Adv Eng Mater - 2023 - Duan

RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.aem-journal.com
Radar Infrared-Compatible Camouflage Performance of

High-Entropy Alloy Coating Enhanced by Double-Layer
Hexagonal Metasurface
Yuping Duan, Wei Chen, Huifang Pang,* Xingyang Sun, Meng Wang, Jian Gong,
and Jiangang Wang
entered people’s vision and gained

Recently, high-entropy alloy (HEA) microwave-absorbing materials have attracted extensive research.[4–6] Due to the unique
extensive attention. Herein, a double-layer structure consists of a low-infrared “cocktail effect”,[7] many HEAs containing
emission metasurface and a FeCoNiMn0.5Si0.5Al0.5 HEA coating with enhanced Fe, Mn, Si, and Al with excellent properties
have been systematically studied. Among
microwave absorption performance is designed. The upper metasurface con-
them, Fe can contribute high initial
sisting of periodic hexagonal aluminum structural unit has excellent low-infrared magnetic moment,[8–10] the unique antifer-
emission properties, while enabling selective transmission and absorption romagnetic transformation of Mn can
enhancement of radar waves. The emissivity of the low-infrared emitting layer is improve the overall magnetic moment of
lower than 0.2, and the metastructure on its surface affects more on the high- the alloys,[2,9–11] and Si and Al can reduce
frequency absorption performance. The bottom layer made of HEA coating with the magnetostriction coefficient and
anisotropy constant of the alloys.[12,13] All
1 mm hexagonal etching structure has an effective absorption bandwidth of
of them enhance the electromagnetic wave
2.8 GHz, and its reflection loss (RL) can reach 42 dB. There is a certain fit absorption performance of HEAs at high
relationship between the unit size of the periodic structure and the absorption frequency. However, due to the limitations
performance of the underlying coating. For the coatings with high-frequency of the complicated preparation process
RL peaks, a larger unit size of the periodic structure will lead to an obvious and high cost of HEAs, there are few
improvement on the absorption performance. A broad application prospect for studies reported about its application as
microwave-absorbing coatings.
multiband compatibility stealth is provided.
Currently, the rapid development of
multiband detection has put more
stringent requirements on stealth
1. Introduction performance.[14–16] Among them, detection of radar and IR
bands is the main direction; however, their detection mecha-
The rapid development of information technology in modern nisms are different. Radar stealth requires materials with high
society is accompanied by the increasingly serious problem absorption and low reflection properties. While according to
of electromagnetic interference, which has sorely affected infor- Kirchhoff ’s law of thermal radiation,[17–19] IR stealth materials
mation security.[1–3] In recent years, with the increasing require- require high electromagnetic wave reflectivity, which makes
ments of the service environment of wave-absorbing materials, the compatible stealth performance much challenging to
such as acidic, saline, and high-temperature environments, the improve. Although conventional methods such as covering
high-entropy-alloy (HEA) microwave-absorbing materials have low-IR-emitting films, doping metals or semiconductors, and
surface modification can reduce IR emissivity of coatings to
some extent,[20–24] they will also inevitably reduce the absorbing
Y. Duan, W. Chen, H. Pang, X. Sun, M. Wang properties of the coatings, which greatly limits the scope of appli-
Key Laboratory of Solidification Control and Digital Preparation cation of those materials. A new idea is to build a double-layer
Technology (Liaoning Province) stealth structure with frequency-selective characteristics,[25,26]
School of Materials Science and Engineering
Dalian University of Technology
and the upper metasurface has high reflectivity of IR waves while
Dalian 116085, P. R. China selectively transmitting radar waves to achieve the goal of their
E-mail: huifangpang@dlut.edu.cn absorption by the absorbing coating on the bottom layer.
J. Gong, J. Wang Although the researches on IR stealth materials and microwave
China-Blarus Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Electromagnetic absorption materials are increasingly mature, the researches on
Environment Effect their compatible stealth protection combining both metamateri-
Taiyuan 030032, P. R. China
als and coatings are less reported.
