SuperBattery

Technology & Safety

Curved Graphene-based Energy Storage

A Pan-European Company
European value chain, European energy storage innovation

Tallinn, Estonia Berlin, Germany

Software development Sales & application engineering +
Electronics engineering Grant & IP management
Module & system development Solid-state battery development

+
Großröhrsdorf, Germany Varkaus, Finland
SuperBattery R&D and production SuperBattery pilot production
Supercapacitor research & development center Electrode manufacturing
Main production location from cells to systems

Markranstädt, Germany
The largest and most modern supercapacitor factory
in the world
+
Start of production in 2024 ++
+

Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
Curved Graphene synthesis and production
Material pilot & development plant
Solid-state material research
Key Enabling Technology to Power Electrification Across Industries
A qualified supplier & system provider to industry leaders

Automotive Transportation & Grid & Industrial

Selected applications
Heavy Equipment Renewables Selected applications

Selected applications Selected applications

Fuel cell power support Peak load shaving to cover

solutions
48V active suspension
KERS / Push-to-pass
12V board net stabilization &
back-up solutions
KERS for light rail
Engine start
Mild hybrid bus energy storage
Fuel cell power support solutions
for rail and bus transportation
Wind turbine pitch control
Virtual inertia / Grid forming
in STATCOMs
Microgrid power back-up and
quality
short-term peak power
demands
KERS for port cranes, forklifts,
and elevators
Fast-charging for warehouse
AGVs and shuttles

03
German Quality, Certified According to the Highest Standards
Qualified supplier to some of the largest OEMs in the world

“ Quality is the bedrock of

Certified

Skeleton’s success and

something we have put an 9001:2015 14001:2015

enormous amount of work in – Compliance and selected

to produce the most robust and product certifications

Linus Froböse long-lasting products for our

customers. ”
COO

4
A Qualified Supplier & System Provider to Industry Leaders
To automotive, grid, transportation, and industrial companies, OEMs & Tier 1s

German automotive
OEM

North-American
Truck OEM

5
Technology Advantage Throughout the Entire Energy Storage Industry
Highest performance and quality for every energy storage application, powered by Curved Graphene
2017
SkelCap supercapacitors
(Gen 1)
4x power density compared
to competitors
High power (up to 60x compared to
batteries)
1,000,000+ lifecycles
Ultrafast charging times (<1 s)
2024
2024
SuperBatteries
Graphene supercapacitors High energy density
(Gen 2) (65 Wh/kg)
50,000+ lifecycles
+72% increase in energy
Fast charging (60s)
(16 Wh/L), while maintaining high
power Extremely competitive cost-
base compared to similar
1,000,000+ lifecycles
energy storage technologies
Ultrafast charging times (<1 s)
Increased efficiency & lower footprint
06
Technological Advantage Through Superior Carbon Raw Material
Backed by the largest R&D team in the industry

Li-ion Batteries SuperBattery

use a chemical reaction to store energy Based on supercapacitor technology

+ High power density (4 kW/kg)

+ Limited power density (0.5 kW/kg)
+ Increased energy density (65 Wh/kg)
+ High energy density (205 Wh/kg)
+ Long cycle life (50,000)
+ Limited cycle life (<6000)
+ Fast charge (60s)
+ Slow charge rate (1.5 C)
+ Extreme power (20 C continuous, 100 C peak)
+ Safety concerns
+ High inherent safety
+ Utilizes critical raw materials
+ High recyclability and sustainability
(Li, Graphite, Co)
+ No Graphite, no Co, <5% Li

7
Addressable Energy Storage Application Space
High power from sub-second to up to 15 minutes duration

Skeleton products provide high power energy storage Lower cost compared
for applications with <5-minute charge / <15-minute to Li-ion batteries in this
discharge cycle durations application space

Supercapacitors SuperBatteries Lithium-Ion batteries

Fast
charging

<1s to 60s 1-5 min 1-15 min >15 min

8
Independent 3rd Party Verified Advantage
Superior power and energy densities in energy storage

“ Your cells have very low resistance Supercapacitors

so are truly high-power devices. power density
I think they are the best in the 4X vs competitors

world of the carbon/carbon type. ” 64.3 kW/L

15.6 kW/L
Dr. Andrew F. Burke

SuperBattery
“ One property that stands out is the ESR of the Uniquely fast charge times with high energy density

60 sec
Skeleton capacitor, which is significantly less than
the others. ” Charge time > 10 min Competition

C. N. Nybeck, D. A. Dodson, D. A. Wetz and J. M. Heinzel, "Characterization of

Ultracapacitors for Transient Load Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Plasma
Science, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 2493-2499, May 2019

09
SuperBattery: A Sustainable Energy Storage Product
Advantages over Li-ion batteries from materials to cell design

27 Terminal

Liquid electrolyte Aluminium can

Organic components between layers
41 Aluminum
Other (No Co, Ni, Cu)
Anode – CG Cathode – CG
with metal oxide content with metal oxide content
32
Aluminium current collector Aluminium current collector

