ISLAMIC HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION STUDIES AND TEXTS WADAD KADI ROTRAUD WIELANDT VOLUME 51 CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICS, HADITH LITERATURE, AND THE ARTICULATION OF SUNNI ISLAM The Legacy of the Generation of lin Sad, Ibn Ma‘in, and Ibn Hanbat BY SCOTT, LUCAS BRILL LEIDEN: BOSTON 2008CONTENTS Preface List of Tables Abbreviations Chapier 1. troduction “he dora ell nd leg approaches 0 Sar Tam Sus hadith Literature 18 nate an wy fr this project, Methodology Gonelasion ‘THE CONSTRUCTION OF CONCEPTUAL AND ISTORIGAL FRAMEWORKS FOR INQUIRY Chapter 2, Towards an iil ramework: The contributions of fn alSalsh and alDhahabt ‘The conceptual framework: Ibn alSalh and his frtculaton of the Aadth dicpines ‘Towatds hisorical framework: The identification of alDiahahis favorite hah scholars CConelusion Ghopter 3. A Historical Narrative: AlDhahab's Vision of the Fin Seen Centuries of Sunni hath Scholarship Phase I: Origins of hath. 1-140/622-757) Phase 2: Early compilations and erin (© 190-200/757-815), hse S: The age of the “six book (6. 200-300/815-912) Phase 4: The thumph of Baghdad and Ten (@. 300-400/912-1009) Be % 26 rs 6 o ca 86Phase 5: The age of specialization (© 400-8807 1009-1087), ‘Phase 6: Transiion and the Tes of the Bast ( 480-c00/1087~1205) Phase 7: The triumph of Sti fe 600-720/ 1205-1320) Chapter 4. Kdensfcation and Analysis ofthe Master Suni fate Cite Sources ‘Analysis: Three pesiods and seven generations of Sunni alles ‘The origins of Sunni fad caicism An examination of the fst rwo generations of primary exits ‘What about al-Shaft? CConelasion Chapter 9, The Generation of fon Se'd, Tha Mtn, and Iba Hanba: A Prosopographical Say ‘A prosopographial panorama of the fist half ofthe thin ceneury ‘The mibur and its impact ypon Sunni fai scholaship Biographical sketches of Ibn Sa, lbp Ma‘n, and Ton Hanbal and hse primary tranciter-puple Conehion ‘THE THREE PRINCIPLES OF HADITHSCHOLAR SUNNI ISLAM: S4//4f, HADITH TRANSMITTER CRITICISM, AND HISTORY (Chapter 6. The sahdba in Clasical Mustim Theory and Practice ‘The problem: The intra abba conte of 1=0/632-661 ‘Two minority solutions’ The Imm Sha and ‘ayia Ragehct Mota Seat slutons Conelasan lot 108 us M3 a wr 1B bt 1 159 12 202 217 ay 26 237 255, 282 CChapier 7. A Comparative Study of the Methods of fasetranemiter Cc of Tin Sa, Tha Ma‘, anc Ie Hania Ibn Sad: Grades fbn Matin: Grades in Dir’ Tr Ibe Hans Grades in the ‘at of ‘Abdulsh b Alma Reliable and unrebable transmis in the eyes of Ibn ‘Sv’, Ton Matin, ant Ibn Hasbal: A comparative Udy Sectarian labels Do hey mater? Conelnion Chapter 8. The Sunni Hiorcal Vision of the First Too Genus of tat Transmission fore fad Sahiba who died 11107682660 Foundations: Salata and senior tn who died '0-807660-699 and whee pupils who lived prior to 120/738 The fist compilers The generation who died 120"150/738-767 ‘The demise of Medina and the rise of Iraq The generation who died 150-180/767-796 The refinement of ath compilation and cfc The generation who ded 180-220/796-835 Conetusion Chapter 9. Concusion . Appenuix A: Other Critics ‘Appendix B Ibn Ss‘ds Most Rebable Transniters ‘Appendix C: Tn Matn’s Lars and Other Disgrace "Tranamiters Works Cited Index of Proper Names ‘General Inde 287 290 298 302 08 320 325 27 ah 33 332 358 309 sn 377 300 82 89 398 419PREFACE, ‘This book isa sighdy revised version of my doctoral diseracion “The Art of Hadith Compilation and Criticism: A study ofthe emer sence of Sunnt lam in the tird/nindh century” that T wrote at the University of Chicago under the guidance of Professor Waded al Qadi, Prafessor Qadi fist introduced me to Tbn Sa, whose Kab flab a dais largely eaponsble for my understanding of the evelopment of tay Bam, many years ago and she has eemained rose Supportive of my reaearch ever since. I am parsulay geate- fal for her deeson to include Gata Cris in the Islamic History and Civilization series at rill received seul eorament from Profesor Fred Donner and Robert Dankall of the Universiy (Chicago during the divertaton phase of this book Finally, T with 1 dank dhe anonymous reviewer those erudite sevenpage report fn this manuserpt saved me ffor several potentially emborraning fvergenerazations and provided rlerences to addtional secondary Tteratue that Thad neglected to cit ‘Much ofthe research and writing of this book was made post ble by 2 generous disertation fellowship from the Mrs. Giles Whiting Foundation during the 2001-2002 academic year. The conversion ofthis diseration into a book manuscript was completed during & Sil year a Mount Holyoke College (2002-2003), and Tam gratee ‘al forthe opportunity extended to me to serve a a Vining Asian Profesor in iam by the Department of Religion ‘My parents, Hank and Elen Lica, have been champions of edax cation my whole fe and, ## many ways, have ingpred me to fo low in thee footstep ae a profewer and teaches, am parcel hand for this lve, suppor, and an introductory leon dat thse construction. My Brother Jon has provided much appreciated encouragement. Tas book i dedicated o my wife Maha Nassar, ‘who, more than anyone ese has encouraged me wo think seriou) shout Suani Iam and to undertake ceeareh that i intended to be fof value to academic andl inquisitive Muslims alikeLIST OF TABLES ‘Fable 2s Master eres mentioned in Mies a at 9 ‘Table 22: Master adh acholar in al Maize 31 ‘Table 23 Shayla in Tada al-hfle 8 Table 41: Primary Crt 12 Table 42: Secondary Critics 135 Table 43: The master Sunt hadi cist A tba proach 1 Table 4.4: Iba Abi Hatin’s sources for Shurbals cial opinions 135, Table 5.1: Asie of the eleventh and wel faa of the Soar v0 Table 5.2 Judges ofthe eleventh and twelfth agit of the Spar v3 Table 53: Juris and Mifis of the clove and wolf (abopt of the Spar 5 “Table 54+ Hj Hodthscholgs of the cleventh and owelth (abot of the Spar 181 Table 5.5: Shuyakh alam ofthe eleventh and ewelth (aboyt of the Spar et Tile 6 Aba arya, Prima, Second, and Tear sehtbe a ‘Table 62: Minor sa. 50100 aaj 278 ‘ahle 63: Minor shite: 20-50 opaj 278 Table 7.1: A Catalog of Grades im aap oor 21 ‘Table 7.2: Thm Sa‘ least favorite hath eansmiers 298, ‘Table 7.3: bu Man's grades in al-Dosts Tenth se Table 74: Ton Hanbal’s grades the ‘Ut 508 Table 75: Some of Tim Hanbal's last favorite transmits Sn the ld 808 Table 7.6: Some of Ibn Hanbal's most reliable hath Schaar inthe‘! 