Chapter Introduction to Plastic Analysis Chapter Outline 12.1. Introduction 12.2 Definitions of Plastic Hinge and Plastic Moment Capacity 12.3 Assumptions 12.4 Shape Factor 12.5 Shape Factor for General Sections 12.6 Collapse Load 12.7 Basic Theorems for Finding Collapse Loads 12.8 Methods of Plastic Analysis 12.9 Statical Method 12.10 Kinematic Method 12.11 Kinematic Method Applied to Beams 42.12 Kinematic Method Applied to Frames Summary Multiple Choice Questions Exercises Review Questions378 Structural Analysis—Il 12.1 INTRODUCTION So far, we have seen the analysis of structure by elastic theory in which stress-strain relation is assumed to be linear. The design based on this theory assumes that the structure fails if the stress at any point reaches the yield stress. The service load is restricted to the value such that at the highly stressed point the stress is equal to the working stress. The working stress is defined as yield stress divided by factor of safety. In other words, the designer has a concept that the structure would fail if the design load applied is equal to the factor of safety times working load But this is not the correct concept. To verify this, first let us see the stress-strain curve for steel. A= Limit of proportionality B = Upper yield point C= Lower yield point D= Ultimate stress point E = Breaking point = Stress = Strain Figure 12.1: Stress-strain curve for steel. ‘The stress-strain curve is linear between the origin and the elastic limit, which is very close to the yield point. After the upper yield point, there is a sudden drop in stress up to lower yield point. The designer normally treats the lower yield point as the limit of proportionality. From this yield point to the ultimate stress point, the zone is called strain hardening zone. At ultimate stress point, neck formation starts and the load carrying capacity reduces. Finally, breaking takes place at stress (normal stress) which is less than the ultimate stress, Now, consider stresses across the highly stressed section of the simply supported beam with gradually increasesing load. [Refer Figure 12.2(a)] @ f Ss h h mo f 4 ly ty (b) (©) @ ( Figure 12.2(a): Typical beam subjected to gradually increasing load. (b), (¢), (d) and (e): Stress diagram at various loading stages.Introduction to Plastic Analysis 379 Within the elastic limits, the stress varies linearly across the section and the maximum stress is within the yield stress [Figure 12(6)]. After some more increase, the external fibres will reach the yield stress [Figure 12.2(c)]. Thus, these fibres have little capacity to resist load. Even if, we neglect this additional capacity due to strain hardening, the section can still resist more load, because the interior fibres are still under stressed. As the load is further increased, outer fibres just expand or contract without resisting load but inner fibres continue to resist the load till they also yield Figure 12.2(d)). The resistance to load continues till the entire section yields, Thus, we find that the section can resist load even after the outer fibres yield, After all fibres at a section yield, the section behaves like a hinge for further load, ie., it rotates freely without resisting additional moment. Now, let us consider the load carrying capacity of a fixed beam (Figure 12.3). As the bending moment is maximum at supports, first extreme fibres at supports yield. For further increase of load, entire section at supports yield. Even at this stage, the structure will not collapse, since, a beam with two hinges at ends is a stable structure, For further load, it acts as a simply supported beam till all fibres at the mid-span section yield a Figure 12.3: Fixed beam. Thus, the elastic theory underestimates the load carrying capacity of the structure. For indeterminate structures, this underestimation is higher. Hence, the term factor of safety isnot giving the correct idea about the load carrying capacity of the structures, Hence, a new theory called plastic theory has been developed. This theory gives the correct idea about the load carrying capacity of the structure, It is based on the concept that a structure will carry load till the plastic hinges are formed at the sufficient points to cause collapse of the structure. However, to make the theory simple, strain hardening of the material is neglected, which means load carrying capacity of the structure is actually a little more than what plastic theory predicts 12.2 DEFINITIONS OF PLASTIC HINGE AND PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY Plastic Hinge It is a section at which all the fibres have yielded, and hence for any further load rotation takes place at the section without resisting any additional moment. Plastic Moment Capacity Plastic moment capacity of a section may be defined as the moment which makes all the fibres at that section to yield and thereby form a plastic hinge 12.3. ASSUMPTIONS The following assumptions are made in plastic theory 1, The stress-strain relationship is idealized to two straight lines as shown in Figure 12.4, ie., strain hardening effect is neglected 2. Plane section before bending, remains plane even after bending, ie., shear deformation is neglected,380 Structural Analysis—II 3. The relationship between compressive stress and compressive strain is the same as between tensile stress and tensile strain - I/ Figure 12.4: idealized stress-strain curve. a Stress —= Strain 4, Whenever a fully plastic moment is attained at any cross-section, a plastic hinge forms which can undergo rotation of any magnitude, but the bending moment remains constant at the fully plastic value Effect of axial load and shear on fully plastic moment capacity of the section is neglected. 6. The deflections in the structure are small enough for the equations of statical equilibrium to be same as those for the undeformed structures. 12.4 SHAPE FACTOR Within the elastic limit, bending moment M has a relation with bending stress f as M= fZ, where Z has been defined as the modulus of the section. Defining the moment causing extreme fibre to yield as yield moment M,, we can write: My =fZ If plastic moment capacity of a section is M,, we define plastic modulus of section Z, as the ratio of plastic moment capacity to yield stress, i.e., M, Foe = Sy % Z, The term shape factor may be defined as the ratio of plastic moment capacity to the yield moment. Thus, shape factor S is given by, Note that shape factor is always greater than unity, since plastic moment capacity M, is more than yield moment and the shape factor is the property of the section. Shape factors for various sections is derived below (a) Rectangular Section Consider the rectangular section of width b and depth d as shown in Figure 12.5. The stress diagram corresponding to yield moment and plastic moment is also shown in this figureIntroduction to Plastic Analysis 384 1 fy f, } a AY G: 2 d i i Plastic NA. o. i 4N a A i . u 7 A Figure 12.5: Rectangular section with stress diagram corresponding to yield moment and plastic moment. We know that, My =4Z 1 =f iG oa?) wo Let Ay be the area under compression and A, be the area under tension. Considering horizontal equilibrium of the forces, F.