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article In summary, this work designs and verifies the feasibility of
can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202201861. FeCoNiMn0.5Si0.5Al0.5 HEA absorbing coatings for stealth needs
DOI: 10.1002/adem.202201861 and uses femtosecond laser processing to fabricate the bionic
Adv. Eng. Mater. 2023, 25, 2201861 2201861 (1 of 8) © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH
15272648, 2023, 14, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adem.202201861 by GEBZE TEKNIK UNIVERSITESI, Wiley Online Library on [15/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
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metasurface inspired by moth-eye structure[27] to successfully that the magnetism of the alloy mainly depends on its composi-
achieve a significant enhancement of the absorbing perfor- tion,[2,11,29] and the atomic composition determines the magnetic
mance. In addition, the frequency-selective surface consists of moment and other properties of the alloy. Second, processes
the prepared periodic hexagonal aluminum structural unit that such as annealing will not only change the magnetism of the
has excellent low-IR emission properties, while enabling material, but also impact on the dielectric constant of the mate-
selective transmission and absorption enhancement of radar rial,[30,31] which might bring more uncertainty to the absorption
waves. This work provides a new feasible solution for radar/ performance. Therefore, introducing artificial structure into the
IR-compatible stealth and demonstrates the outstanding surface of absorbing coating is more controllable to regulate the
application prospects of frequency-selective surfaces in this absorbing performance.
field. Figure 1b shows the RL of HEA absorbing coatings with etch-
ing 1 and 3 mm hexagonal structures on their surface. The slight
difference in thickness and filling ratio of 4# and 5# coatings
2. Results and Discussion because of the different preparation batches leads to a slight dif-
2.1. Radar Stealth Performance ference in the frequency of absorption peaks. The results show
that after structure etching, the absorption peak of the coating
As a magnetic absorbent, HEA exhibits excellent microwave- increases and moves to higher frequency, and the effective
absorbing properties in the coatings. As shown in Figure 1a, absorption bandwidth is also improved. Among them, the RL
the filling ratios of 1#, 2#, and 3# coatings are 1.5:1, 1:1, and of 4# increases from 13 to 42 dB after etching 1 mm struc-
0.5:1, respectively. The absorption performance of the coatings ture. Proper coating structure design can significantly improve
increases and then decreases with the increase of frequency. the electromagnetic wave absorption capacity. According to the
The matching frequency and absorption peak of the coating equivalent LC circuit[32]
are very sensitive to many factors according to the theoretical for- pffiffiffiffiffiffi
mula of quarter wavelength.[28] f 0 ¼ 1=2π LC (2)
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
f m ¼ nc=4d jεr jjμr jðn ¼ 1, 3, 5, 7 : : : Þ (1) where f0 is the resonant frequency, L is the equivalent induc-
tance, and C is the equivalent capacitance. The existence of this
where fm is the matching frequency, d is the matching thickness, hexagonal periodic structure unit increases the equivalent capac-
εr and μr are the relative permittivity and permeability of the coat- itance and reduces the equivalent inductance. Since the main
ing, and c is the speed of light in vacuum. Increasing the filling components of the absorbing coating are resin and HEA powder,
ratio of absorbent in the coating will increase εr and μr at the it is difficult for electrons to move in the resin. Therefore, the
same time in terms of the effective medium theory,[27] so as capacitance formed between adjacent hexagonal structures under
to move the matching frequency to low frequency. It also explains alternating electromagnetic field is weaker, and the change of
the improvement of reflection loss (RL) when the filling ratio equivalent inductance L promotes the movement of matching
increases from 0.5:1 to 1:1. However, when the content of absor- frequency to high frequency.
bent continues to increase, the dielectric constant will further Etching the surface is to divide the originally complete coating
increase, which will make it far away from the frequency range into many independent absorption units. These millimeter units
of optimal impedance matching of the coating, resulting in the have periodic dielectric constant and permeability, which can
decline of microwave absorption performance. achieve better impedance matching with free space. In addition,
For magnetic materials such as HEAs, it is difficult to realize the hexagonal periodic units are also excellent antireflection
desired microwave-absorbing properties of the coating only rely- structures, which can scatter and strongly couple with the
ing on its intrinsic characteristic. First, quantum theory explains incident microwave.[27] Therefore, this low-reflection structure
Figure 1. Reflection loss of HEA absorbing coatings with different a) filling ratios and b) etched structures.