307 Table 7.7: Ibm Sa‘ graded ten inal Tbaga ear 308 Table 7.8; Ibn Sa'd, Ibn Man, Ton Hanbl No consent 310 ‘Table 7.9: Ibn Sa' Ibm Ma‘, Tho Hanbale Consensur 312“Table 7.10: Ibn Sa‘d and Ton Matin: Similar grades ‘Table 7.11; Ibn Sad ad Ton Handa: Similar evalations Table 7.12: An oversew of tansitersidentied a ‘aks a Table A: Other Grivee Table B Tn Sa'ds mow reliable tansmiten Table C: Tn Matas lar and other dgraceal a6 318 2s v7 30 383 bs0as ay nt cas MES ahaa Jaos su Spor Sesion Teast TopSina Taps TR 2001 2DMG ABBREVIATIONS. Buln of te Show of Onna and Azan Sas, London, is17- Enocbpanis of lan, New Edition, Leiden, 1960-2002 Ibn al Nadim, Ai aft Nad, ed, Reza Tajndded, Tehran, no dae ut Sevzin, Gouhide dr abicen Shue, 1, 1967 Iona Jounal of Mile Eat Ss, New Yor 1S70— Tn Hijet, al-laba f tan alsabib, Beira, 1978. Jounal § he Amen Ona Sa, New Haver, 1882, “silt Sui i Arabic aud Lm, Jerse, 1979 ADhahabs, Spor clam aatul, Beirut, 08s. Wierd Madelung, The Siessoat Muhanad, Cambridge, 97 aDiahabi, Tad! ab-hfe, Bint, 1998, in Abi Hixim, Toptinat alm, Hyderabad, 1952 bn Hajar, Tab alah, Beirt, 1996, Ibn Se, Kidd alabapa abtal, ed. ‘Alt Muhammad Uinae, Cairo, 2001 Zeit der Dasucn Mogenicher Gest, 1847—INTRODUCTION h "The purpore of this book iw demonsteate the critical role played by Aad scholars in the atclation of Sunt Tam during the st half of third/nineh century” Despite the fact that the two snort ‘eteemed Sina books alr the Quen inthe eyes of Sunt Muss, ‘namely the Salle of Muhammad b. Ismail ak Bukhr and Mim bs abHajs, are masterpieces of bad terature, the accomplish rents of individual badié scholars have been ignored largely by European and American scholar for the past century.’ The guint cesential Sunnt dsplines of ad compuation and ercikn remain ‘ecently wnesamined by moder scholarship, perhaps partly due to Ignaz Goldaiher's aston long ago that "he scence of tali- ‘on ako was past is prime with ie Ar clases” This study not only depart sharply Som this tradition of neglect of he Aa it erature, but argues that the fundamental principles of Sent Team i mt ite on ccna ee La ts oe Ree i i ie ack een ‘Te Dey of Some Pn Cnn tr: B20) Jobs a Sores chewy cer Gee Sree sauce of Aas ak we nae Campane othe Pope ht ceahar acne oye ae ‘ean Bary” Le Mon 111{280, Y81-2, Nvery leent poe af ST coe cnet ini gecrig Soy ofA a Rsmeq a Shr osm dg sme gin ‘Sorgen i]t ben ame by Mao HRs The Ong flee Geil Nanas Pore Cla St en Be, a dee ‘rire exray perineal ha Selo enone Se Se ee eG Saye ad aa Ste se “Aneto, (or S46 Toe gal tet ws puedo Meme San ae ihwere arcuate initally by « coterie of master bah scholars oa the eve of the compilation of the Salis of a-Buthart and Must, 12 The watt thal and ga epraces wb Sat Iam ‘The primary Muslim sources that moder scholass have studied in ‘heir atempt to unravel the eal history and development of Sunt [Mam have been almom exelsively of theological or legal nature ‘Taree of the leading scholns to embrace the theological approach are Monigomery Watt, Fadlar Rahman, and Jose van Eat Watt acknowledges tha his primary sources ace the case works of the Muslim scholars of sectarianism and divides the growth of lami thought io thre phases ened “Beginnings” (692-750 CE, “Century of Stuggle” (750-850), and “Triumph of Sunnism” (850-945)" Hos book promdes lucid presentation of the our major sectatian groupe of Islam in the Umesjad pend (Khawas,Qadarivya, Mure, Sha) and waces thet transformation inthe “Abid ere ino the ‘ations groupe of Mo'tazl, Sunnis, and Shia, Wat relies healy ‘upon an easly Muni Weate and the works of Asa Milan a Ghar (4. $24/985-6) for hi dicusion ofthe articulation of San ‘alam, and posolates that °t was the early tenth century which wit essed the exetal art of the process of the olarztion of aa into Sunnite and Shite." The scholars of hath receive a scant five Pages in this try, and the rel a narrative that gies exes Tweight to. few theological works and ignores the major Sooke of ‘att and prosopography tha were being compiled throughout the ‘hin centry Fazlur Rahman's recently publshed posthumous work is his ear ‘et arculation of wat he cals he “Tormation of Sunni orthodoxy Memoria, Th Fay Fei of ae Tht (Osfon, Onver, es BS ces cr tee ee eC 1 Soh ayy Sa th nt er tet encore CP tat it shar Bae Sh He Ay a np ny rt nr. Sereno gis fae eo ta rn ncn a he et eopucrion 3 “The inmportance of theology in this presentation is evident in his ‘oberon dat "developments within Sunar othodowy ean be vewed {the culmination of a process that wae an immediate reaction ‘uginst the Mu‘aila and eo some extent the Sh.” Shahrasan’ interpretation ofa quoted at length in this chapter, and False Ralinan considers the predesimarian feature ofthe Mua to be 4 ctl component of the ft stage of Soonism, The second sage ff Sunni was brought about by al-Aeac, whose cardinal sys Farlor Rahman's eyes, was tat “he defined his extreme posi by rejecting the idea that humanity ean be validly sido acta a, et ‘lone feey"" The second chapter explores the impact of the “i= iy mentale in the centuries ellowing al-Aeh'art om Sunt [arm, 1 pevid that is characterized by politcal apathy and sheer paste iy through mysieal escapism. The role of ait compilation and ‘nism in this proces reeves mention only in ite negtivecapac~ ity to supply pro-redesinarian lorgenes to buttres the theological