SFG 2024 Level 1 Test 18 Solutions Eng235632

SFG 2024 | LEVEL 1 | Test #18 – Solutions |
Q.1) In the context of Indian history, the Rakhmabai case of 1884 revolved around
1. women‟s right to gain education
2. age of consent
3. restitution of conjugal rights
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is incorrect. Education wasn‟t an issue in this case.
Statements 2 is correct. Dr. Rukhmabai (1864 –1955) was an Indian physician and feminist. She is best
known for being one of the first practising women doctors in colonial India as well as being involved
in a landmark legal case involving her marriage as a child bride between 1884 and 1888.
Statement 3 is correct. When Rakhmabai was still in school, her husband, Dadaji, insisted that
Rakhmabai come and live with him in his house. Rakhmabai however refused. Dadaji soon filed a
petition in the court of law. Early in 1884, the trials began. Rukhmabai asked „freedom‟ from her
nonconsensual marriage, seeking a legal divorce. Her stand gave rise to a nation -wide debate over
infant and non –consensual marriage. The legal and social controversies provoked by the case
revolved round notions of colonial law, marriage and conjugality, and the prospect of state
intervention. Behramji Malabari and Pandita Ramabai came to her defense and formed the Rakhmabai
Defense Committee. The case spanned 4 years until Dadaji was “compensated” in 1888, outside of
court.
Source) UPSC CSE Pre. 2020
Subtopic) Socio-Religious Reform Movements
Q.2) He defended Surendranath Banerjee in a famous Contempt of Court Case in the Calcutta High
Court in 1883. He also helped Girish Chandra Ghosh to start the newspaper 'Bengalee'. During his stay
in England, he played an important role in establishing „London Indian Society‟.
Who among the following personalities is mentioned in the above paragraph?
a) Badruddin Tyabji
b) Dadabhai Naoroji
c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
d) Womesh Chandra Bannerjee
Ans) d
Exp) Option d is the correct answer.
Womesh Chandra Bannerjee (1844-1906), a distinguished barrister, served as the first president of
the Indian National Congress (INC) during its inaugural session in Bombay in 1885.
In 1883, he offered legal defense to Surendranath Banerjea during the renowned Contempt of Court
Case at the Calcutta High Court.
Before pursuing legal studies in England, he aided Girish Chandra Ghosh in launching the 'Bengalee'
newspaper by compiling its weekly news for meagre income.
Even during his student years in England, he remained politically active and contributed to founding
the London Indian Society, which eventually merged with the East India Association.
Source: Spectrum: Chapter 11
Subtopic) Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India
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Q.3) With respect to impact of British rule on Political scenario of India, consider the following
statements:
Statement I: The British rule brought about a political unification of India.
Statement II: Modern means of transport and communication developed under British rule, played a
role in bringing people together across different regions of India.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
a) Both statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II is the correct explanation for
Statement-I
b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for
Statement-I
c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect.
d) Statement--I- is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.
Ans) a
Exp) Option a is the correct answer.
The British rule brought about a political and administrative unification of the country. The pre-
British India was divided into numerous feudal states frequently struggling among themselves to
extend their boundaries. Under one rule, political domain became same anywhere and everywhere
inside the country.
Statement I is correct: British policies had a significant impact on imposing political and economic
unity in India. Through various administrative measures, policies, and reforms, the British established
a unified political structure and introduced economic systems that connected different regions of
India. The introduction of a professional civil service, a unified judiciary, and standardized civil and
criminal laws across India added a new layer of political & economic unity to the long-standing
cultural unity that had prevailed in the country for centuries.
Statement II is correct: Modern means of transport and communication, which developed under
British rule, played a role in bringing people together across different regions of India. The
construction of railways, telegraph lines, and improved road networks facilitated easier movement
and communication, contributing to greater interaction and connectivity among various parts of the
country.
Statement II serves as an explanation for Statement I: Advancements in transportation and
communication did bring people together, allowing an exchange of ideas. The imposition of political
unity in India was primarily a result of deliberate British policies and administrative actions,
compounded due to developments in infrastructure.
Source: Spectrum Chapter 10 Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India
Q.4) In context of socio religious reform movements in India, consider the following statements:
1. Vidhava Vivaha Uttejaka Mandal was started by Vishnu Parashram Shastri Pandit for encouragement
of widow remarriage.
