MRCET CAMPUS DEPT.

OF EEE

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL 1 | P a g e

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

IV B.Tech EEE I Sem L T/P/D C

3-/-/-3

(R17A0221) POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 To understand real power control and operation.

 To know the importance of frequency control.

 To analyze different methods to control reactive power.

 To understand unit commitment problem and importance of economic load dispatch.

 To understand real time control of power systems.

UNIT – I:

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL: Basics of speed governing mechanism and modeling –

speed - load characteristics – load sharing between two synchronous machines in parallel. Control

area concept. Load Frequency Control of a single area system. Static and dynamic analysis of

uncontrolled and controlled cases. Integration of economic dispatch control with LFC. Two - area

system – modeling - static analysis of uncontrolled case - tie line with frequency bias control of

two-area system - state variable model.

UNIT– II:

REACTIVE POWER VOLTAGE CONTROL: Basics of reactive power control, Excitation

systems – modelling. Static and dynamic analysis: stability compensation generation and

absorption of reactive power. Methods of voltage control – tap changing transformer. System

level control using generator voltage magnitude setting. Tap setting of OLTC transformer.

MVAR injection of switched capacitors to maintain acceptable voltage profile and to minimize

transmission loss.

UNIT – III:
ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS: Statement of economic dispatch

problem – cost of generation-Incremental cost curve - co-ordination equations without loss and

with loss, solution by direct method and λ-iteration method. Economic Aspects of Power

Generation: Load curve, load duration and integrated load duration curves – load demand,

diversity, capacity, utilization and plant use factors - NumericalProblems.

UNIT – IV

UNIT COMMITMENT: Statement of Unit Commitment problem – constraints, spinning

reserve, thermal unit constraints, hydro constraints, fuel constraints and other constraints. Solution

methods – Priority list methods - forward dynamic programming approach. Numerical p

MRCET CAMPUS DEPT. OF EEE

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL 3 | P a g e

UNIT – I

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL

1.1 Introduction:

The main objective of power system operation and control is to maintain continuous supply of

power with an acceptable quality, to all the consumers in the system. The system will be in

equilibrium, when there is a balance between the power demand and the power generated. As the

power in AC form has real and reactive components: the real power balance; as well as the reactive

power balance is to be achieved.

There are two basic control mechanisms used to achieve reactive power balance (acceptable

voltage profile) and real power balance (acceptable frequency values). The former is called the

automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and the latter is called the automatic load frequency control

(ALFC) or automatic generation control (AGC).

1.2 Automatic Load Frequency Control:

The ALFC is to control the frequency deviation by maintaining the real power balance in the

system. The main functions of the ALFC are to i) to maintain the steady frequency; ii) control the
tie-line flows; and iii) distribute the load among the participating generating units. The control

(input) signals are the tie-line deviation ∆Ptie (measured from the tie line flows), and the frequency

deviation ∆f (obtained by measuring the angle deviation ∆δ). These error signals ∆f and ∆Ptie are

amplified, mixed and transformed to a real power signal, which then controls the valve position.

Depending on the valve position, the turbine (prime mover) changes its output power to establish

the real power balance. The complete control schematic is shown in Fig1.1.

Fig.1.1: The Schematic representation of ALFC system

1.3 Speed Governing System:

Fig. 1.2 is the schematic representation of Turbine Speed Governing system. It has mainly four

major components.

Speed governor: Speed governor senses the change in speed (or frequency) hence it can be

regarded as heart of the system. The standard model of speed governor operates by fly-ball

mechanism. Fly-balls moves outward when

speed increases and the point Q on the linkage mechanism moves downwards. the reverse happens

when the speed decreases. The movement of point Q is proportional to change in shaft speed.