tenets ofthe Mura and prot-Sunnis in ther struggles against che free will Qadanyya and Ma'taa While i no. doubt tue chat both Mug ideas and the seminal scholar Abo LElasanal-Ashart Played roles in the articlation of Swant Team, these two books of Watt and Faslur Rahman should make it clear just how limited an understanding of dhe development of Sunni Islam can be ascertained ‘yy merely studying the hand of relatively ama lasical Muslim ‘Works coacemed with secarianiom and theology. ‘Van Enis mater Tr nd Gay iss both the ceo approach with what might ve ealed a proropoytaphicl approach tothe eaty development of Islam, His ase methodology i to asem= be ll of the available biographical information af every individ who i afisted with any setarian group in aay Ilamie source, ‘Ths we find exhaustive list of Murs, Qadaris, and, of course, Murtala as well as any information perining to their theological belief thar van Ess has managed ¢o searth Muhammad Zaman has observed that this approach has she unforanate consequence of she any of he aor wns of th Aa erate at he en td in “etn anf Gea (Bin, 581-7, Se, for example ele wel Se Ge nai ot Qn hat tts of Be4 courses os ‘ually ignoring the important reasons bewcen the ‘Abbasid eaiphs and the “proto Sunnis" ofthe third century? and it should be noted ‘hat the bath scholars in general ave largely ignored to, prea ably because the vat majority of them were not afiated eh any sectarian group. Tn fact, it somewhat ed to be introduced the extraordinary Kufan hath scholar and jurist Sufjan al"Thawrt 2 part of “antiMun's tends and the extremely signe Busse adh scholars yy al Sayan, Sulina Taye, and ‘Abdallah ', ‘Awn as par of “die Oppostion gegen ‘Amr b. “Ubaid” since {heir dents ane consibudons to Islamic cision probably had relatively litle to do with being in opposition to these early sectaran ‘r0ups and individuals. While van Ess has provided an immense set ‘ice in his presentation ofthe mou exiemsve Has of Mur and (Qacarts of the fit oo cencres of nlm, i has come at the cost of neglecting the creative disciplines of hadth compilation and cite ‘am that were maturing inthe shadow of the Mal Boesconce and the main!” and whose practioner, in my opinion, articulated the cove principes of Sunn Ian, ‘Te second major approach towards the historical development of Islam focuses upon the rise of the legal schools (madzh) "The "ost influential workin this domain is Joueph Schacht’s Orit af ‘Mutwnmadon Jigme This book is based almost exchaively on an acute reading of eleven legal teas of Mubarnmad b. Kr 3 Shatis (€' 204/620, the Muwate™ of Malik b, Anas (2. 1797795) and vatiows legal works of Muhammad b. a-Hasan aShaybint (@. 189/805. The base pire of te bisorcal development of Tami Jaw that Schacht describes coasts of an nil phase of “ancient ‘hoo? in Medina, Ig, and Sysa that were deeply influenced by say Bg Qn Za al Pl By ee the ely tre elo of tran by Sa ic damon set ee ober Te a i, 22-28 The be umpanancr ofthe mine. 0 “gsi luge by te Salhi ina ey Ac Sh a © jc hac Pe rf Anna, eign Oxo 189, Am ‘pecs 9 Chess Melt eet ot Tae Rewer Sea Ey Ean anes Cha fo . ssrmopectioN 3 “Uimaivad praic,” followed by a radical transformation through | te legal theories of alShaf't inca what have beer known to dis (dy asthe four Sunt mali, or schools of law” This periodza. ‘don has been accepted widely by modem shar, sch az Marshall Hdgion, although Hodgson remaria pereptvely ina footnote that “perhap (Schach) ives too much ered al ST" in dh scema* Furthermore, Harald Mott and Joba Burton have argued that there cexns lle evidence that Schacht's concept of “Umayyad adminis- trative practice” exerted any fence onthe development of Islamic Jaw.” While this basic historical outline ofthe development of the ‘main Sunn school of law more o les follows the contours depicted bby Moslim scholar, such as Aba Ishaq alShiraat (476/083), Schacht achieved @ great deal of atention for his eateme opinions concerning the fadttand, gven the fundamental role of Bah Kc rare in this book, ics necessary for us to address them brit. Schacht, who was deeply influenced by the work of Ignaz Gold aihes! argues in Orgs of Mulannadon Frade that 1) A great many cradiions (lad) were put into crclaion only after ab-SHABTs time Sere aero ear eeteenbiesster arte tee ney cette ct Saas Soman mene iain (earn ee Ped eee Seem oie ‘Rant bok hn Harcs Eur fee Uap ineertce the spe Hive Rac Be i Ab Seal Ulan ef oe Bok Pree ons he ee as eae fr Cae aT aan oe oe ee ee Ee oe cam aminar =6 ores ox 2) The fist considerable body of legal taitons (had from the Prophet originated towands the mcd ofthe second eentury 8) The iad show a tendency to grow backwards and to claim higher and higher authosty unl they arrive a the Prophet 4) The evidence of legal watons carries ws back to about the year 100 AH oni Although several scholars have questioned and attempted! to ref ‘hese main point" i i probably mos instructive here 1 explain ‘ne Schacht arcived at such radical conelasions. Te mos significant or of Schacht, in my opinion, were hie choice of sources and his general understanding of hadi Wie ii logieal to wse legal wea "hes by 8 few prominent scholars ia order to understand thei inc dal styles of legal reasoning, i isa grave etror to ignore entcely the evidence present in hth calleione that were compiled simul ‘aneously with and prior tothe ves ofthese juris How is it pos sible that a generation or two of scholars invented tens of thousands ‘of hadth between the Metimes of alShaf (4. 