КОМПЈУТЕРСКИ

КОМУНИКАЦИСКИ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
Вовед во мрежи
- Introduction to networks-
м-р Данијела Ефнушева
danijela@feit.ukim.edu.mk
 1 задача

• Consider the airline travel analogy given in the picture, and the addition of
headers to protocol data units as they flow down the protocol stack. Is there
an equivalent notion of header information that is added to passengers and
baggage as they move down the airline protocol stack?

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 2/9

 Решение
Let’s suppose the passenger and his/her bags correspond to the data unit
arriving to the top of the protocol stack. When the passenger checks in,
his/her bags are checked, and a tag is attached to the bags and ticket. This is
additional information added in the Baggage layer. When a passenger then
passes through security, and additional stamp is often added to his/her
ticket, indicating that the passenger has passed through a security check. This
information is used to ensure (e.g., by later checks for the security
information) secure transfer of people.

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 3/9

 2 задача

• List five tasks that a layer can perform. Is it possible that one (or
more) of these tasks could be performed by two (or more)
layers?
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Five generic tasks are error control, flow control, segmentation
and reassembly, multiplexing, and connection setup. Yes, these
tasks can be duplicated at different layers. For example, error
control is often provided at more than one layer.

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 4/9

 3 задача

• List two advantages and two disadvantages of having

international standards for network protocols.
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One advantage is that if everyone uses the standard, everyone
can talk to everyone. Another advantage is that widespread use
of any standard will give it economies of scale, as with VLSI
chips. A disadvantage is that the political compromises
necessary to achieve standardization frequently lead to poor
standards. Another disadvantage is that once a standard has
been widely adopted, it is difficult to change, even if new and
better techniques or methods are discovered. Also, by the time
it has been accepted, it may be obsolete.
м-р Данијела Ефнушева 5/9
 4 задача

• In this Figure, a service is

shown. Are any other services
implicit in this figure? If so,
where? If not, why not?
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The service shown is the service offered by layer k to layer k + 1.
Another service that must be present is below layer k, namely, the
service offered to layer k by the underlying layer k − 1.
A service is like an abstract data type or an object in an object-
oriented language. It defines operations that can be performed on
an object but does not specify how these operations are
implemented. In contrast, a protocol relates to the implementation
of the service and as such is not visible to the user of the service.
м-р Данијела Ефнушева 6/9
 5 задача

• Suppose the algorithms used to implement the

operations at layer k is changed. How does this
impact operations at layers k − 1 and k + 1?
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This has no impact on the operations at layers
k-1 or k+1.
Only the protocol is changed!!!

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 7/9

 6 задача

• Suppose there is a change in the service (set of

operations) provided by layer k. How does this
impact services at layers k-1 and k+1?
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There is no impact at layer k-1, but operations in
k+1 have to be reimplemented.

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 8/9

 7 задача

• Да се илустрираат ISO/OSI и TCP/IP протоколните пластови! Да се

дискутира разликата помеѓу нив!
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м-р Данијела Ефнушева 9/9