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O O
H H
N N
O O
N N
O O O O
O
H
N
O
N
O O
Chapter 9: Stereochemistry
Stereoisomers of Limonene: Lemons vs Oranges
Enantiomers = non-
superimposable mirror
images (stereoisomers)
1 Assign
1. A i priority
i it letters
l tt tot the
th four
f groups (A-D)
(A D) using
i
same rules we used for E & Z alkenes (based on atomic
number of atoms connected to chiral center, if same find
first point of difference; multiple bonds count multiple
times).
times)
b c
d c b d
a a
R c b
R c b
2. Shortcut
h – if you switch
i h two groups (on
( paper)) you invert
i
stereocenter (go from R to S and vice versa)
a a
b d
d c b c
S
So original must be R!
(Note that a second switch would give you the R enantiomer again)
Configurations of Chiral Centers
CH3 CH3
(R)
Br H (original = S)
HO H HO Br
O O
CH3 OH (S)
OH CH3 (original = R)
O
H2N
OH
(R)-Phenylalanine
(-amino acid)
Optical Activity: Rotation of Plane
Polarized Light
How do you physically tell the two enantiomers apart?
• Clockwise
Cl k i = dextrorotatory
d t t t (+)
• Counterclockwise = levorotatory (-)
• Enantiomers rotate equally in opposite direction
= observed rotation (o)
Specific Rotation []D = c = concentration (g/mL)
cxl l = path length (dm)
Br Br
• 11:11 ((equal)
l) mixtures
i t off enantiomers
ti
- optically inactive (does not rotate plane polarized light)
- referred to as a racemic mixture (racemate)
(100% pure referred to as optically pure)
%R - %S
= x 100%
%R + %S
11 55
-11.55
% ee = x 100% = 50%
23.10
Br Br Br
Cl Cl Cl
Br Br
Cl Cl
(2S 3R)
(2S, (2R 3S)
(2R,
Cl
Br Br Br Cl Br
Cl Cl Cl Br Cl
Br Br
Cl Cl
R R S
* *
* *
S R S
Br Br
R S S S
R S
Br Br
Br Br
Br
Enantiomers
Br
Br Br
S R
R S S R
Br Br
Br Br
Meso (identical!)
2 identical chiral centers with opposite configuration
Fischer Projections
Alternative way to draw chiral centers
a a a
d d c d c
b
c b b
view
i horizontal = coming out of page
vertical = going into page
To assign R/S configuration, place group “D” on top and trace
from A to B to C
a d d
d c a c a b
b b c
(S) (R)
(so original R)
Fischer Projections:
j Multiple Chiral
Centers
d
H c a H
R
H3C * OH H3 C OH
b bottom d
H3C * H b H3 C H
c b R
OH c d OH
a
a
H H
H 3C * OH HO *
CH3 Confirm that this is the
* CH
H 3C * H H 3 S, S stereoisomer
OH OH
B 2
Br Br Br
+
Br Br
Br2 Br Br
+
Br Br
Unequal
q amounts (diastereomers)
( )
(optically active)
1. OsO4 OH OH
2. NaHSO3
+
OH OH
Ci and
Cis d ttrans 22-butene
b t produce
d different
diff t stereoisomeric
t i i products
d t
Chirality at Atoms Other than Carbon
Requires tetrahedral atom with four unique groups
a c c a
C C C C C C
b d d b
Prochirality
If an achiral molecule can be turned into a chiral molecule
in a single chemical step it is “Prochiral”