2047820) and Thm Hanbal(d. 241/855)? The oaly way 10 ignore this question i ind ones to the 30,000-aith Matad of the latter and adhere #0 ‘works of scholirs who are rarely, i ever, included among the Tits of te great compilers and crits of hath Indeed, the thought of > Sh ef . gre aE Te eae ee Pee Seca ee {TT doe so on Sages oa mila ok aay Nb a ‘sipsand he ibogoghcl Leone ku feklengheiatan of San ie Mice Som Oy Sua Ga gf taal Seep Senki Saf Jain ed he ees “Der Fgh Dae ‘Geisha Bo 30 bi 44 md treba Renan Bean 3a, A a fh ner oy te pra ‘SET opm hr ten iced iy MM Reg ie Sele Katy See ee ed i or rir Se te i, "he Org soni 96-4. — STS ew ite cheaper hat. Seach’ fr rn store, nly Na rs was camera ra oy hb yom a srnopucrion| 7 ceposing a theory of bath on the bss of 2 tw books that have ster hen onset par ofthe gee of ht irae sce te ny at bea, and etodalogaly unsound at west ‘Yet even if Schacht conse allo he. Badin be casa colesons highly suspect, tere anther gene of wots cnc o thi book, whieh he tou ave imental more crf pe 0 his anvil at such rateal concluions, Ths te the genre of bi {Papal etonates enormous works which cotinine ees Sebi ihe inc of a anion Gots post, snd ther ara and scenes The caren extant faba doer of ion hs Ha ao eta Mamma. Se (2507049) 4 younger contemporary of the jr hay po wham Shoe eld 0 Rely rh thos ™ Tn Sats book ea venabe history of thous of Bat tan inter ands arranged beat geograpbialy and creaclagaly The Tae uni of Une i he flog or generation, and Ton Sd groups ‘at according fo the prmary cy o region of rence, ge ‘ration by generson, back to caren generation of Mui, the ‘habe, or Canparions ofthe Pepe.” One woul alos ave fonter thi ee mule ook to be 2 fgery in order Sthvenbe to Schch thee Although Seach te the Leiden Son Tn Set book in is bibigrphy, tiles hat be ret if hid hag ih ac cic ALS nce ie oe EN et i "She vee seen oan the wal of erage Sontence Fe ft we wr Wood Gemge Aap lang, 25 Sa, Tap a a (ii aT Any, Fora Sh fh oe png Ny of a sie shen hbo ee Va The oy cone en fh bok hl el ya Mba i Tica te tn on he SRST ta sg sien oop ence ot Sa feel Ete Ee emcee UE so ae SS A tae he Seep oi ‘oe ate) i ey ong orem” pl er ea iy eye es ary bo emilee AA aha Ms RERLEVGa voul i Wr Sn es uh cae ern Ha Recheces ege g doe ie ere abe” db, a (186), 22)-68 aw (677) 1G The lp Ge Baee eachrasS el8 curren os the veracity of the vat majority ois coments when e posta Is theones concen Aut) Canon ae Schacht hid man err, ae going al of the evidence ond in ely fai books and bigraptal detonate Concusions ona very knted uber 0 “ea” fa Te sade of Legal roles” the ed uf Org of uheene Jou Teele Schch’s pcre fr hes pesining to obliges se, and pena) law and his disinterest in laws pertaining to acts of wor. shh ae an ec i ing ot pking a» etsy ane atthe conten of eer a Jan sce OF afm aati abt vo his primary source a Shaye reals iteren impos devon and pet atenan eae ‘cil ad cin Iw Fly te eta may fhe elit do with he src blues ch reercer Yoo eyed the texts ofa ew prominent use prior to the even af ‘sweping theory of tr heraure™ The eral impoance of appropriate source selection fr the imvesigaton ofthe emergence Of Sunn ite h/t cee ‘uy shold be ovine by owe I ahold a be de thatthe ek tively shot theslogeal and egal eas that hate hits boon tse to shed inh on the develpmen ofthe relief ia ie fs centres are infcert fr the tak at ant “Phe sos Wan, Fahy Kalman, Schacht anf even Hodgon eve baie she eroneousinpresion that he also of Sonam nas ey ae Ene yis Sanaa Rene ing i of mer ans Cate ee, mene ote ae a arte get sae myer a ae rt Soc me no coat eerste ‘pues he Hee jl th aad exons oy serropecrion ° the result of wo scholars, al-Aehart and al-ShaB, and that a few ‘othe urs, ike Mabie Anas, Maharmad bal Hasan a Saybia, the Qadt Abo Yosuf, and Tn Hanbal, played a strong supporting role in this endeaver. Van Es, on the other hand, despite his descrip- tion of hundreds of individu, prefers to credit the emergence of Sunnism o the inelecrual atmosphere ofthe city of Baghéad rather than to any cele of scholars in particular.” Ie is therefore neces: sary to tun to the fadih Gteratte and its awlary dsplines in fonder to break the hegemony ofthe theological and legal approaches ‘o the cay constuction of Sunat Islam, 1 Sant hadi lien sii for is proj ‘The Sunni hah iterate consists of thee mnjor genes of works ad collections, biographical dictionaries of lath-ransmites, and cexpostions of the “hadi dicptines" (elim aldad). Muhammad “uaye Siddit discusses biel sixteen major Aadth colecsons and six biographical ditonaries in Hadi Lanes Ince in hi it ate the Mime’ of Malik b. Anas the Musa of Tn Hanbal, and a! Talay ada of Hho Sa' Siddigh albo draws attention to the thee other early extant haath cllecane of layla (4. 208/219), ‘Abd al-Razrig slant (d. 211/826), and Tha Abr Shayba (4 235/889), only one of which has received a monograph by 2 Western schola: In fct, none ofthe hooks mentioned by Sida, ining the ‘six canonical” hadith collections, hae received a thor ugh publihed stady i the West One of the gos of this book the oler chs of dam tod proving & rato for he eng of tesogeal ee Zaman, Raped mde Ep ty 1 a an, ‘aie sd Gag, 350 * abtmmed abt Ss Math Lda Cambie, 195 cant Hala Mocs Te Oba afer Mal sb SDe'maie cae we ofthe Muang of Ab ata nl To Ab Shaye ‘Ser pes mes to of al pay Bab of Ta Mui an the Seen werk of Aba ava 272/00 stot (29/0 aN 308913, nie Mae 25/801, We al te ge 2; ht on Say (81285) eee oly te fe fe Rha Ab tf a She (Cao, 130, st0 cern oe {st facta fare sy of these extremely significant Musi texts and offer fresh conceptual and practical wpproaches to this vase ‘misunderstood, and largely uneaplored Itsatare Tes necessary chat we examine bei the tos iniscnl study on Andth in Enropean scholarship, namely Ignaz Goldviner’s eight chapters of Mukammdanicie Sue published in 1890, sn order 13 demi some of is strengths and weaknesses Goldaer continues to be recognized as one of the primaty founders of the modem European discipline of Islamic Studies, and his fame Wes In part because of his arguments that mach ofthe haath Iierature was fab Fated Unlike Schack, Goldzier combine both impressive knowl. ‘elge a8 to ceriain deals of adh