=F, SAi =f Aa 4 or Ay= Ay = J» where A is the total area Thus, plastic neutral axis divides the area into two equal halves. Hence, in rectangular section, it is at the mid-depth as shown in Figure 12.5. Plastic moment capacity is the moment of resistance when the yield stress is f, at all fibres My= Foy + Five =f Avi th Ary 4 =hx qty) Cars cary (i) Shape factor382 Structural Analysis—II (b) Circular Section Consider the circular section of radius R. Let the diameter be denoted by D (Refer. Figure 12.6) We know, for a circular section, Ss ee le pan Plastic NA. @ () Figure 12.6: Circular section with stress diagrams corresponding to plastic moment. I _ nD ( nD ) Z= ——=7 3M, =f, 2= Vag 32 yh Sy 32 The plastic neutral axis divides the given section into two halves. Hence, it passes through the diametral section as shown in Figure 12.6. C.G of compressive area is at yy = # above diametral section and C.G of tensile area is at 3n 4R nae below the diametral section. Therefore, the M/, (Moment of resisting forces about plastic neutral axis) = Fey + Fie A A A = ZX IM AZ IAF IO HY) where A = Area of cross-section = My = pAy «4(2). [Since, 2R = D] p> = xt = 181.698 Shape factor Se =Introduction to Plastic Analysis 383 (© Triangular Section Consider the typical triangular section of base width b and depth h as shown in Figure 12.7. For this Plastic N.A. ty (a) (b) Figure 12.7: Triangular section with stress diagram corresponding to plastic moment, we eeu) (2) = Lyx Let the plastic neutral axis be at a depth , from apex. At this level, width 5, (i) bh > (%). where A is the area of given triangle ‘Area under compression = > 2 ee 2" hk Distance of centroid of tensile area from plastic neutral axis, v= CSS) HH)384 Structural Analysis—II - of 22") 1+ V2) 9 sash 32 1+V2 M, = Fy Avy, + fy Arya A a Sz Atya) 1 bh(_h = fyxrx2| 4+ 0.1548h wpa > ) = 0.09763 bi? f, M, he fy Shape factor S = — My (2) YU 24 = 2343 (@) For Symmetric I-Section Consider the typical [-section shown in Figure 12.8 a f eo) ey F Tr D , 4 dp ri 5|Fe 4S Figure 12.8: Symmetric /-section with stress diagram corresponding to plastic moment. >) (nat M= Sy be 1 , (maa) 2 consider solid rectangle of size BxD and a negative area Similarly, for finding M,, of bxd. D D d d M,= Fy x—+ Fy X—~ Fy X—— Fy X— ip Fax thx Fax g—Faxy =F )PD-EHF a x 204 2°04Introduction to Plastic Analysis 385 =v pp? — oa |-£e0 bd?) = bd?) D (BD? — bd*) Plastic NA | —— th @ ® Figure 12.9(a): Diamond section. (b) Stress diagram corresponding to plastic moment. T= 2x4x bi =1bHP 12 6 I 1. bh Sah eey is Sy XG xhi = 1 = A,==bh and y= = oh and Mp = Foy th vy = fe AN+ fy Avr SyXEX DHL ICH fy x bxcbh xt xh -4(%)386 Structural Analysis—II 12.5 SHAPE FACTOR FOR GENERAL SECTIONS Shape factor for any section may be found by the following procedure 1. From usual procedure, determine the moment of inertia of the given section about the centroidal axis. Then, determine yield moment using the equation, w= Ae) 2. Locate plastic neutral axis, ie., the axis which divides the area into two halves 3. Since, the stress is equal to yield stress at all fibres, area multiplied by yield stress gives force in that area. Determine the moment of forces in each simple figures in tension and compression about plastic neutral axis separately. Then, Mp = 2, Ay, where y is the distance of centroid of each simple figure from plastic neutral axi Mp My The above procedure is illustrated with the examples, 4. Then, Shape factor S Example 12.1 Calculate the shape factor of the /-section shown in Figure 12.10. If the value of the yield stress is 250 Nmm?, find the plastic moment capacity of the section 0 A RIA [,__|__,, a He 250 Fy te — F; 4 -=——100 Wr Figure 12.10: Example 12.1 with stress diagram corresponding to plastic moment.Introduction to Plastic Analysis 387 Solution To find yield moment M,: Due to symmetry, elastic neutral axis is at mid-depth. ii 7p % 100 x10" + 100 x 10 (125 ~ 5)? +35 x6 250-20)" + ae 100 x 10° +100 x 10 (125 — 5)? = 34900167 mm* qT 34900167 = = 250) ————. ae teas = 69800333 Nmm To find plastic moment Mp: Since, axis at mid-depth is a symmetric axis, plastic neutral axis also lies here. Dividing the given figure into four simple rectangles, two in compression zone and two in tension zone, we get, Mp = EAfy y = Sy (AN + AgV2 + As + Aays) = f,| 100 x 10 025 ~ 5) +6425 ~10) x 25=12 |, y ) ) [Since, A, = Ay and A; = Aq] = 79837500 Nmm _ Mp 9837500 Shape factor(S) = 77 =r y 1.144 Example 12.2 Determine the shape factor of the T-section shown in Figure 12.11 120 ——_+} JF, A t T 4 10 10 120 (a) (6) Figure 12.11: Example 12.2 with stress diagram corresponding to plastic moment.388 Structural Analysis—II Solution To find the yield moment M, Given figure is divided into two rectangles. Elastic neutral axis from top fibre, 120x10x5 +110 x10 (55 +10) 120x10+110x10 ve = 33.70 mm WS 5 120%10° + 120% 10 63.70-5)? + 510110? + 10110 65 -33 70)? = 3185523.7 mm* Ynox= 120~ 33.70 = 86.3 mm L 3185253.7 y= 5(52)=5( 863 ) = 36909.08 f, Nmm_ To find plastic moment capacity Mp Assuming plastic neutral axis lies in the flange, its distance from the top fibre yp can be found as: Vp * 120= 4 (12010 +110 x10) 2 yp = 9.583 mm (<10 mm) Hence, assumption is correct. Area under compression: ‘A, = 120 x 9,583 mm? _ 9.583 wey Area under tension: Ay = 120 « (10-9.583) mm? = 120 0.417 _ 0.417 ne A; = 10* 110 = 1100 mm? 110 ya = 0417 + 55.41mmIntroduction to Plastic Analysis 389 Mp = fy, Av =f, [120%9 583 x 2283 5120 0.417 x 2417 +1100%55417 = 66479.17 f, Nmm y= Me _ 6479.17 _ 1 gop ‘M, — 36909.08 Example 12.3. Determine the shape factor of unequal /-section shown in Figure 12.12. +250 —»} 50 1 30 1+ 400 ———>} Figure 12.12(a): Unequal I-section. Solution Elastic neutral axis from top fibre, _ 250. 50x 25 + 50 x 200 (100 + 50) + 400 x 50x 275 ue 250 x 50+ 50x 200 + 400 x 50 = 31250 _172.06mm 42300 1 T= 75% 25050? + 250 x 50 (172.06 -25) +5 50.200" + 200 x50(172.06 ~150)" +x 400%50" + 400 x 50 (275 — 172.06)? = 5.27236 x 108 mm* Yin = y_=172.06 mm 7 0 fife HL y L HH yo “fs (s2msexet) Fh ("172.06 3064259.7 f, Nmm > F| Figure 12.12(b): Locating plastic N.A.390 Structural Analysis—II Plastic moment M,: Let plastic neutral axis be at a distance yp from top fibre. Assuming it to fall in web, 250% 50+ 50(), ~50)= 50+200+ 400)50 _ 42500 a) Yp- 50= 175 or yp=225mm The assumption that yp is in web is correct. Dividing the total area into four rectangles, two in compression zone and two in tension zone [as shown in Figure 12.12], ea A + —__-+ 7 {| Figure 12.12(c): Forces for finding N.A. M,= LAY 25050 225-25) +50 225-30 (5=52) “4 +30(250~225)( 2225). 