can promote the microwave-absorbing coating to capture more and those opposite distributions of two field intensity also appear
electromagnetic waves for consumption, thus enhancing its in the slab absorber. It can be found from Figure 3c that for the
RL ability. current vector, the existence of the hexagonal structure limits its
To deeply understand the influence mechanism of hexagonal horizontal orientation, so that the current cannot cross the
periodic structure on the microwave absorption performance, groove and only pass through the center of the structure to form
HFSS software was used for simulation. Figure 2a–d shows a ring current, which can enhance its loss capacity. The volume
the simulated HFSS model and calculated RL. It can be seen that loss density diagram, as shown in Figure 3d, shows that the peri-
with the reduction of structure size, the absorption peak gradu- odic structure can effectively improve the loss capacity of the
ally moves to higher frequency; meanwhile, the maximum RL coating, and that phenomenon is more obvious when the struc-
and effective absorption bandwidth are increased. Although ture size is smaller.
there is a certain deviation between the experimental and simu-
lation results, the same change trend between them proves the 2.2. Infrared Stealth Performance
reliability of the results.
Figure 3 shows the electric field, magnetic field, current The IR emissivity of the metasurface is related to the area pro-
vector, and volume loss density of the HEA coating calculated portion of different kinds of materials. Under the certain temper-
from the HFSS simulation. For the slab coating without etching ature, the ratio of the radiant energy density of the object to that
structure, the electric field and magnetic field of electromagnetic
of the blackbody can be defined as the emissivity of the object
wave uniformly distribute on the coating surface, and the current
surface. Assuming that the surface energy field is uniformly
vector direction is basically the same. Therefore, the bulk loss
distributed, if the emissivity of the two materials in the compos-
density presents the uniform distribution in the whole coating.
ite is ε1 and ε2, and the ratio of their area is R1 and R2, respec-
It is worth noting that, with the decrease of structure size, the
tively, the average emissivity of the composite can be calculated
strength of electric field and magnetic field has been improved,
as follows.[25,33,34]
as shown in Figure 3a,b. In addition, in the periodic structure
unit, the electric field intensity in the central area is stronger,
while the magnetic field intensity in the edge area is stronger, εtotal ¼ ε1 R1 þ ε2 R2 (3)
Figure 2. a) Slab, b) 1 mm and c) 3 mm models, and d) reflection loss of HEA coatings with different structures simulated by HFSS software.
Figure 3. a) Electric field, b) magnetic field, c) current vector, and d) volume loss density of HEA coatings with different structures simulated by
HFSS software.
In this work, the measured IR emissivity of aluminum foil and structure, the calculated IR emissivity of IR stealth layer can
PC film is 0.05 (ε1) and 0.99 (ε2), respectively. When the width of be obtained by Equation (3). It can be deduced from the
laser etching is 0.1 times of the side length of hexagonal periodic hexagonal area formula that the ratio of the aluminum foil area
2.3. Compatible Stealth Performance
Different stealth technologies require different electromagnetic

characteristics of target. The detection of radar wave is to detect
the object by receiving the reflected radar wave impinging on the
surface of object, while the principle of IR detection is to detect
the target by detecting the IR radiation emitted from the object
itself. Through designing metasurface in this work, the IR stealth
materials can obtain satisfactory IR stealth performance and
frequency selection ability to enhance the absorption on radar
waves.
Figure 6 shows the RL of the HEA coatings (hexagonal struc-
ture 0.6–1.8 mm) loaded with IR stealth layer with different
structure size. It can be found that with the gradual increase
of the structural size of the IR layer, although the frequency shift
degree of the absorption peak of the coating with different filling
ratios is different, it generally moves to low frequency (redshift).