wcholarship along with prejudices that clouded his assertions. Exarpls of his accurate remark ache the ciferensiation berveen faith and sane,” the recognion that ‘asl crcim began with Thn ‘Awa, Sho'ba b. aH, and Ton alMubiral dat Tom Jura and Sag b, Abt “Ariba were among the fist io arrange books according to chapters" and tha the caly ‘att scolar (ah a tad paid atmos no regal to AbD Hana” Goldener even uncovered a report that lin Thr al-Magdat was ia a ca ft ra Se a piece a Hee rte be Sn eens ls Sth gy Gr oe anything at ths time in. Europea Languages. ES A a Pcs mon Een goers sien 2 a ee A i ts Bohai oo dg a ee oe a hi Paley wo the Sy of Gant conned wie ae a CaS nee sto Suny, th rape Inde a ‘Scape Be The Gein of an Eat io RS, Sy: Cato, San fem Dein oy le or Se erg eg lee tice SRE tery a Sacre Seas erased hye oes CRIS eco amet ty tt ‘ieee ce ev ne ‘bk nor pry too Bask stmt " among the fist scholars to include Ibn Maja Samen among dhe most ‘Stecmed si book! of the Sunnf tradition" Despite his best effors, however, Goldiher made highly ques Sionableasertons in Mim Shar, perhaps pay duc 0 his belie that the more “natural” and “hones” meane of constructing a rl sous lw was the approach employed by the juris (edb ae) Sh contrast with the methods of the hath scholae:” He asserted ‘hat “every ny oF haut, every sama and be has sought ad Found expression in the form ofa al” and that the “pious community was rey with great crediity ro believe anything that they encoun tered as a traditional saying ofthe Propet." A penal far more serious alleyaion of his, which T endeavor to refate in the seventh Chapter, is that “only it raze eases was it posible Co reach agreement fn the degre of tratwortiness of a peron.™” Finaly, Goze’ propositions that the hit “orginal Sadi work” was the Sah of Ibn Hibsin (@. 354/960) and hat Islamic erature's“esh immediacy ecayed as quickly ait developed... giving ay to dry and ees ‘compilation not only reflect the dearth of sources that Goldainr ad a hie disposal whet he was formulating his theories about had ‘but elect his personal antipathy towards the very tradion of ada ‘ompiston tha inevitably impacted his theses that have carried st ruck weight over the pam century ‘One basic question remains, though: Why should we turn to the ad literature in order to understand the development of Sunni Islam? ‘The frst reason is the sheer volume of the Ierature and number of Muslims involved in its tansmision over dhe fist several ‘entuis of Islamic Glization. The frst large book, called monn “t,t 20, 2a a HEE MTs aa 12, respective ® i, by tr tea Golem tha mfr AALBokdit ae Mui were able to build upon the work of thi preceding generation of masts dibtransmiter cides, some of ‘whom were their dcet teacher, and ic is not a ernence that ale Bubhacs books of riscim have acquired the exalted position a the mos authoritative books in thie genre “int tena in oe ed in. aan eaaeets rata ho ieee eee eee pesto Sars iene ny ie etn ar ese Sone ee ‘tet ath el eas acs Se yah ad eng oe ‘Serfaty 0 a bye seve arte oon Toe aS shire Gee aciek coveire a eae atta ae EEE cence pe es She pedro adam cic are eid a del in chapter ne of hee ro ae cused in V42 and yas alte at te Ms saree Seas SSE tical layers ws ee bois ide a Ta asda Tal amt. The eta othe wore ae ci areata a et eas ese ee aera {re ot mid ae fr ke atc ecm Oe lee OS, Petar ear per seth age a cae ge Hiei ana ten he4 courses OM Ly Mabie Le The oo mast intimidating feaures of the fat Keratare ace ics sheer volume and the magnitude of she number of transniters involved in its historical devdopment2” Given this challenging st ation, iis erica to elect bath the proper qudes and techniques for organising the material in sui a way that one has a lange enough sample of reports and biographies 20 a8 to be fitful to the mate Tia. Furthermore, the transmis and crits of hath contin to this day, over 1400 vears after he Prophet Muhammad death, ‘wherever Muslims are co be found" Therefore, this book uve ‘to to main sections, both of which invalve mliple databases that 1 have designed in order 19 analyze the prowopograpial material Present in the biographical dictonaries that T have comulted LA2 Pot f The Costco of Compal end Horie Framers four Inu Part 1 consis of four chapters whose purpose & to move fom broad overview ofthe developmeat af the Sunar hath Meracute to the narrow generason of erties who Hourished just prio to al Bult and Muslim! Chapter evo relies upon the elatification ofthe hath disciplines in 65 categories by Ibn alSalah (d. 649/1245) in his Magading and several books of alDhakabt Ides tee aspect of Ibn alSalah’s Magodma in order to secute the concen frame. ‘work ofthis project. Firs, Ibn al Salsh identifies the mos sigan books and scholars invoked in dhe projet of dad tensmon | Sc Pama us rt Qe at i he ae anki mene ret Se eh eee elcaee a sph acre pak = Da "Rigi a Soh cages 28 and pp 0 aad 2-59, rernantcion 5 Secondly, | examine how Ibn alSalth artiulaces the fundamental Sunnt postion with regard o the didactic authority ofall slada” Foally, I show how Ibo al-Sath's entire systematic categorization of the haf disciplines demonstrates the fundamental role of tnd Cito (ue ag) and the central sgnicance of Bah transiter cam sn the veature of Sunt hast scholarship. "The second setion of chaptcr two is devoted to the comsraction| ‘of historical framework forthe ft seven centuries of Sinn bath Seholanhip. The primary works that I we for ths task are three books by the extraordinary Syrian scholar Shams al-Din al-Dhababt (7487/1348), who has been called "the Historian of eam” rath alin) by bis stdens and ruccesor.