2. Kandukari Veeresalingam worked for the upliftment of women in the Andhra region.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
2
The reform movement gained strength during the second half of the century. A host of towering
personalities emerged on the intellectual scene. The social reform movements were linked to the
religious reforms primarily because nearly all social ills like untouchability and gender-based inequity
derived legitimacy from religion in one way or the other.
Statement 1 is correct: Vishnu Parashram Shastri Pandit (1827-1876) began his public career with the
advocacy of widow-marriage. He was a leading figure in the sphere of the agitation for female
emancipation. He started the Vidhava Vivaha Uttejaka Mandal (Society for Encouragement of
Widow Marriage) in 1865 and worked as its secretary. He set an example by marrying a widow in
1875.
Statement 2 is correct: In Southern India, the social reform movement in the early stages was led by
Kandukari Veeresalingam (1848-1919). By profession he was a school teacher for the major part of his
life. In his prolific writing, he produced a large number of tracts and pamphlets on social reform in the
Telugu language. He is said to be the father of modern Telugu prose literature. His missionary zeal on
issues like re-marriage of widows, female education and generally on the upliftment of women and
removal of social vices, made him a prominent figure in Andhra region.
Source: Spectrum Modern India 2019-20 Edition
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/20347/1/Unit-26.pdf
Q.5) Consider the following statements regarding the contributions of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar:
1. He wrote Borno Porichoy, a book on Bengali alphabets.
2. He opposed the priestly monopoly of scripture knowledge.
3. He supported higher education for women in India.
How many of the above given statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) c
Statement 1 is correct. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar wrote „Borno Porichoy‟, an elementary level book
for learning Bengali alphabets, where he reconstructed Bengali alphabets and reformed it into
typography of 12 vowels and 40 consonants.
Statement 2 is correct. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was against the priestly monopoly of scriptural
knowledge. In his capacity as the principal of Sanskrit college in Calcutta, he encouraged admission of
non-Brahmins as well.
Statement 3 is correct. He was one of the pioneers of higher education for women in India as
secretary of Bethune school.
Source: A Brief History of Modern India – Spectrum 2019 edition, Chapter 8 and Chapter 9
Q.6) What was the aim of the Limitation Law passed by British in 1859?
a) To reserve certain offices for covenanted civil servants.
b) To check exploitation of ryots by moneylenders.
c) To limit the powers of English East India Company in India.
d) To delegate the legislative powers to the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay.
Ans) b
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Statement a is incorrect: The Indian Civil Service Act, 1861 mentioned that the examination was to
be conducted in England in English language, based on classical learning of Greek and Latin and it
reserved certain offices for covenanted civil Servants.
Statement b is correct: - The Limitation Act was passed by the British in 1859. It aimed to check the
exploitation of ryots by moneylenders and the accumulation of interest over time. It mandated that
the loan agreement signed between moneylenders and ryots would be valid only for a period of three
years.
Statement c is incorrect: The Government of India Act, 1858 was enacted to subsume and transfer
of all the powers of the East India Company (EIC) under British Crown.
Statement d is incorrect: The Indian Council Act, 1861 devolved legislative powers to the
Presidencies of Bombay and Madras.
Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?lehs3=1-6
Q.7) With respect to Brahmo Samaj, consider the following statements:

1. The Samaj denounced idol worship and the faith in divine incarnations.
2. One of the key objectives of Brahmo Samaj was to synthesize and incorporate teachings from
various religions.
3. It did not accept the authority of the Vedas.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) c
The Brahmo Samaj was a theistic movement within Hinduism, founded in Calcutta in 1828 by Raja
Ram Mohan Roy. The Brahmo Samaj promoted monotheism and rejected the authority of the Vedas,
avatars, and karma.
Statement 1 is correct: Brahmo Samaj denounced idol worship and the belief in divine avatars. The
movement, influenced by the ideas of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Debendranath Tagore, emphasized
monotheism and rejected the worship of idols and the concept of incarnations or divine avatars.
Statement 2 is correct: Rejection of idol worship and avatars by the Brahmo Samaj was part of their
broader objective to synthesize teachings from various religions and promote a more rational and
monotheistic understanding of spirituality. The movement sought to create a universalistic religious
outlook by studying and integrating ethical teachings and principles from different faiths, aiming for a
broader spiritual synthesis that transcended religious boundaries.