It is worth noting that the IR stealth layer, as a kind of metasur-
Figure 4. Infrared emissivity of infrared stealth layer after laser etching.
face, does not independently influence the stealth performance
of the double-layer structure, and the bottom absorbing coatings
also contribute to it. For example, when the filling ratio is 1.5:1,
of hexagonal pattern to the exposed PC substrate area after the absorption peak of the double-layer structure at 5 GHz
etching in each cycle is 0.894:0.106, so the IR emissivity of hardly changes; when the filling ratio is 1:1, the absorption peak
the composite should be 0.150 as calculated. As shown in of the composite 1.2 mm structures IR layer increases from 15
Figure 4, the IR emissivity of sample after actual laser processing to 28 dB and moves about 2 GHz to the lower frequency; when
may be slightly different due to processing error (such as the flat- the filling ratio is 0.5:1, the maximum RL of double-layer struc-
ness of the processing surface). For example, the actual etching ture with the 1.2 mm unit is basically unchanged, but the peak
width of the sample with hexagonal side length of 0.6 and position moves about 5 GHz. However, for the double-layer
1.2 mm is 87 and 137 μm (as shown in Figure 5), slightly higher structure with the 1.8 mm unit, the peak value increases from
than 0.1 times the side length. In addition, a small amount of 7 to 38 dB; thus, the performance is greatly improved.
aluminum foil falls off due to heating during laser processing Therefore, two conclusions are drawn: first, this kind of metasur-
when hexagonal structure is 0.6 mm, which will reduce the area face with hexagonal periodic unit tends to affect the absorption
occupied by aluminum foil in the periodic unit and increase performance of high frequency, but has a weak influence on the
the IR emissivity. absorption of low frequency; second, the size of the periodic
Figure 5. a) 0.6 mm, b) 0.9 mm, c) 1.2 mm, d) 1.5 mm, and e) 1.8 mm hexagonal structure of infrared stealth layer after 100 times magnification.
Figure 6. Reflection loss of HEA absorbing coating with filling ratio of a) 1.5:1, b) 1:1, and c) 0.5:1 loaded with infrared stealth layer with different
structure size.
structure has a certain fit relationship with the coating perfor- periodic hexagonal aluminum unit of the IR layer is equivalent
mance of the bottom layer; the higher the peak frequency of to a series device of inductance and capacitance. In the circuit,
the coating and the larger the scale of the periodic structure the wave with low-frequency passes and the wave with high
are, the more improvement of the microwave absorption frequency is resisted through the inductor, while the capacitor
performance. has the opposite effects on the waves with different frequency.
Figure 7 shows the interaction mechanism of IR stealth layer When the unit size of hexagonal structure gradually increases,
on IR wave and radar wave. From a macropoint of view, the for a single periodic unit, on the one hand, it will increase the
capacitance and enhance its response to the high frequency,
which makes the redshift of the absorption peak at higher fre-
quency more obvious; on the other hand, it will also increase
the inductive reactance and reduce the transmission of electro-
magnetic waves through the IR layer. When they achieve balance,
the best absorption can be achieved.
From the microscopic point of view, there are a large number
of free electrons moving in aluminum foil. When excited by the
electric field in the external electromagnetic wave, these free elec-
trons will oscillate. This mechanism is similar to the electric
dipole polarization. The electromagnetic wave generated by free
electron oscillation will interfere with the transmitted electro-
magnetic wave in the incident direction, so as to reduce the effect
of the underlying microwave absorbing coating. In a single
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of action mechanism of infrared stealth layer periodic unit, the effects of low-frequency and high-frequency
(hexagonal periodic structure Al film) on infrared and radar waves. electromagnetic fields on free electrons are different. When
Figure 8. Reflection loss of HEA coatings etched a) 3 mm and b) 1 mm hexagonal structures after coating with infrared stealth layer.