Separator paper

+ Narrow range of materials + No Cobalt, no Nickel, no Copper, <5% Lithium

+ Minimal number of components + Aqueous processing for recycling possible
+ Aqueous coating for both Anode and Cathode + No risk of fire or explosion upon disassembly

10
 Energy and Power Characteristics
SuperBattery

Max energy on cell level: 65 Wh/kg and 125 Wh/L Max power on cell level: 4.19 kW/kg and 8.5 kW/L
+ D60L138 cell, 0-100% SOC
+ Reachable between -30 and +50 °C and 1.0-3.0 V cell voltage

D60 SOC-OCV
3

2.5

2
Voltage, V

D60 Discharge
1.5 D60 Charge

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SOC, %

11
Superbattery: Charging In 60 Seconds
Advantages over Li-ion batteries from materials to cell design

1250
3,0 1000A, 60s charge
1000
Voltage (V)
2,5

Current (A)
750

2,0 500

250
1,5

0
1,0
-250
26 27 28 29 30 31
Time / s (x1000)

+ 60 mm diameter, 138 mm length cell + No Cobalt, no Copper, no Graphite, <5% Lithium

+ 1000 A charge in 60 seconds + Aqueous processing for recycling possible
+ No risk of fire or explosion upon disassembly

12
Increased Safety Compared to Lithium-ion Batteries
Lower cost due to Curved Graphene and abundance of other raw materials

8 27

28 41

63 32

Organic components Organic components

Aluminum Aluminum
Other Other

Curved Supercapacitor SuperBattery

Graphene
Proprietary carbon, produced
without any rare earth materials
Synthesis byproducts re-usable
– zero waste created
Composition
Mostly carbon and aluminum –
easy to recycle
Contains no heavy metals
Composition
Safer to handle than Li-Ion batteries
(no lithiated graphite)
Contains lower cost elements
compared to Li-Ion

013
SuperBattery – Short Circuit Through 0.18 mOhm
Industrial prototypes

A large 60 mm diameter, 138 mm

length cell was short circuited
Cell is completely
Current drops to discharged after 30 + 7.1 kA peak current
2 kA seconds + <2 kA current for 30 seconds
After 20
seconds, the cell
Initial current
vents
peak: 7.1 kA + Cell voltage (red) and circuitry current (blue).
+ Short-circuit was created on 26th second of the
log.
+ Voltage spikes can be explained by three poles
(connected in parallel) ABB OTDC switch-
disconnector contacts closing not being 100%
synced.
+ Recorded peak short-circuit current 7.1 kA. After
2 sec. current dropped below 2k and was
continuously running through the circuitry around
30 sec.
SuperBattery – Short Circuit Through 0.18 mOhm
Industrial prototypes
Cell body and negative
terminal show almost
equal temperature of 95°C
95 °C max temperature
Picture of temperature graph:
+ Pink line is cell body
temperature
+ Green line is cell negative
terminal temperature
SuperBattery – Short Circuit Through 0.18 mOhm
Industrial prototypes

Cell venting event upon short circuiting. No fire or explosion witnessed.

SuperBattery – Short Circuit Through 0.18 mOhm
Industrial prototypes

Cell thermal image before and during short-circuit.

SuperBattery – Overcharge to 6V (200% Rated Voltage)
Industrial prototypes

+ Cell vented at 3.6 V after reaching 4.2 V

+ Cell charged to 6 V temporarily – no fire
+ No fire or explosion at 6 V

Cell before the test Test setup

Vented cell after test Cleaned cell after test

Key Achievements:
No safety risk during massive overcharge of 200% 018
SuperBattery – Crushing
Industrial prototypes

+ Fully charged (3.0 V) D40L85 cell crushed with a cylinder

(d = 30 mm) at 1 mm/s
+ No fire or explosion
+ Cell deformed completely – no fire or explosion

Cell before the test Test setup

Cell after crushing

IR-image of cell during crushing

Key Achievements:
No safety risk during complete deformation of cell

019
SuperBattery – Nail Penetration
Industrial prototypes

+ Fully charged (3.0V) D40L85 cell penetrated with a rod

(d = 3 mm) at 10 mm/s
+ No fire or explosion

Cell before the test Test setup

Cell after nail penetration IR-image of cell during penetration

Key Achievements:
Nail completely penetrated the cell – no safety risk

020
SuperBattery – Overheating
Industrial prototypes

+ Fully charged (3.0V) D40L85 cell heated to 250 °C in oven

+ Safety valve opened at 135 °C
+ Maximum cell terminal temperature 363 °C
+ No fire or explosion

Cell before the test Test setup

Cell after overheating

Safety valve after overheating

Key Achievements:
No thermal runaway – no need to for Thermal
Propagation measures
021
Thank you!
For more information
contact us:
www.skeletontech.com

Skeleton Technologies GmbH | info@skeletontech.com | +49 3595 2416 040