Statement 3 is correct: The Brahmo Samaj did not accept the authority of the Vedas, has no faith in
avatars (incarnations), and does not insist on belief in karma (causal effects of past deeds) or the
process of death and rebirth. It discards Hindu rituals and adopts some Christian practices in its
worship. It denounces polytheism, image worship, and the caste system.
Source: Tamil Nadu SCERT Higher Secondary First Year Volume II - Chapter 19: Towards Modernity
Spectrum
Q.8) With respect to Jyotiba Phule, a social reformer, consider the following statements:
Statement I: He emphasized on education of women as a revolutionary factor in the Indian society.
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Statement II: He argued that women‟s liberation was linked with the liberation of other classes in the
society.
a) Both statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for
Statement-I
b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for
Statement-I
c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.
d) Statement--I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.
Ans) a
Jyotiba Phule was a social reformer who worked for the upliftment of the lower castes and women in
Maharashtra during the 19th century.
Statement I is correct: Jyotiba Phule emphasized on education of women as a revolutionary factor
in Indian society. He believed that education was the key to social reform and advocated for the
education of women, who were traditionally denied access to education. Phule believed that women‟s
education was a revolutionary factor in Indian society because it would empower women to fight
against social evils such as caste discrimination and gender inequality.
Statement II is correct and correctly explains statement I: Phule argued that women‟s liberation
was linked with the liberation of other classes in society. Phule believed that the liberation of other
classes in the society was not possible without the liberation of women. Consequently, he believed
that without educating the women, there is no possibility of their liberation from social evils that
surround them. He believed that educating a woman would not only empower them but would also
help in catalyzing empowerment of other sections of society. Hence, he emphasized on educating
women to ensure womens liberation which was further associated with liberation of backward classes
of the society.
Spectrum
Q.9) In the context of the revolt of 1857, consider the following statements:
1. High tariff introduced on Indian Goods entering Britain
2. Rampant corruption in the administration of the Britishers in India.
3. Interference by the British Indian Government in local customs and beliefs of people in India.
4. Indian sepoys were underpaid compared to their British counterparts.
How many of the above are considered as the causes of the revolt of 1857?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four
Ans) d
The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant event in
India‟s history. The revolt began on May 10, 1857, at Meerut as a sepoy mutiny. The causes of the
revolt of 1857, like those of earlier uprisings, emerged from all aspects—socio-cultural, economic, and
political—of daily existence of Indian population cutting through all sections and classes.
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Statement 1 is correct: The British East India Company imposed high tariff duties on Indian-made
goods, which made them expensive and unaffordable for the common people. This led to a decline in
the demand for Indian goods, which in turn affected the livelihood of Indian artisans and craftsmen.
The British, on the other hand, were able to sell their goods in India without any restrictions, which
led to a trade imbalance between India and Britain. It contributed to large scale unemployment for
Indian artisans and craftsmen, which bred resentment at large scale.
Statement 2 is correct: Rampant corruption in the Company‟s administration, especially among the
police, petty officials and lower law courts, was a major cause of discontent. Indeed, it is the view of
many historians that the rampant corruption we see now in India is a legacy of the Company rule.
Also, the character of British rule imparted a foreign and alien look to it in the eyes of Indians: a kind
of absentee sovereignty.
Statement 3 is correct: The British interfered in the religious affairs of the Indians, which was a
sensitive issue for them. They introduced various laws and regulations that were against the religious
beliefs and customs of the Indians. For example, the British introduced the Widow Remarriage Act,
which allowed widows to remarry. This was against the views of conservative Hindu customs, which
did not allow widows to remarry.
Statement 4 is correct: The Indian sepoys were paid less than their British counterparts, even
though they performed the same duties. The Indian sepoys were also discriminated against in terms
of promotions and other benefits. This led to resentment among the Indian sepoys, who felt that they
were being treated unfairly.
Source: NCERT Class 8th: Our Pasts III- Chapter 5: (When People Rebel)
Spectrum
Subtopic) The Revolt of 1857
Q.10) “It was a movement said to be revivalist in form though not in content. It was first set up at
Bombay in 1875 and later the headquarters was shifted to Lahore. Its vision of India included a
classless and casteless society and an India free from foreign rule. It encouraged inter-caste
marriages, widow remarriages and equal status for women.”