50400 275-225) = 4281250 f, Nmm = Me = 4281250 _ | 557 3064259.7 M, 12.6 COLLAPSE LOAD A structure is said to have collapsed if the entire structure or part of the structure starts undergoing unlimited deformation. This happens when the number of independant static equilibrium equations available are more than the number of reaction components. The state at which this condition develops is said to be collapse mechanism and the load carried at this state is called collapse load. The collapse load is also called as ultimate load carrying capacity of the structure, Determining the collapse load of a structure is called plastic analysis. Normally, structures are permitted to carry only a fraction of collapse load, called working loads. The relationship between collapse load and working load is: Collapse load = Load factor x Working loadIntroduction to Plastic Analysis 391 ‘Thus, Load factor is a term similar to factor of safety in the elastic design. The load factor is the ratio of collapse load to working load whereas factor of safety is the ratio of yield stress to working stress. 12.7 BASIC THEOREMS FOR FINDING COLLAPSE LOADS There are three basic theorems on which plastic analysis has been developed. They are 1. Static theorem, 2. Kinematic theorem 3. Uniqueness theorem Static Theorem It states ‘for a given structure and loading, if there exists any distribution of bending moment throughout the structure which is both safe and statically admissible with a set of loads W, the value of W must be less than or equal to the collapse load W.’. Thus, ws The term statically admissible means the bending moment diagram satisfies static equilibrium conditions; the term safe means at no point bending moment is more than plastic moment capacity of the section. This theorem is called as Lower bound theorem, since, the values of loads obtained are always less than or equal to collapse load. Kinematic Theorem This theorem states “for a given structure subject to a set of loads W, the value of W found to correspond to any assumed mechanism must be either greater or equal to the collapse load W.’ Thus, WW, Since, for any assumed mechanism, the value of HV obtained is greater than or equal to collapse load, this is also called as Upper bound theorem. Uniqueness Theorem The static and kinematic theorems can be combined to form a theorem which gives unique value for collapse load. This theorem is called uniqueness theorem. From static theorem, it is known that for any value of IV > W,, it is impossible to find any distribution of bending moment which will be both safe and statically admissible. From the kinematic theorem, it is known that it is impossible to find any mechanism for which the corresponding load is less than WV. Combining these, the following theorem is framed to get unique value of the load which will be equal to W,. “If for a given structure and loading at least one safe and statically admissible bending moment distribution can be found and in this distribution the bending moment is equal to the fully plastic moment at enough cross-sections to cause failure of the structure due to unlimited rotations at plastic hinges (forming mechanism), the corresponding load will be equal to the collapse load W.. 12.8 METHODS OF PLASTIC ANALYSIS Based on uniqueness theorem, there are two methods of plastic analysis: 1, Statical method 2. Kinematic method392 Structural Analysis—Il Inboth these methods the assumptions listed in section 12.3 are made. The important assumption to be noted is ‘once plastic hinge is formed, rotation takes place freely without any change in the moment acting (My) at the section’. This may be represented by moment curvature relation shown in Figure 12.13 Figure 12.13: Moment curvature relation 12.9 STATICAL METHOD This method is suitable for the analysis of structure for which the shape of the bending moment diagram is easily known, The method consists of drawing statically admissible bending moment diagram and equating bending moment at sufficient points to plastic moment, so that collapse mechanism forms. While doing this, care should be taken to see that bending moment will not exceed plastic moment capacity of the section at any point. The procedure is illustrated with the beam problems. Problems on frames are not taken up by this method since, it is not easy to draw such bending moment diagrams for them. Example 12.4 Determine the collapse load WV, in the simply supported beam shown. in Figure 12.14(a). Figure 12.14(a): Simply supported beam. Solution Bending moment diagram for this beam is as shown in Figure 12.14(6). Since, simply supported beam is a determinate structure, formation of one hinge in the beam creates collapse mechanism. Since, the moment is maximum under the load, the hinge will form at that placeIntroduction to Plastic Analysis 393 aN Figure 12.14(b): Bending moment diagram. WL 77% With this, the bending moment is both statically permissible and safe and hinge formation takes place at sufficient number of points to develop collapse mechanism. Hence, W corresponding to Eqn (i) is a collapse load ie., Example 12.5 Determine the collapse load in case of propped cantilever loaded as shown in Figure 12.15(@), Figure 12,15(a): Propped cantilever. Solution Figure 12.15(6) shows bending moment diagram for a propped cantilever beam, Such a beam will form collapse mechanism, if a hinge is formed at fixed end and another hinge in the portion AB. Since, positive bending moment is maximum under the load, naturally inner hinge will develop at this point. At collapse condition, bending moment at A and under the load will be equal to Mp as shown in Figure 12.15(8). Was L 4 Figure 12,15(b): Bending moment diagram at collapse. Weab b L+b Now, a = My +Mt,(4)=a( : ) L+b = M, We ( ab ) ,394 Structural Analysis—Il Example 12.6 Determine the collapse load in case of a fixed beam shown in Figure 12.16(a) w ¢— + 1+] Figure 12.16(a): Fixed beam. Solution At collapse, the end points of fixed beam should develop plastic hinges and there should be another hinge in the portion AB. Bending moment diagram shown in Figure 12.16(b) is both statically admissible and safe and at the same time gives rise to plastic hinges at sufficient places. Hence, it corresponds to collapse condition, + Weab L Za — | Figure 12.16(b): Bending moment diagram at collapse. From