® ALDhahabt is known nok ‘only fr his magnificent works of history, many of which are aranged according to flat but as a master cre of fad and is wansaters 4 well? This section dicuses al-Dhahabt’s wie of tagatof vary ing lengths in his fad-ransmicer related works, and organizes the maser hath scholars of the first seven centuries whom he prites in thee of his books: Migie a ial mand a-yi a Magize fe salt ada, and Tadbt aster Talo clarify the uty of the ahd orn of periodiaaion forthe diction of badtbransaiter ‘cn in this ecdon, and special atenton is devoted to al-Dishab's tse of the sobriquet Shaykh alse in Tada ec “The third chapter consis ofa historical articulation ofthe deve: lopment of Sunn dai scholarhip on dhe basin of Ton alSalah's Sd al-Dhihab's preferred scholars whose tenses I incoser in the previous chapter The twenty-one flag stuctare of Talat a lie has proven expedient for this endeavor, as all of the master scholars mentioned in the Mga of Tn a-Sala, and a-Dhababr's ‘Moin cl ana igiag ave eres inthis book. I have grouped al-Dhahabr’s weny-onefabqdtinto seven phases in order to clarify Ht ott ane 3 oe a a tee SHC Se mt, im th da rae teh ie ie met amon went fat rome icy i a md sn etme ae 16 curves oe the hitherto neglected historical development of bat scholarship ving the fist seven centrir of Iam evisation, The reals of this chapter not only demonstrate the cra imporance of he third/ ninth century in this venture, but also depict the dymamicvivacity ‘of Sunn hat compilation and eric throughout the fourth tea ad fith/eleventh centuries, long afer the compilation ofthe famous “x books” Chapter four buils upon this historical survey by examining the favorite master scholarr of ten famnous Sunni edt cic who flourished during the third trough seventh phases of hath scholar ship. The ers hose preferences are investigated in this chapter are‘. alsMadit (d. 234/849, Muslim b, aaj (4. 261/078), Ion Abt Hakim (4. 827/939), Ibm Hibban (354/965), Ibn ‘Ad (@. 965/976), al-Hakim al-Naysabori (, 405/1014), al-Khatib sBaghsdh (@. 4638/1071}, ba aljaat (507/1201), abMizct (€ 742/134), and al-Dhahabs. The epinons of these scholars serve 4 useful too forthe purpose of identifying three pesods snd three lass of ents in the history of Sunaf daddbranamiter enki tnd confi the crucial ole played by the scholar of the third /ninth feanury in general, and Yon Ma%n and Ton Hanbal in parce. 1 devote special atention to the Birt two goneraions of ers, such 4 Shuts b. al-Haja, Suan b. ‘Uyayna, and Ibn alMubicak in ‘order to ascertain whether they relly were haters, or whether later sclhrs depicted them as such in order to accord this dsc Pline greater authority and prestige, a8 atleast one modern scholar fas suggested “The ith chapter ofthis book zeroes in on the generation of Iba ‘i'd, Tn Mata, and Ibn Hanbal,since it fret generation of ere ics fr whom we have extensive records oftheir opinions, The fist secon of this chapter isa general suvey of detnguised Muslim men of leters and religion who fourshed during the fis half of| the hird/minth century. The primary source for this database i a Dhahabrs Sar elt anil’, the tenth and eleventh fabgat of ‘which I examine in detail devote particular attention to the major fad scholar of this age, many of whom were teachers of al Balhae? and Musi. The purpose of ths section isto provide a sketch of Thi he opis 0 Esc Dicion ie prea i mek ht the intellect feat the dine of the emergence of Sunt Ia, in forder to beter comprehend how the hai scholar of the generation of Ibn Sat, Ibn Ma'i, and Ibn Hanba fi ino the greater world community during this peied of Islamic civilization. ‘The second section of chapter five consists of a brief reconsider. ion of the significance of the infamous mina, or inguision, that ‘occurred during cegns of the caliphs al-Ma’nntn, a Mutagi, and ‘2: Wathig! The epoode has, unl reendy, been iveted with much ‘edit tovards the emergence of Sunni and even the “separation ‘of sate and religion" A close reading ofthe aforementioned pros pographical works of ahDhahabr indicates that the impact of the rina upon the formation of Suni Islam war ile more than the Feafirmation of a sngle theological poson that wae mox blkely upheld by the majority of ata transmitters prior to the emaire Mair® anything, the episode of the mika hae distracted Western historians feom investigating the far more historically significant processes offal complation and ecsm that were occuring in Baghdad during the same period “Te final section ofthe Ath chaper provides biographical sketches ofthe dhee primary scholars of this peried~Ibn Sa, Ibn Man nd Thm Hankal~sehowe works are analyzed in Part IL of this book pay care attention to the itineraries of three there men in their qos for adi, a wel 0 the Largely obscure lives oftheir respece te primary tansmiterpupis. Thos, I also present the biographies of Iba Sas pops Ibn Fahm (d. 289/902} and alHarih b. Abr Seema ae eee a spe Manan 9/6108 ee Marin Hing, Sa” EV Sater mp fe nt ee sete sage Seen a oe ‘She sain te She iporante abe dae ha er halen She Serene meee ‘nul dnc tod erp he noc La aa of pod iceman aatewcetendta cet eae rte ie eceeete See wASa Magis (Cae, 163, 2°3 :® curren one Usama (4, 202/895), th Matt's student AbO LFadl ‘Abbas al-Dae (4. 