Which of the following options best suits the above description?
a) Arya Samaj
b) Prarthana Samaj
c) Dharma Sabha
d) Brahmo Sama
Ans) a
Established by Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the Arya Samaj was revivalist in form and reformist in
nature. The organization was formally set up at Bombay in 1875 and later the headquarter was shifted
to Lahore. Its vision of India included a classless and casteless society and an India free from foreign
rule. It believed in the supremacy of the Vedas, but also advocated individual interpretation and
condemned orthodox elements like idolatry, untouchability, etc. It also promoted Inter-caste
marriage and widow remarriage.
Source: A Brief History of Modern India – Spectrum 2019 edition, Chapter 9.
Q.11) Which one of the following is not a political method of the moderates in the National Movement?
a) Overthrow of alien rule
b) Constitutional agitation
c) Slow, orderly political progress
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d) Mobilisation of public opinion
Ans) a
The national leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C. Bonnerjea, and S.N.
Banerjea who dominated the Congress policies during this period were staunch believers in
„liberalism‟ and „moderate‟ politics and came to be labelled as Moderates to distinguish them from the
neo-nationalists of the early twentieth century who were referred to as the Extremists.
The moderate political activities involved constitutional agitation within the confines of law and
showed a slow but orderly political progress. The Moderates believed that the British basically
wanted to be just to the Indians but were not aware of the real conditions.
Therefore, if public opinion could be created in the country and public demands be presented to the
Government through resolutions, petitions, meetings, etc., the authorities would concede these
demands gradually.
To achieve these ends, they worked on a two-pronged methodology one, create a strong public
opinion to arouse consciousness and national spirit and then educate and unite people on common
political questions; and two, persuade the British Government and British public opinion to introduce
reforms in India on the lines laid out by the nationalists.
Overthrow of Alien Rule was not a political method of the moderates in the National Movement.
Source) UPSC CDS II 2021
Subtopic) Indian National Congress: Foundation and the Moderate phase
Q.12) Consider the following statements regarding the actions taken by the British Government in the
aftermath of the Revolt of 1857:
1. An attempt was made to pacify the Indians by Indianizing the army and drastically reducing the
proportion of European soldiers.
2. Land and Property of Muslims were confiscated on a large scale as they were believed to be
responsible for the rebellion.
3. Policies were made to protect landlords and zamindars and give them security of rights over their
lands.
How many of the above were the consequences of the Revolt of 1857?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) b
After gaining control over the revolt of 1857, the British decided they could not rule India indirectly
through the East India Company who had largely relied on local Indian powers and elites, such as
princes and landlords, to maintain order and collect taxes. In response, the Government of India
Act, 1858 was enacted which facilitated the complete transfer of power from East India Company to
the British Crown.
Statement 1 is incorrect- Following the 1857 uprising, a plan was devised to decrease the count of
Indian soldiers in the army while increasing the number of European soldiers. The recruitment
strategy also shifted to include more Gurkhas, Sikhs, and Pathans, with fewer recruits from regions
like Awadh, Bihar, central India, and south India.
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Statement 2 is correct- Muslims experienced widespread confiscation of their land and property,
coupled with suspicion and hostility. The British attributed a significant role to them in the revolt of
1857.
Statement 3 is correct- The aftermath of the 1857 revolt led to the implementation of policies aimed
at safeguarding landlords and zamindars, ensuring the security of their rights over their lands.
Q.13) With reference to attempts made by the British government to curb the growth of nationalism
in India during the latter half of 19th century, consider the following statements:
1. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 aimed to repress and punish seditious reports against the British
government.
2. The Arms Act of 1878 put restrictions on possession of arms and ammunition by Indians.
3. The Ilbert Bill of 1883 aimed to protect the British subjects in India from trial by an Indian judge.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) b
The discriminatory policies of the British government, such as the Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act,
and Repeal of the Ilbert Bill, contributed to dissatisfaction among Indians toward British rule.
These policies sparked political consciousness among Indians, fostering a growing sense of the need
for unity and nationalism.