the figure, it is clear that, ab w,(2)- M,+M, L w neo 2u,(4) Note the particular case: if a = b = 5, Then, Example 12.7 A propped cantilever of span Lis subjected to uniformly distributed load w per unit length. Determine the collapse load, if the plastic moment capacity of the beam is My wwiunit length L—_____+| Figure 12.17(a): Popped cantilever. Solution Figure 12.17(a) shows the propped cantilever subjected to uniformly distributed load and Figure 12.17(6) shows statically admissible bending moment diagram.Introduction to Plastic Analysis 395 Wolx wot? ye Me /_——_:—__+ Figure 12.17(b): Bending moment diagram at collapse. For the formation of collapse mechanism, plastic hinge has to develop at fixed end and at any point in the portion AB. Since, bending moment at any point should not exceed plastic moment ‘M,, the interior hinge will be at the point of maximum bending moment. At any section distance x, from propped end, @ Since, hinge will be formed at x, My = My WL x? x nie ("5 Jen (S)-oo(¥) x W, M(1+2)2 Me ae-2 at i) 2 ee) Substituting the value of M, from (i), we get, L+x “) (L- 2x) (L +x) = x - 2) LPH Le - 2? = Le x IUx+DP=0 “1a-2( = axe) x _ 2btV4l? +40? 2 = -LtLy2 * q396 Structural Analysis—II = L(V2~-1) [Since, the other value has no meaning] =0414L Substituting this value of x in Eqn. (i), we get, M, =, xbx(L=20 2 = WxZx(-2x0414 = 0.0858 IW, L? My W.= 11.655 |r Thus, in propped cantilever subject to ud, hinge occurs at 0.414 L from propped end and its M, collapse load is 11.655| Example 12.8 Show that in a propped cantilever subject to a moving concentrated load, the worst M, position is at 0.414 L from propped end and its load carrying capacity is W, = 5.828 (*) Solution In Example 12.5, it has been proved that, L+b W.= M, ° (3) » asl [Since, a + b= L] For I, to be minimum, AWe yay, { LE= 8M) = + 6) = 26) dbo (L—by? B? ie, Lb-b? ~(L+b)(L-2b)=0 Lb-b? - LP +Lb +267 =0 or b4+2Lb-2 =0 faz 4? 2 2L+ = L(N2-1)[Since, other value has no practical meaning] = 0414.Introduction to Plastic Analysis 397 Corresponding to it, the collapse load, =-M. L+b "L@-b)b M, . > 5928 ( 7 ) 12.10 KINEMATIC METHOD W, ” (+0414) L * | d-0.414)L 0.414 L) This method starts with an assumed collapse mechanism. After collapse mechanism is formed, there can be no change of curvature at any cross-section except where plastic hinges are formed. Hence, if a virtual displacement is given to the structure just after collapse mechanism is formed, the internal work is done only at plastic hinges, where plastic moment M, is acting. Hence, by equating internal work done by plastic moments at plastic hinges to external work done by loads, we can get collapse load. However, according to kinematic theorem, this is greater than or equal to the real collapse load. Hence, all possible mechanisms can be investigated and the one giving least value may be considered as the real collapse load. For structures like continuous beams, single storey, single bay frames, it is possible to imagine all possible collapse mechanisms and arrive at real collapse loads. However, for multistorey, multi-bay frames, some of the possible mechanisms may go beyond imagination. Hence, in such cases, to confirm the real mechanism, the bending moments at various critical points are found in the assumed collapse condition and checked whether anywhere bending moment is more than plastic capacity of the section. If the bending moment is equal to or within the plastic moment capacity at all sections, that is the real collapse mechanism and the collapse load is the real collapse load. In this chapter, analysis is restricted to only continuous beams and single bay, single storey frames. This method is also known as Mechanism method ot Virtual work method. 12.11 KINEMATIC METHOD APPLIED TO BEAMS For any span of a beam for collapse, there should be natural (mechanical) hinges or plastic hinges at the support and one plastic hinge in the span of the beam, To reduce the number of trial mechanisms, the point of maximum moment in the span of the beam should be located quickly. For a set of concentrated loads, maximum moment is always under a loads. The procedure is illustrated with the following examples. Example 12.9 Determine the collapse load in the simply supported beam shown in Figure 12.18(@) Figure 12.18(a): Simply supported beam.398 Structural Analysis—Il Solution Since, bending moment is maximum under the load, interior hinge will be under the load as shown in Figure 12. 18(6). The collapse mechanism is shown with virtual displacement A at load point. bp a ot Abe ic) Figure 12.18(b): Collapse mechanism. Let 8, and 6, be the rotations of portions AC and CB. There is only one plastic hinge and rotation at this hinge = 8, + 8, Now, from the deformed geometry, a or = (¢)a, ‘Therefore, the internal work done = M,(0; + @2) =M, (6, +0) b+a v4, (2£2)o, = m,(4)o, [Since, a + b= L] Extemal work done =WA Wa, Equating extemal work done to intemal work done, we get, L Wa 0, = u,(#)o, L =|—]|M w= ()Mo Particular case: If a = b= 4 4M, W.= xm, 2 (eG £) PL ae 2°2Introduction to Plastic Analysis 399 Example 12.10 Determine the collapse load in a propped cantilever of span L subject to central concentrated load. Figure 12.19(a): Propped cantilever. Sulution Consider the beam shown in Figure 12.19(a). This beam develops collapse mechanism when plastic hinge is formed at fixed end and another under the load as shown in Figure 12.19(6), ec! Figure 12.19(b): Collapse mechanism. Let the vertical displacement A be given at central hige. Since, the hinge is at mid-span, rotations at the two ends are equal, say 0. Internal work done = M/,0+M, (0+8) = 3M,0 L External work done = 17,4 = We| = J@ Equating intemal work to external work, we get, , (Lh 3M,0 = w(4)o Example 12.11 Find the collapse load in a fixed beam of span L carrying uniformly distributed load over the entire span, Plastic moment capacity is M, throughout, -w/unit length L Figure 12.20(a): Fixed beam. Solution The beam is shown in Figure 12.20(a). At collapse, hinges should be formed at supports and another hinge at mid-span, where positive moment is maximum. Let the virtual displacement A be given to central hinge. The deformed shape is shown in Figure 12,20(b). Since, the hinge is at mid-span, rotations at both ends are same, say 0.400 Structural Analysis—II b+ + Figure 12.20(b): Collapse mechanism, Internal work done = M, @+M, (0+0)+M,0 = 4M, External work done = Total load = Average distance moved vl?) (210s (ames “(2 Equating external work to internal work, we get, or Example 12,12 Determine the collapse load in a fixed beam of span L carrying uniformly distributed load over one-half of span, The plastic moment capacity is M, throughout. ww, /unit