271/84-5), and Tan Hlanbals sn and sole compiler of the Maa, “Abdullah b, Abmad (d. 280/903) atthe concason ofthis chapter 13 Pot I The Thee Pricer of iithScalar Sens: Sai Yithian, amd stra ison Par Ml explores the nature ofthe three pills won which 1 argue Sunt slam was comtrced by the fed cham, namely the So letve authori the yldb, the vention and bad appticon of fadthiransmiter enti, and a shard hoa vison ato path by which mow hath averse tho cenay lf beeen the le ofthe Prophet Mubarnad andthe complnie of books Caper ss is devoted to the Brat these pillars namely te cok Aeive author ofthe jad, and begin oth an xno ee fhe individual sala who were vcd inthe ina Mais cote that plagued heft thy years ofthe pone prophese Llc cos snunty. Whie the imporanc ofthe fi fins upon le though nd group forma hardy 4 ew dicey my pease the surpeingy lage numberof sald who were lehed tee ‘n thee any concn sugges thatthe Sunn pice ofthe et Irie probity of de sae as more ral propson then sera acnowiedged inthe secondary erature ‘The nek secon of the sith caper bees wih an anbis of ‘wo sluts tothe problem of the ltrchahy conics Oat led to capuse the hear af moe than a minoy ofthe Meaim cone muniy. The fist of these soon that put foth by the Tn Shia. who ether imerpreed the concept ofr normaly asc ‘ed with te ebliou Bedouin bes who were subdued by Ai Far, asa reference wo the alleged mass apsay ofthe habe spn the death ofthe Propet Mubammad, creme the sei om the dscoue aoeter by mean of uperhman ne an een, Qurtnic regs The other mina tein tothe prob of the inrasehabe conics ie that ‘of the Zaydiyya and Bagh Matai, which accepted the author ofall ofthe sktb exept show who fought aginst “AF a Sf and argued seongly for te Rison 2 as of te mo oT aden or ssa Mer idl and ot Ca age superior’ of ‘AlN over Aba Bakr on the basis of & comparion of| ‘heir respective quale’ [ discs the reactions of the It Shi'a fand the Zaydiyya/Baghdidt Mu'tacla to the intrasakabo conficte [some length because they demonstrate both radical and moder Ie allernative postion to the Suna principle of the callie autor fry of the sahab, and may have conebuted to the hardening of the Sunni postion on isis sich athe superiority of Aba Bakr to “Al ‘Three Sunn souions tothe problem ofthe inrasohba conlits ‘an be discerned inthe AadthIterature of the third/nin cenry ‘The first of these solstions isthe inclusion of chapters devoted to the merits (Jatt) ofthe yahtba in major had complains, such ts the Sols of al-BukDar and Mostim and the Mana of Toa ABE Shaybs, that praised consstenly seventeen male and thee female comparions ofthe Prophet Mubammed, several of whom had been fon opposing sides in these conicta™ The second solution, encap- salad io Hoo So's al-Tabopat estab, was to colct biographical information for abou 1371 male and 629 female saab, in order to demonsuate the callecve role of there men and women in the formative pesiod of Islam, as well as disinguish thse individuals ‘who embraced Iam the east, exeled on the bated, or were sited with superior religious knowledge, fom the masses!" The Baal Sunni soltion 1 the problem of the inea-yaabe violence was the tilzaion of thee men and women stily for the purpose of hath lwammission. The example, par excelence, of thi slution is Ibn lanbal's Muse, which inhi atleast one fad From over sever Inundved saab a wel a a substantial numberof report from dh) to of them who were found onal sider ofthe earbestintra-Mustn “he foray snc othe pnt of oe apt Maa eA ‘zits ROSS ea of aes ae fn Pm nr a ah ‘tat Tete oducion why ponton Ea Rater, See Zt Vita ie Coopers fhe oper? seats at Gara as "ie wn recente em th Si he Maye of ton tr Sh te acre odo fle are” Ata a Sar ls eae ge Rat Sa“ so on bn ‘Abe he Sigs on “Una jar ABT Jt ‘Aah Rasy fo! Khan Sl ba Nagin Sd Mai Tbe 1S lh Urban “ny An Tn Sad bok alo ines what ony be the eae defiton of he tere sak nhc be das oh aches Wg th tin ed2” curren ose conflicts. The very surucure of this masive book could only fim the Senn principle ofthe callecive athity ofthe sald in mont tangible manner. My study of these three approaches co the pad ‘in the Sunnt Aa erature indices tae the belief inthe calecive probity of the sath was arrived at gradually by the arteuators OF Sennism over the third/ninth century, and that books sich at a “bagi abtair and the Muna of Ton Hanbal played a greater role ‘nits ulimate adoption than the chapters deve othe Companions Vrswes in the Sails of al-Bullrt and Muslim, ‘The second pilar upon which Suanism wit constructed was, in ‘ay opinion, the discipline of Aaduberansmiter crtcsm. 1 examine the absolute and relative grades employed by ll Sa Thm Man, ‘nd tbo Hanbal in the seventh chapter, where I uncover bo edi tal tyes of ercsm as well as an overwbeiming consensus regarding the reliability (or lack thereof of over to hundied dara This chapter is of particular significance because ici the fists tematic comparative study of the opinions of fad cies who weve contemporaries of one another and reveal the vvacty of this di ciple on the eve of the journeys of Bue an Msi, The eighth, and final, chapter articles he implicit hisorcal vision as to how reports ofthe Prophet Muhammad utterances ane actions wete transmitted across five generation, from the sae tn {he teachers of the generation of Ton Sat Tom Ma'in, and thn Hanbal This chapter makes parscuany fru use of lb See's nique gine grades for several hundred transmits information ‘which leads tothe discovery of the major hie of the “eapital™ of ‘adoh scholarship from Medina to Baera and Kuta during the mid second/cightn century. While the discipline of hadté-wanamiter ere jim distinguished clearly the reliable scholars found in the tnkds of thousands of faith that were ukimatly systematized by Sunt compilers of the third/nind century, the bistoncal vison implicit i the worksiaf Ibn Sa'd, hn M'in, and Tn Hanbal identi the networks of the most prominene audrey, all of whose materials served as major components of the moat influential books of Sunt Taam, ermopuerion 2 15 Cncain “The goal of this book is to analyze the origins of the Sunaf arcu lation of Islam from the ange ofthe vast Sunn dad literature, I have propoted, on the basis of a close reading of major worls by al-Dhahabs, Ibo $a’, Ibn Ma'ta, and Iba Hanbal, that Sunnis ‘vas premised initaly upon three fundamental principles. The frst (of these was the cllecive authority of che sae, several of whom ‘oho, despite cei biter internal struggles during the fst they Years ater the Prophecs death, played an indispensable role in the core Sunni venture of fad transminon. The second principle was the ‘methodology of bahransmiter rts