Statement 1 is correct- In 1878, Lord Lytton enacted the Vernacular Press Act to enhance control
over the Vernacular Press, suppress and penalize seditious reports. This legislation also empowered
the British government to seize newspaper assets, including printing presses and other media. This
act was later repealed by Lord Rippon in 1881.
Statement 2 is correct- The Arms Act, 1878 restricted gun ownership of Indians to only those who
had prior authorization or a valid license. It also imposed limitations on the manufacturing, sale,
possession, and carrying of firearms. Notably, Europeans were exempted from these provisions.
Statement 3 is incorrect- The Ilbert Bill, introduced in 1883 during tenure of Lord Ripon as Viceroy,
aimed at grant Indian judges the authority to preside over cases involving Britishers, a move
supported by Sir Courtenay Ilbert, the legal adviser to the Council of India. The Ilbert Bill sought
equality between Indian and British Judges. However, the legislation faced significant opposition
from British citizens in Britain, highlighting pervasive racial prejudice against Indians within English
society. The controversy shed light on the true character of British colonialism, raising awareness
among educated Indians about the underlying issues and disparities
Source: NCERT Class 8th: Our Pasts III- Chapter 8: (The Making of the National Movement)
Q.14) Consider the following statements with respect to the Ramakrishna Mission:
1. The mission was completely against the image or idol worship.
2. It emphasized on salvation through traditional ways of meditation, karma and bhakti.
3. It believed in Vedanta principles which was recognized as a fully rational system.
4. The mission did not consider itself to be a sect of Hinduism.
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a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four
Ans) c
The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897 who used it for humanitarian
relief and social work. The mission worked for both religious and social reforms.
Statement 1 is incorrect. The Ramakrishna Mission recognised the utility and value of image worship
in developing spiritual fervor and worship of the eternal omnipotent God. However, it emphasised on
the essential spirit and not the symbols or rituals.
Statement 2 is correct. Ramakrishna mission emphasized on removal of ignorance and manifestation
of inner divinity leading to God realization (Salvation). According to philosophy of Synthesis of Yoga
this can be achieved though:
1) Jnana Yoga (Yoga of Knowledge)
2) Bhakti Yoga (Yoga of Devotion)
3) Raja Yoga (Yoga of Meditation)
4) Karma Yoga (Yoga of Work).
Each Yoga is an independent means of realizing God. But since each Yoga involves the cultivation of
one of the faculties such as reason, feeling or will, a combination of all the four Yogas is necessary for
the development of a balanced, „fully functioning‟ personality. It is this synthesis of Yogas that Swami
Vivekananda regarded as the ideal of Ramakrishna Mission.
Statement 3 is correct. The Ramakrishna Mission subscribed to the Vedanta which Swami
Vivekananda considered a fully rational system with a superior approach. It believed that the
philosophy of Vedanta will make a Christian a better Christian, and a Hindu a better Hindu.
His mission was to bridge the gulf between paramartha (service) and vyavahara (behaviour), and
between spirituality and day-to-day life.
Statement 4 is correct. The Mission is a deeply religious body, but it is not a proselytising body. It
does not consider itself to be a sect of Hinduism. Vivekananda advocated the doctrine of service—the
service of all beings. The service of jiva (living objects) is the worship of Siva.
Source: Modern History, Spectrum, Chapter-9, Pg. 217-220
Q.15) The following item consists of two statements, Statement I and Statement II. Examine these two
statements:
Statement I: The annexation of Awadh by Lord Dalhousie in 1856 adversely affected the financial
conditions of the sepoys.
Statement II: The sepoys had to pay higher taxes on the land where their family members stayed in
Awadh.
Which of the options given below is correct based on the two statements given above?
a) Both the statements are individually true, and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement
I.
b) Both the statements are individually true, but Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I.
c) Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.
d) Statement I is false, but Statement II is true
Ans) a
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Statement I is correct: The annexation of Awadh by Lord Dalhousie in 1856 did have adverse effects
on the financial conditions of the sepoys. The annexation resulted in the dissolution of the princely
state of Awadh and the elimination of the ruling Nawab‟s authority. As a consequence, the sepoys,
who were predominantly recruited from Awadh, lost their privileged positions and the economic
benefits they received from the Nawab‟s court.