length Figure 12.21(a): Fixed beam. Solution Consider the beam shown in Figure 12.21 (a). At collapse, plastic hinges are formed at ends. Then it behaves as simply supported beam as shown in Figure 12.21(b). Hence, end moment diagram is as shown in Figure 12.21(c). The free moment diagram is also shown in Figure 12.21(c), 3 RSW ng Ml Figure 12.21(b): Behaviour of beam after hinge formation at A and B.Introduction to Plastic Analysis 401 ‘The moment at any interior point in the portion AC is given by, ‘M, = Free moment ~ End moment ‘Taking simply supported beam for free moment calculations, m= (3)(F) 3 Raz Wel A 8 Therefore, in portion AC, free moment = Ry x-w, (= ; 3 vbe-w, (=) 8 2 2 eye’ (S)-m 8 2) 5 " hr Figure 12.21(c): Bending moment diagram after the formation of hinges at A and B. For M, to be maximum, aM, ds = 0=2 u,b me 8 or x= Sk 3 8 Hence, interior hinge will be at x= —Z from end A as shown in Figure 12.21(d). Let virtual 8 displacement given to interior hinge be A. Rotations at A and B be @; and 5, respectively. a 34 f 7 ef Phe NN jp ieee Figure 12.21(d): Beam mechanism.402. Structural Analysis—II From the geometry of deformed shape, 310, = a=220, 8 8 6, = 06 6 @ Therefore, the internal work done = Af,0; + M,(@; + 03) + M,0> = M,0; + M,(; + 0.6 0) + M, x 0.6 0 = 3.2 M0 @ External Work done: Let us take the given load as udl w, unit length over entire span minus udl of the same intensity in right-half as shown in Figure 12.21 (). _—wzlunit length a length Figure 12.21(e): External work done by udl Let the displacement at mid-span be A, (Ref. Fig. 12.21 (@)). Then, " (@) = 0.84 A LA Therefore, the external work done = w, X Lx >— Ww, x5 x -(2#}-(28) = wel. A(0.5 - 0.2) = 03 mL x2% 10, = (2) w.27 8 Equating intemal work to extemal work, we get, (3.2) M0, = (2)».2,Introduction to Plastic Analysis 403 Example 12.13 Determine the collapse load in a fixed beam shown in Figure 12.22(a). Figure 12.22(a): Fixed beam. Solution At collapse, hinges should form at supports and another hinge in the span, The interior hinge may develop under 1.25 W load or under load W. Hence, both mechanisms will be investigated and the one giving less IV, will be selected as the real collapse mechanism Mechanism-t: (Interior hinge under the load 1.25 W) This mechanism is shown in Figure 12.22(b). Let A; be virtual displacement under the load 1.25 W and A, be the displacement under the load IV. Rotations at ends A and B be 0; and 02 respectively. Figure 12.22(b): Mechanism-| and 0.2.L0, = A, = 0.8 LO, ) * 6, = 40, Internal work done = M,@, + M, (@; + @:) +.M,0) = 2M, (@; + 0) = 2M, (40 + 03) = 10.M,0: External work done 1.25 WA, + WA; 1.25. A +7, (233) A, 08 W, ( 25+923Josz0, 08 = Wx 1.25 x 10, Equating intemal work done to external work done, we get, 10 M, @ = W, x 1.25 x 10,404 Structural Analysis—Il Figure 12.22(c): Mechanism-II Mechanism-II: (Internal hinge under load 1”) This mechanism is shown in Figure 12.22(c). From deformed shape, it is clear that, o2L 02 = | —— |x A, =| — ]xA. a (aisr)* 2 (as) 2 and 0.75 10, = Ay = 0.25 x LO or @ = 36 Intemal work done = M, 0, + My (0; + 03) + M,O) = 2M, (; + 62) = 2 My (@; + 30;) = 8M, Extemal work done = 1.25 Way + WA2 1.251, (2), +WA, O.75L Ww, ( 25x P2+1)d, 0.75 W, ( 25( 22) =1)o7510, [Since, A, =0.75 L6,] 0.75 = W, 10, Equating intemal work done to external work done, we get, 8M, 0; = W. 10, 8M, y,=|—2 We ( L ) In this case, we find both mechanisms give same collapse load ( ) Hence, the two mechanisms occur simulteneously, and Example 12.14 Determine collapse load in the fixed beam shown in Figure 12.23(a) in which plastic moment capacity is 2M, in one-half and M, in the other-half.Introduction to Plastic Analysis 405 My | (Mf) 2 2 Figure 12.23(a): Fixed beam. Solution At collapse, plastic hinges will form at the ends and the third hinge may form under the load where positive moment is high or it may form at mid-span where, though moment is less than that under the load, plastic moment capacity is less, Hence, both mechanisms are to be investigated. Mechanism-I: This is shown in Figure 12.23(b). Let A be the virtual displacement given to the hinge under the load and 0; and @; be the rotations at the ends as shown in the figure L 2b I 3 | 3 i ex Lo, ot a NN Ee a (2M,) Figure 12.23(b): Mechanism-I L 2L vim (Se. - (4 or 0, = 26) Internal work done = 2M,0, + 2M,(0, + @;) + M,@. = Mp x 20; + 2M, (20) + @;) + My®. _—_—[Since, @, = 26] = 11M,0 2L External work done = W.A=W, (#)e. Equating intemal work to extemal work, we get, 2L 11M, ® = w.(22)o, 16.5M_ <= @ Mechanism-II: Itis shown in Figure 12.23(c). It is having hinge at mid-span. Let virtual displacement at this point be A and the rotations at ends be @, and @;, respectively as shown in figure. Then,406 Structural Analysis—II or 204 = 5xpoe5 Internal work done = 2M, @ + M,(26) + M, 8 = 5M, 0 Je A B eM) (My) (Me) Figure 12.23(c): Mechanism-I| Note: When there is a sudden change in the section, the hinge will form on weaker side and the necessary rotations take place. External work done = Wd (Lb SM, © = w,(40) 3 y~ BM or alee Gi) From (i) and (ii), we conclude Mechanism-II is the real Mechanism and the collapse load is 15M, L Example 12.15 In the continuous beam shown in Figure 12.24 (a), plastic moment capacity of AB is to be kept twice that of BC. Determine plastic moment capacity of the beams if the loads shown are working loads, Take load factor as 1.5Introduction to Plastic Analysis 407 AON r kN a 44 > (2M,) BB (Mt) — mo” | G co m—+ ise a +/+ 4m - Figure 12.24(a): Continuous beam. Solution Let plastic moment capacity of BC be Mp. Hence, plastic moment capacity of AB is 2M, Figure 12.24(6) shows the given load with collapse loads which are 1.5 times the working loads. Two collapse mechanism are possible, one for AB and another for BC. 6OKN 30kN Figure 12.24(b): Beam with collapse load. Collapse mechanism of AB: This is shown in Figure 12.24(c) (2M,) Figure 12.24(c): Collapse mechanism of AB Referring to the above figure, Internal work done = 2M, 8; + 2M, (@; + 0) + M, 0 but 30, =A=1* @ 6: = 38, Therefore, the internal work done = 2M, ©, + 2M, (0; + 30;) + M, * 30; = 13M, 0, External work done = 60 A = 60 x 36, Equating intemal work done to external work done, we get, 13M, 0, = 60 = 30, ‘M, = 13.846 kNm @ Collapse mechanism of BC: Let the deformed shape of this mechanism be as shown in Figure 12.24(d). Then, Internal work done = M, 0 + M,(@ + 0) = 3M, 0 2m pq 2m amy XJ x \e + (My) Figure 12.24(q): Collapse mechanism of BC.408 Structural Analysis—Il External work done = 30 x 26 = 60 6 Equating the internal work done to external work done, we get, 3M, ® = 600 M, = 20 KNm Gi) From Eqns. (i) and (ii), we conclude M, = 20 KNm Hence, plastic