Architecture since 2020.

Out of the 155 architects who responded on their awareness of global trends in architecture, only 9% seemed not
to take notice of any global happenings around their profession and 22.6% are not even sure of any trend within
the profession. This result shows that 39 (32%) architects who took part in the survey are either unaware or are
not concern about the transformational trends in their own profession. By implication, these category of architects
may not contribute meaningfully to contemporary architecture and may not also function well in their
professional practices.

Figure 5. Ten Identified Global Trends in Architecture.

The ten identified areas trending in architecture globally, the respondents were able to recognise each with
varying percentage recorded. The three most identified include; Sustainable/Green Buildings which recorded
the highest percentage of 86%, whilst New Materials and Construction came second with 68.6% and New
Social Spaces/Smart Cities had the third position with 51.3%, the other seven item identified global trends had
less than 50% visibility according to findings. Amongst these the least visible according the result is the New
Ratings/IGBC which recorded only 28%. According to the literature reviewed, building ratings are developed to
guide and verify environmental performance of buildings, quantify the scope for improvement in buildings and
consequently promote positive marketing. As important as ratings are globally not much of its functions has been
recognised by the respondents and this by implication suggests that indigenous ratings like the IGBC may be
developed for the Nigerian context. Perhaps other similar context may even adapt it for the specifications.

30
 Figure 6. New Architectural Trends common to Nigerian.

The question in Figure 6 was asked to ascertain that there are new trends in architecture and the architects who
took the survey are to ascertain specific trends common to Nigeria. Their response revealed that, New Materials
and Construction is perceived as the most common with 62.6%, whilst Sustainable/Green Buildings recorded
which was the most rated in Table 5 is now second with 48.4% in the Nigerian context. Also, the survey revealed
that Redevelopment/Adaptable scored 47.7% as the third most trend in Nigeria. The findings from Table 6 has
proven the argument that new trends in architecture are emerging but these trends may not be common to all
regions simultaneously (Designblendz, 2020; Think Architecture, 2021; Architecture Art Designs, 2021). This
revelation propels the next question in Table 7 with the aim to uncover the three most common new trends in the
Nigerian architecture scenario.

Figure 7. Identify the Three Most Common New Architectural Trend in Nigeria.
Results from Table 7 suggest that the three most common new architectural trends are; New Materials and
Construction which recorded the highest percentage of 65.6%. The second most common trend is
Sustainable/Green Buildings with 42.9% with Gated Township/Communities coming third with 39.6%. The
implications for the three most common architectural trends are deduced with their underpinning discourse as
follows:

31
New Materials and Construction: The Nigeria context also aligned with the global rising demand for new
material and construction is an indication that there is a continuous desire and expectations for; more efficient,
sustainable, cost-effective construction materials and for speedy construction technology. This therefore, suggests
that new construction materials and the construction processes need to align with the expectations of
professionalism, the society and the environment sustainably. Therefore, the Nigerian architects must remain
conscious of these expectations in their practices.
Sustainable/Green Buildings: The evolution of trend was hinged on negative impact of climate change and the
demand for sustainable built environment. It is therefore expected that sustainable/green buildings must satisfy
the requirements of environmental, economic and social well-being. The implication for the Nigerian architect is
to ensure compliance and align with global standards in this regard.
Gated Township/Communities: Gated Township/Communities (or walled community) emergence is tied to
insecurity and Nigeria is no exception. The demand for gated accommodation has earlier been established in
literature and Table 7 has only just confirmed the reality. Therefore, it expected that gated community or housing
estate must ensure conscious and strict design security measures are provided.

5. CONCLUSION

The creative nature of architecture will remain relevant despite the new trends and yet to come future trends in
architecture. Consequently, coming to terms with the dynamics of the profession requires that, architects to think
outside the box and to be able join the trendsetters instead of becoming followers.

It is no brainer to envisage newer trends as the years ahead unfold and architects must therefore, provide services
that would benefit even the future generations sustainably.

This study of new global trends in architecture in the last two years identifies the three main trends in the
Nigerian context as; New Materials and Construction, Sustainable/Green Buildings and Gated
Township/Communities. The identification of new trends is important not only for the architectural knowledge
but also for practice, training, policy formulations, standards, material manufacturing, strategies for the built
environment planning and development.

Thus, this study spurs further studies for more specific and extensive research that would stimulate innovation in
architectural trends for the future.

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