tha, coupled with & high Gegree of consensus as 10 the identies of the most reliable Wan miter ofthe fist vo centuries of Islam, divided the community of ‘ransmies into those whose reports were acceptable, those whose report were questonabl, and these whose material had tobe aban doned. The thi, and final, principe was the impli historical nar ratve behind the fvegeneration journey of fat fom the sababe to the compilers ofthe generation of Ibn S2' Ibn Ma's, and Ibn Hanbal that unfolded in the ces of Medina, Basra, Kufa, Baghdad, land Mecca, Farge that thee three bai principles explain net only the unparalled eacern ofthe Sas ofa Bart and Mei, but even mote important, esablshed 2 minimal st of requirements for an individual’ seltidenaication as a Sunni Musi and that, turn, may be responsible for the extraordinary popuasity of Sunat Taam over the ages,THE CONSTRUCTION OF CONCEPTUAL AND HISTORICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR INQUIRYTOWARDS AN INITIAL PRAMEWORK: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF IBN ALSALAH AND AL-DHAHABL ma Wertern studies of fat have neglected to unravel the fudnen- tl coneepia and historical frameworks employed by classical Mision ‘eholare proficient inthis diipine. European Scholars such a Jeph Schacht and n parialar, GLA. Juynbol, have developed aa ery (of coterie terme and diagrams for hah analy without seriously Snvestigating how Musi scholars themselves understood dhe devel: lopment ofthis vast iterature! Studies on the Sadthdcipines (alam faba) are few and far Deven’ and I'am unaware of anyone ‘oho Was steed to sketch the history ofthe developenent of the [a erature trom he death of Mubammad foie Borescence is the Mamik era. Although the purpose af this book is w demon strate the sigfcane role played by the thir/anth censiy dad ‘Scholars in the articulation of Sunni Islam, ie necesary to begin this inquiry at the ead of the clasical period of ath compilation in order to asemble the requiste conceptal and historical tool 0 that we can ase accoratly the relive importance ofthe generation of Ibn Sa'd, Ibn Ma‘n, and Ton Hanbal inthe greater seven-century ‘eunute of Sunt Aad scholarship, nerd colle ted eat then a ha Jno Srp npn {Se rat and ied ch concep rpc ng ml 1 Stn Fars peal ree abo Shas ad Jobs corp af ‘atts ec Mio “rads Hat Fonchang See Hew in eh {Sed lndapmet ofhtl pr fbn tak tse a, a [Nayorts bn wense de lod Soe 9 rai ing Mad 3 Pela tM a be Sh Mea ht Ro Ln, mes6 carrer 190) M2 The Comapia! Framework hn Sul and his eration of he hac acpi: “The Sunnt Mamie tration of the casiicaion of the disciplines of fet (ale a Aad i the logical Source fr the esashmnent of 3 cenceprua!famework. for kad cies. Ibn al Sal's (2. 64371243) famous bodk oa tht topc i the culmination of the forts of 3 cote of scholars who dewsted themsches tothe systematic expla- ration ofthe ails one must have in omer vo evaluate the qualities finda hi, The catiest wate on this ope the introdcon to the Sah of Mutiny b.al-Haija 261/874 which both defers the practice of ranking Hadabansmivers and proposes a tripartite tdson of thse men into 1) thee who are fee from defects and ontrovery, and ich in expertise (isn, 2) thore who transit On| the authority of ls-than-eable scholar: 3) hore who ate acca boy most scholas of being suspec (aml) Although this shore ext isa satement of methodology rater than teatie offal ds plines, it represents the eackent conceptual approach 10 the comp Taio of Rae by as acon compiler The mascer fat scholar Ibm Hajar (d. 852/148) lis only sx sigufiant precorors in the eld of "the convendons of the People offal” [ih ak hat) prior to Ton al-Salsb’s Madina ‘Mute lst of ba Muhammad al-Raminurrnuz (@, 960/971), EME nfa fala aha of Maki ab Naystbiy (4. #05/1014), 2 work by Abi) Nu‘aym algbabnt (2, #90/1030), a plethora of mea itd hae Oak ana ates tre cms Se ee get ree ee ee a eng ae seers Re Somers marae ERE e ce iceeatr ci aa ater ‘Siies Sac uaatahsctlage fate re a ie ee ae ee Wis arate Tae ee arn Soe Nope tego aes ccna er pe ee eel or seh Petco “TOWNAOS AN ITAL, FRAMEWORK a books by al Khatib al-Baghdia (4. 465/107), ing of aad ‘Wyad (4344/1180), and a pamphlet (2) by Aba Hats aM (a. 580/188), The book of abHakn al-Naysabart consis of 52 categories na") and seems to have provided Thm sl-Salah with both {he terminology and snicture for is sbtfve category book The book al ie f lm a ina of a-Khatt al-Baghast alo deserves special mention, as t packed with minute dete conceming hath {eanamision and i cited extensively inthe Mapdina’™ Despite the Jmmporance of these two weeks, Ibn Salas hook not only ecliped all previous efforts towards the clasiicaon of the bath dcp, but as remained wswcpassed, and enormously inuena in the fel to thi da. Taf abDin Aba ‘Amr ‘Uthmn bal Salah al-Shabraate ard was born in 577/1181-2 in dhe lage of Shark neat Shea in lb." His faber was an smporant scholar in Shafi law ithe region, aid the to of them traveled extensely inorder > acquire feligious Knowledge. Tbn Sash x of parcuae imports: for ha seholarhip because he was one ofthe last scholars eo study ith te tastes of this dsipine in Nishapur, Marw, and Quavin prior 19 the Mongol iruption of 616-7/1220-1 that severed theve Easter ties fom the central ands of Eaype and Syria? His transmission fof the Saths of al-Bukhart and Mui and dhe enormous Sane of sBayhagt (d.458/1066) appears to have been especially valuable fo bis rumerous stdents, Both Ibe alSalh and hit father came 19 re at cn ee sn ye aol onsale remared ha the ney work Fe fr move pled el SS eee Trey a the Mian bas edd down many ofthe Gino ofa wpe eet ihe teas gape iceaey nesters aie ad nee oe ee 2h meteor yn ‘in a-Sath ip e-at ALDhabt case im ar Shy aaa ee eearanc eat, SET GRS meoeeacse ine ae Sep abo Rokaon, “to aah” le, e saci ee as BT ms Sch CaS ea facie maeiee SRE ana a ohahbe Tan OV. ee