moment capacity of AB required = 2M, = 40 kNm and that of BC = M, = 20 kNm Example 12.16 Calculate the plastic moment capacity required for the continuous beam with working loads shown in Figure 12.25(a) Take load factor = 1.5, aol 20 KNim Figure 12.25(a): Continuous beam. Solution Figure 12.25(6) shows the given beam with the collapse load, i.e., Working load x Load factor. The two possible mechanisms with the virtual displacements are shown in Figure 12.25(¢) and 12.25(d) Mechanism of beam AB: Internal work done = M0 + 0) +M,0 = 3M, 0 60 kN 30 kN/m (My) (2M,) Figure 12.25(b): Beam with collapse loads. (Mp) Figure 12.25(c): Collapse mechanism of AB. Extemal work done = 60 A= 60 x 26= 1200or Introduction to Plastic Analysis 409 Equating intemal work done to external work done, 3M, @ = 1200 M, = 40 KNm @ Mechanism of beam BC: The mechanism is formed when section yields at B and at another point in portion BC. At B, naturally hinge will be formed yielding just to the left of B, ie., plastic moment at B will be My only, Since, bending moment diagram in span BC is similar to that of a propped cantilever with parabolic variation for free moment and end moment M, at one end and zero at the other, hinge will form at point of maximum positive moment which is at 0.414 L from simply supported end (see Figure 12.254) or Je 0586 Le }-0.4141o} ah) To en pie (M,) Figure 12.25(d): Collapse mechanism of BC. 0.586 L0, = A= 0.414 x L0) 0.586 = (oo =1.4156, Internal work done = M, 0, + 2M,(@, + @,) = M0, + 2M,(1 + 1.415)0, = 5.83.M, 0, External work done = Total load x Average distance moved A = 306 (4)=s0 6x +%0,586%66, 2 2 = 316.440, Equating internal work to external work, we get, 5.83 M, 0, = 316.44 6 M= asa. 34.28 KNm @ From (i) and (ii), we conelude, the required value of M, = 54.28KNm Therefore, the plastic moment capacity of AB required = 54.28 kNm and that of BC = 2M, = 2 x 54.28 = 108.56kNm410 Structural Analysis—Il Example 12.17 Find the required value of plastic moment capacity in the continuous beam shown in Figure 12.26(a). The loads shown in the figure are the collapse loads 100kN 150 kN 30 KN en, TT q amy Pp? Os C) Oh) 2 met |=2 me{—2 mi D [<2 m=i——4m—=! 8 mn >} 6 m + +» 6 m >| Figure 12.26(a): Continuous beam. Solution There are four possible mechanisms for the collapse of the continuous beam as shown in Figure 12.26(6), (¢), (d) and (e), 1, Beam mechanism in AB (Figure 12.26(6)] |< 4m 4m: (L.SMp), (OM,) 8 8 @M,) Figure 12.26(b): Beam mechanism of AB. Equating internal work done to external work done, we get, 2M,0 + 2M,(0 + 0) + 1.5M,0 = 408 x 5048) ‘My = 85.333KNm. 2. First beam mechanism in BC (Figure 12.26 (c)} (15M) Figure 12.26(c): First beam mechanism of BC. In this case, 20, = A; = 40) and Therefore, the equilibrium equation is: 1.5M,0, + 1.5M,(@, + @3) +My 02 = 100 x 40, + 150 x 26) M, [1.5 «2415 x3 +1]@,= 7006,Introduction to Plastic Analysis 411 800 My = Fe= 94.118 Nm 3. Second beam mechanism in BC (Figure 12.26(d)} (1.5 M,) SY (M,) 0, (15M) Figure 12.26(a): Second beam mechanism of BC. or 40, = A, = 26, ©) = 26, 2 and A= (2) Ay 20, Therefore, the equilibrium equation is: 15M, 6; + 1.5M4,(0; + @:) + My @) = 100 A, + 150 Ay M,{1.5 + 1.5(1 + 2) + 2]0, = 100 x 26, + 150 x 40, 800 M, = —-=100kNm 4, Beam mechanism in CD (Figure 12.26.(e)] 20, = A = 40, or 6 = 26; Equilibrium equation is: My 0) + My(Q; + 03) = 804 M,(2 +2 + 1): = 80 x 40 80x4 or M,= —>— =64kNm 2m—e je 4m» (Ms) %, ® 0) Figure 12.26(e): Beam mechanism of CD. Hence, mechanism 3 is the real mechanism and required value of M, = 100kNm Therefore, the plastic moment capacity for various spans required is:412. Structural Analysis—Il and 12.12 KINEMATIC METHOD APPLIED TO FRAMES. As stated in the introductory remarks in this chapter, only the analysis of single bay, single storey frames is considered, Figure 12.27(a) shows the typical frame considered for the discussion. @ o @ Figure 12.27(a): Typical frame. (b) Beam mechanism-| (c) Beam mechanism-ll, (a) Beam mechanism-lil. ‘The frame may fail by forming any one of the following mechanisms shown in the figure. These mechanisms may be grouped into three. 1. Beam mechanism, 2. Sway mechanism, 3. Combined mechanism / i) Figure 12.27(e): Sway mechanism. (f) Combined mechanism-|. (g) Combined mechanism-IIIntroduction to Plastic Analysis 413 12.12.1 Beam Mechanism The individual members of the frame may fail by formation of mechanism similar to those, we saw in the analysis of beams. This mechanism can take place only in the member with loads acting on its span. As seen in the analysis of beams, in a beam mechanism three hinges are necessary, two at the ends (some may be mechanical hinges also) and one in the intermediate position of the beam, If concentrated loads are acting, possible position of intermediate hinge is under any one of those loads, Hence, in a member with concentrated loads, possible beam mechanisms to be tried is equal to the number of concentrated loads. If both ends of a member are continuous (including fixed case) or simply supported and load is uniformly distributed over the entire span, intermediate hinge will develop at mid-span. If one end is continuous/fixed and the other end is hinged/simply supported and the load is uniformly distributed over the entire span, intermediate hinge develops at 0.414 L from hinged/simply supported end. 12.12.2 Sway Mechanism Due to lateral forces, a frame may sway considerably and form collapse mechanism as shown in Figure 12.27(e). Two hinges at bottom and two hinges at the top of the columns are necessary for this type of collapse. Sometimes, hinges at bottom may be mechanical hinges. Work is done by plastic moments acting at plastic hinges. 12.12.3 Combined Mechanism Combination of beam mechanism and sway mechanism may also take place as shown in Figure 12.27 (/) and (g). The real mechanism is the one in which internal work done is less and external work done is more, so that least collapse load or maximum plastic moment capacity required is existing, Hence, while combining the mechanism, one should aim at reducing internal work and increasing the external work. In combined mechanism, sway will be on the windward direction. To this, if we combine the mechanism in the beam which can eliminate hinge at B and at the same time adds work done by both horizontal and vertical loads, it may be critical. Formation of hinges in the intermediate portion of columns (combining beam mechanism of columns) increases internal work considerably, hence, it will not yield real collapse condition. Investigations should be carried out for all the above three types of mechanisms and one which gives least collapse load or needs maximum plastic moment capacity is selected as real collapse condition Example 12.18 Determine the plastic moment capacity of the section required for the frame shown in Figure 12.28(a). The loads shown are the working loads. Take load factor A = 1.75 Assume same plastic moment capacity for all the members. fea 140 kN my doy oN ' B q 4m A D, am om y thn oN Figure 12.28(a): Given frame. Figure 12.28(b): Frame with collapse loads.414° Structural Analysis—Il Solution Figure 12,28(5) shows the frame with collapse loads (working load * loads factor). My required for possible mechanisms are found first. 