the low-frequency electromagnetic wave is incident, the oscilla- is increased to 2.8 GHz, and the absorption peak is increased
tion intensity of the free electron is weak. When it moves to the from 13 to 42 dB. The IR emissivity of the samples with hex-
edge of the periodic unit, the electron may remain stationary for a agonal structure of IR stealth layer of 0.9–1.8 mm is lower than
long time under the excitation of the low-frequency electric field; 0.2, which is a promising low IR emission material. In addition,
when the free electron is excited by the high-frequency electric the low IR-emitting layer has an obvious enhancement effect on
field, this oscillation will be very strong, which will hinder the radar wave absorption performance of the double-layer struc-
the transmission of high-frequency electromagnetic wave. ture. The metasurface of this periodic unit tends to affect the
Therefore, this periodic structure unit will have a greater impact absorption performance of high frequency, but has a weak influ-
on the absorption capacity of high-frequency waves. In addition, ence on the absorption of low frequency. There is a certain fit
when the unit size of the periodic structure becomes larger, the relationship between the size of the periodic structure and the
free electrons are less likely to move to the edge, which will have a coating performance of the bottom layer. The higher the fre-
greater impact on the transmitted electromagnetic wave, so as to quency of the peak of the coating and the larger the scale of
reduce the RL of the double-layer structure. the periodic structure, the more obvious the improvement
Figure 8 shows the change of RL of HEA coatings (filling ratio of the microwave absorption performance. Among them, when
of 1:1) with laser etching structures and compositing IR stealth the filling ratio of 0.5:1 coating composite IR stealth layer absorp-
layer. With the increase of unit size of the IR layer, the absorption tion performance was significantly improved from 7 to 38 dB.
peak frequency of the double-layer structure gradually moves to
low frequency. It is worth noting that the absorption peak after
etching 1 mm structure is higher, but the absorption peak
decreases slightly after the composite IR layer, while the absorp-
4. Experimental Section
tion peak of the 3 mm structure coating after the composite IR Absorbent and Coating Preparation: To ensure the uniformity of
layer increases to a certain extent, but it is not as obvious as that elements, the spherical FeCoNiMn0.5Si0.5Al0.5 HEA powder used in sub-
after the composite of the original coating. Therefore, this IR sequent experiments was first prepared by melt atomization method and
layer tends to have a more obvious regulation or enhancement then flattened by Union Process 1S experimental stirring mill for 6 h to
effect on the microwave absorption performance of the unstruc- obtain flake HEA powder. The speed of the ball milling was 320 rpm.
1.8 kg absolute ethanol and 5 mm stainless steel grinding balls were
tured microwave absorbing coating at the bottom. added. The absorbing coating was prepared by mixing a specific propor-
tion of absorbent, epoxy resin, and diluent, with even mechanical stirring
at 500 rpm for 2 h, sprayed with compressed air onto the sandblasted alu-
3. Conclusion minum sheets (180 180 4 mm), and cured at 70 °C in a drying oven to
be tested. The HEAs used in this experiment all prepared through atomi-
FeCoNiMn0.5Si0.5Al0.5 HEA absorbing coatings were prepared in zation method were purchased from Beijing Ryubon New Materials
this work, and the structured coating surface and IR stealth layer Technology Co. Ltd.
were prepared by femtosecond laser processing, aiming to obtain Periodic Surface Structure Machining: The periodic structural processing
a low IR emission and high electromagnetic wave absorption on the surface of the absorbing coating and IR stealth layer was carried out
double-layer structure. The results of RL and IR emissivity show by Phros 20 femtosecond laser, where the IR stealth layer was prepared by
compounding 180 180 mm aluminum foil (40 μm thickness) and poly-
that this double-layer structure has excellent compatible stealth carbonate (PC) (125 μm thickness). The rated power of femtosecond laser
performance. The coating with filling ratio of 1:1 can achieve was 20 W, the pulse frequency was set to 50 KHz, the scanning speed was
10 dB effective absorption at 8.7–11.2 GHz. After etching the 100 mm s1, and the IR light with wavelength of 1026 nm was used for
1 mm hexagonal structures, the effective absorption bandwidth etching. The scanning galvanometer and machine tool were controlled
by software to process 1 and 3 mm structures on the HEA coating and 0.6, [3] H. Kaur, C. Singh, A. Marwaha, S. B. Narang, R. Jotania, S. R. Mishra,
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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Radar Infrared-Compatible Camouﬂage Performance of

entered people’s vision and gained

2.3. Compatible Stealth Performance

Different stealth technologies require different electromagnetic

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