1, Beam mechanism: Figure 12.28(c): Beam mechanism. This mechanism with virtual displacement A under the load is shown in Figure 12.28(c). Equating intemal work done to external work, we get, M,0+M,@ + 0)+M,@= 1404 4M,0 = 140 x 30 or M, = 105KNm @ 2. Sway mechanism: This is shown in Figure 12.28(d) with virtual displacement A of the beam BC. Equating internal work to external work, we get, M,@ + M,@+M,0 +M, 704 70 = 40 or 70 KNm Gi) 4 *h (ate) / f ) 4) (My) on) Figure 12.28(d): Sway mechanism. Figure 12.28(e): Combined mechanism. 3. Combined mechanism: This is shown in Figure 12.28.(e). Equilibrium equaiton is: M, 0 + M,(@ + @) + M,(@ + @) +.M,@ = 70 A; + 140 A, 6M, 0 = 70 x 40 + 140 x 30 or M, = t1667 kNm Gi) From (i), (ii), (iii), we conclude, M,= 116.67 KNm and combined mechanism is the real mechanism,Introduction to Plastic Analysis 415 Example 12.19 _ In the frame shown in the previous problem, if support A and D are hinged ends, determine plastic moment capacity required. Solution The hinges at ends A and D are mechanical hinges. Hence, even at collapse condition, no moment is acting at those hinges and hence, no internal work is done at hinges A and D. Hence, for beam mechanism, M,(@ + 20 + @) = 140 x 30 or My = 105 kNm For sway mechanism, M, (8 + @) = 70 = 40 or M,=140kNm, For combined mechanism, 700 or My = —[-=175 kN My required is 175 kNm Example 12.20 Collapse loads acting on the frame ABCD are shown in Figure 12.29(a). Determine the plastic moment capacity of the section required. Assume the same section is going to be used throughout. 20 kKN/m 10kNim Sm Sm———»|D Figure 12.29(a): Given section Solution 1, Beam mechanism in AB: It is shown in Figure 12.29(b). In this, 0.414 x 5 x 0, = A= 0.586 «5 x @ ” 6, = 1415 8) Equilibrium condition is 1 My(®; + 02) + My @ = 10x5x>-A M,(.415 +1 + 1): = 10x5%50586x50, M,=21.449 kNm Figure 12.29(b): Beam mechanism of AB.416 Structural Analysis—Il 2. Beam mechanism in BC: This is shown in Figure 12.29(¢). Equilibrium condition is 1 M,0 + M,(@ + 8) + M,0 = 205% A 4M, = 50 = 2.50 (Mp) Cc or My=31.25 kNm 3. Sway mechanism: aD ‘a,) This is shown in Figure 12.29(d) e 6 Equilibrium equation in this case is: ry M,0 +M,6+M,0 = 10x5x4 Figure 12.29(c): Beam mechanism of BC. M,@ + Mp0 + My 7] 5 3M,0= 10x5x50 or M, = 41.667kNm (, my | (6/ A D 4 (M,) (4) Figure 12.29(d): Sway mechanism. _ Figure 12.29(e): Combined mechanism 4, Combined mechanism: The possible combined mechanism is as shown in Figure 12.29(e). Equating internal work done to extemal work done in this case, we get, 1 1 MyO+ 0) +MjO+ 0) + MO = 10x5x> A, +20x5x> Ay Ox5% 4 x50420x5%22 50 50kNm 5M, 0 M, ‘M, required is 50 KNm. Example 12.21 Determine the collapse load IV, for the frame shown in Figure 12.30(a). Solution Various mechanisms are investigated noting that at joints where section changes suddenly, hinge is formed on the weaker side 1. Beam mechanism: Referring to Figure 12.30(6), 38; = A = @ 0Introduction to Plastic Analysis 417 2” = im | W zB Cc Mp) () 3m| (M4) (M,) A }+——_—4m—___+} D @ ©) Figure 12.30(a): Given frame. (b) Beam mechanism. Equilibrium equation is: ‘M, 0 + 2M, (@; + ®,) +.M,@) = 2W.A My (0; + 2(0; + 36,) + My 30,] = 2W7, = 30, 6 Ww, My = 73M or 2M, ) 2. Sway mechanism Referring to Figure 12.30 (c): M, 0 + -M,@ + M,@ + M,0 =I, 30 4 W.= Mp =1.333 My (My) (My) fe (M,) © (My) @ Figure 12.30(c): Sway mechanism. (d) Combined mechanism. 3. Combined mechanism: Referring to Figure 12.30(d), 30, = A= @) Therefore, the equilibrium condition is: M, 0 + 2M, (@; + 82) + My(®, + 03) + M,0, = 17.30, + 217,36, M, (1 +2(1+3)+(1+3) +1) =9%, 4 or W, = JM, =1.556M, From (i), (ii) and (iii), we can conclude that real collapse load is W,= 1333 M, (ai)418 Structural Analysis—Il Example 12.22 Determine the collapse load IV, for the frame shown in the Figure 12.31(a). gy btm ef am oft ; GM) c 3m] (M,) (M) m7 vam. ‘4 6 m+ D Figure 12.31(a): Given frame. Solution 1. Beam mechanism-I in BC: Referring to Figure 12.31(b) 20, = A; = 40 or 6, = 263; Ay = 26; Figure 12.31(b): Beam mechanism-| Equating intemal work done to extemal work done, we get, M, 0, + 3M,(0, + @;) + My @2 = W, 40) + W, 205 M,l2 + 32 + 1) + 1]: = 617, 0, W. = 2Mp @ 2. Beam mechanism-Il in BC: B (My) (My) omy Figure 12.31(c): Beam mechanism-II 40, = A) = 20, or 6; = 26; Ay = 26; Equating intemal work done to external work done, we get, My 0) + 3Mp (0; + 02) + My Q = W, 26; + W, 40, M, (1 + 3(1 + 2) + 210, = GW, [Since, @ = 20,] or W, = 2M, wi)Introduction to Plastic Analysis 419 3. Sway mechanism: This is shown in Figure 12.31(d). (M) (My) ny (4)? Figure 12.31(d): Sway mechanism. Equating intemal work done to external work done, we get, M,0+M,0+M,@+M,0= IW, 30 4 Wo= {My =1333M, (ii) 4. Combined mechanism-I: Referring to Figure 12.31(e), (My) ull (Mp) Figure 12.31(e): Combined mechanism-1. 20, = A, = 40, or 0) = 26) Az = 28, A; = 30, = 60, [Since, @, = 203] Equating intemal work done to the extemal work done, we get, My, + 3M, (O; + 02) +My (0; + 02) +My 0) = W. Ay + We Ag + We As M,[2 +3 (2 +1) +2 +1 +2]0) = W, 40; + 1, 20: + IV, 68) 16M, = 12%, 16 or Wo= 7p Mp=1333M, @w)420 Structural Analysis—Il 5. Combined mechanism-I: Referring to Figure 12.31() (M4) 1, Figure 12.31(9: Combined mechanism-tI 40, = A, = 26, or 6; = 26, A, = 20; A; = 36; Equating internal work done to external work done, we get, ‘M, @; + 3M, (8; + 63) + My (8; + 83) +My 0, = We Ay + We Az + We 85 M,{l +3 (1 +2)+1+2 + 1]6, = 7, 26, + 7,40, + 7,36, W= Bup=l 556M, 9) Therefore, from the Eqns. (i) to (v), we conclude, W.= 1.333 My and sway and combined mechanism-I will develop simultaneously. Example 12.23: Determine the load factor 4. for the frame shown in Figure 12.32(a) oan M " my Sm] (15M) (5 Mp ($4 m4} Figure 12.32(a): Given frame. Solution 1, Beam mechanism: Referring to Figure 12.32(6), M, @ + M, (® + 6) + M, 6 = 24WA 4M, @ = 201720Introduction to Plastic Analysis 421 a T @ Figure 12.32(b): Beam mechanism. 2. Sway mechanism: Refiring to Figure 12.32(c) 4) (Mm) l (My) Ay AP r TE fl A M) | / | / (.5M,) (1.5.My) (4.5.Mp) (1.5 My) Figure 12.32(c): Sway mechanism. (d): Combined mechanism. 15M, 0 + M,@ + M,@ + 1.5M, 0 = AWA 5M, 0 = AW 50 M, or a= i) 3. Combined mechanism: Referring to Figure 12.32(d), 15M, © + M,(@ + 6) + M,(6 + @) + 15M, 6 = 2AWA, + AWA, 7M, 0 = 24 20 + W 50 7 Ma) a { w The least of (i), (i) and (iii) is the real load factor. GF) and combined mechanism is the real collapse mechanism. Hence, a422. Structural Analysis—Il Example 12.24 Determine the plastic moment capacity of the frame for the loading as given in Figure 12.33(a). Assume same section is used throughout. 50 kN 20kN=7 = | [4 m———+} Figure 12.33(a): Example 12.24 Solution 1, Beam mechanism: (My) Of) Referring to Figure 12.33(b), A = 2 Ne Equating intemal work to extemal work, we get Mm M, © + .M,(@ + 8) + M, 8 = SOA Figure 12.33(b): Beam mechanism 4M, = 50 x 26 or ‘M,= 25KNm o 2. Sway mechanism: This is shown in Figure 12.33(c). When columns are of different height, it is to be noted that rotations are not equal. Since, axial deformations in the beams are neglected, both columns sway by the same amount A. a) Op Tt } (Mh) i / (My) Figure 12.33(c): Sway mechanismIntroduction to Plastic Analysis 423 o 40, = A = 60 or 6, = 1.5 @ Equating intemal work to external work, we get, M, 0; + M, @; + M,@, +-M, @; =20A M, (15 +15 +1 + 1)8, = 20 x 60, M, = 24 kNm Gi) 3. Combined mechanism: This is shown in Figure 12.33(d) (M,) (My) Figure 12.33(d): Combined mechanism. 40, 60, or 6, = 1.5 6 Ay = 20, = 2 x 15 x 0 = 30) Equating intemal work to extemal work, we get, My ® + My(O + @)) + My(®, + 83) + Mp 0) = SOA; + 20A M,[LS + (1.5 + 1.5) + (15 + 1) + 1], = 50 x 30) + 20 x 60, 50x3+20x6 M, = 2X3 + 20x60 =33.75KNi 7 im ii) From Eqns. (i), (ii) and (iii) we conclude plastic moment capacity required, M, = 33.75 kNm and combined mechanism is the real collapse mechanism. Example 12.25 Determine the plastic capacity required in the frame shown in Figure 12.34(a), Solution 1, Beam mechanism in AB: This is shown in Figure 12.34(b). Intermediate hinge develops at a distance 0.414 x 6 m from the mechanical hinge at A 0.414 x 60; = A= 0.586 « 60, or 6) = 1.415424 Structural Analysis—Il o Figure 12.34(a): Given beam, (b) Beam mechanism AB Equating intemal work to external work, we get, 1 2M,(@; + @2) + 1.5M,(02) = 20x6 ES A M,[2 (1.415 + 1) + 1.5]@ = 206% 1 0.585 x60, M, = 33.327kKNm. @ 2. Beam mechanism in BC: (ism) . i) Cc Referring to Figure 12.34(c), Ma TF— 40, = A= 20, oN AY or 0, = 26; 8 8, Equilibrium equation is (1.5My) 15M, 0, + 1.5M,(; + 02) +My 0) = 608 Figure 12.34(c): Beam M,[L5 + 1.5 (1 +2) + 2], = 60 x 40, mechanism BC. M,= 30 kNm Gi) 3. Sway mechanism: Itis shown in Figure 12.34(d), 40 56 or as M) (My) Figure 12.34(d): Sway mechanism.Introduction to Plastic Analysis 425 Equating intemal work to external work, 1 1.3 .M, 0) +M, 0 + My, = 20x6%5 A 6 M, [15 + 1.5 + 1.5]®, = 20x6% 8, M, = 80kNm Gi) 4, Combined mechanism: This is shown in Figure 12.34(e). Ay ey . (Mp) a (Ls M,) & “l/ i i> Figure 12.34(e) : Combined mechanism. Equating intemal work to external work, we get, 1.5M, (0, + 03) + My (03 + 63) + My 0 = 20x6x 541608, ® M,LLS(1 + 2) + (2 + 1.5) + 1.5], = 20%6X6—)-+160 x 40, 1000 y= “957 105.263 kNm 9) From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we can conclude. ‘M, = 105.263 KNm and combined mechanism is the real collapse mechanism SUMMARY Plastic hinge is the section where all fibres in the section have yielded, and the moment that causes hinge is plastic moment capacity of the section. For simplifying the analysis, the idealized stress-strain curve is used for finding plastic moment capacity of the section. ‘Shape factor is the ratio of plastic moment capacity to the yield moment of the section. Shape factors for various sections are: Section Shape factor (a) Rectangular fi426 Structural Analysis—Il 16 18 1.698 (b) Circular = (©) Triangular 2.343 (BD* -bd?)D (@) Symmetric /-section ea (©) Diamond shaped 20 4, Based on static theorem, kinematic theorem and uniqueness theorem, two methods of plastic analysis have been developed, namely statical method and kinematic method, 5. In case of beams all beam mechanisms, sway mechanisms and combined mechanisms should be investigated to find the real collapse load. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Select the correct option: 1. Shape factor of square section is: (@) 1.0 (b) 15 (©) 20 (@) 40 [ans: 1. (b)] 2. Shape factor of a circular section is: a Y @ 5 ed 5 5.33 © 2 (ans: 2. (4) 3. Shape factor of a diamond shape section is: (a) 1.0 (b) 15 ©) 20 (@) 3.0 [Ans: 3. (c)] 4, In a propped cantilever of span L subjected to udl, the intemal hinge develops at the following distance from propped end: (a) OSL (b) 0.4L (©) 0414 L (@) 025 L [ans: 4. 6) 5. Collapse load for a fixed beam of span L carrying uniformly distributed load over entire span is: om, ») 1M, @ 2 © 48 @) “Be [ans: 5. (b)]Introduction to Plastic Analysis 427 EXERCISES 1, Calculate the shape factor and plastic moment capacity of the T-section shown in figure given below, if yield stress f = 250 Nimm?. All linear dimensions shown are in mm. [+120 mm ——>} 20 mm 200. mm et 20mm [Aans: S = 1.73; M, = 82.5 kNm} 2. Determine the shape factor of /-section shown in figure given below. All linear dimensions shown are in mm. 1504 y t 10 300 ———__+} Ans: $ = 1336] 2. Determine the plastic moment capacty My required for the continuous beam shown in igure given below. Ascume the same section fs used” throughout428 Structural Analysis—Il 40 kN 60 kN | em [ome am [+5 m=} 4m +} ——3m—+| 60 kN [ans: 30.887 kNm] 4, Determine the collapse load in the continuous beam shown in figure given below. BOKN 60 KN B 4 60 kN I 80 kN c D @M,) 5M) (M) 2 m2 m2 2 m2 m2 me im 6 m+ 4 4. m= | 3 m | Ans: 40 kim] 5. Determine the collapse load W, In the frame shown in figure given below. 2 2 =a W. OM) (f) (| 4m $$ 6 mn Ans: We = 1.167M,]ao Introduction to Plastic Analysis 429 6. Determine the plastic moment capacity M, for the frame shown in figure given below. 80 KN 5m») 60 KN ! l em) 4m (a) (15M) 5m y a | __-s m +} [Ans: M, = 64 kNm} REVIEW QUESTIONS Define the terms: (a) Plastic hinge (b) Plastic moment capacity (©) Shape factor Derive the expressions for shape factor of a typical: (a) Rectangular beam (b) Circular cross-section (©) Triangular section (@) section and (e) Diamond section Define and explain the term collapse load of a structure. Explain the following (a) Static theorem (b) Kinematic. theorem (©) Uniqueness theorem Determine the expression for collapse load in a propped cantilever of span L subjected to: (a) A concentrated load W at a distance ‘a’ from the fixed ends (b) Uniformly distributed load over the entire span. Determine the collapse load of a fixed beam of span L carrying a uniformly distributed load over one-half of the span. Assume that plastic moment capacity is the same throughout