Statement II is correct: After the annexation, the British implemented new land revenue policies in
Awadh, which included higher taxation. The sepoys, who were landowners or had family members
residing in Awadh, had to bear the burden of increased land taxes. This financial burden further
worsened their economic conditions and added to their grievances.
Source: CDS II- 2014
Q.16) With reference to the Vande Matram Movement in India, consider the following statements:
1. The movement was started in response to the Partition of Bengal in 1905.
2. The movement called for the boycott of British institutions and goods.
3. It was majorly active in the deltaic regions of present-day Andhra Pradesh.
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) c
The partition Of Bengal triggered radical nationalism and nationalists all over India supported the
Bengali cause and were shocked at the British disregard for public opinion and what they perceived as
a "Divide and Rule” policy. The protests spread to Bombay, Pune, Punjab etc. The Vandematram
Movement was one such movement which was based in present day Andhra Pradesh.
Statement 1 is correct- The Vandematram Movement is essentially a Swadeshi Movement which
started because of the Partition of Bengal announced by Lord Curzon in 1905. The government cited
administrative convenience, but the actual reason was to curb the nationalism which was growing
among Indians.
Statement 2 is correct- The Vandematram Movement aimed to resist British dominance and
promote concepts such as self-reliance, indigenous entrepreneurship, national education, and the
use of Indian languages. In the pursuit of self-rule (swaraj), radical proponents endorsed widespread
mobilization and the boycott of British institutions and products.
Statement 3 is correct- The Swadeshi Movement was most popular in Bengal whereas in deltaic
region of Andhra Pradesh it was known as Vandematram Movement.
Q.17) With regard to the Political Organizations in the British India, consider the following pairs:
Political Founder/President
Organization
1. East India Dada Bhai Naoroji

Association
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2. The Indian Sisir Kumar Ghosh

League
3. Bangabhasha Raja Ram Mohan

Prakasika Roy
Sabha
4. British India Raja Radhakant Deb

Association
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four
Ans) c
Pair 1 is correctly matched- Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East India Association in London in 1866
to deliberate on the Indian question and to sway influential figures in England towards supporting
Indian welfare. Subsequently, branches of the association were established in prominent Indian
cities.
Pair 2 is correctly matched- In 1875, Sisir Kumar Ghosh founded the Indian League with the aim of
"arousing a sense of nationalism among the people" and promoting political education.
Pair 3 is incorrectly matched- Associates of Raja Rammohan Roy (and not Raja Ram Mohan Roy
himself) established the Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha in 1836. Gourishankar Tarkabagish was the
first president of BangaBhasha Prakasika Sabha.
Pair 4 is correctly matched- In 1851, the British India Association came into existence through the
amalgamation of the Landholders' Society and the Bengal British India Society, with Raja Radhakant
Dev serving as its President and Debendranath Tagore as the Secretary. Notable members included
Ramgopal Ghosh, Peary Chand Mitra, and Krishnadas Pal.
Source: Spectrum: Chapter 10, Page 259
Q.18) With reference to the Army Amalgamation Scheme of 1861, consider the following statements:
1. It transferred the East India Company‟s troops to the services of the British Crown.
2. It allowed Indians at the higher posts in the army and the artillery departments.
3. It provided for the periodical visits of the European troops to England for training and
redeployment.
How many of the above statements are incorrect?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) a
The Army Amalgamation Scheme, 1861, was a significant decision taken by the British government
after the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. The mutiny had exposed the weaknesses of the East India
Company's army, which was largely composed of Indian sepoys.
11
Statement 1 is correct- Under the Army Amalgamation Scheme, 1861, the British government
decided to bring the East India Company's troops under the direct control of the British Crown.
This move was seen as a way to strengthen British control over India and prevent future rebellions.
Statement 2 is incorrect- Under the scheme, all Indian artillery units, with the exception of a few
mountain batteries, were rendered non-operational. Positions of higher authority in the army and
artillery departments were exclusively reserved for Europeans.
Statement 3 is correct- The British government believed that European troops were more reliable
and disciplined than Indian sepoys. As a result, European troops in India were regularly sent back to
England for training and redeployment. This practice helped to ensure that the British army in India
maintained a high level of combat readiness
Source: Spectrum: Chapter 7, Page 190
Q.19) Consider the following pairs regarding the Revolt of 1857:
Centre of Associated Leader

Revolt
1. Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal
2. Bihar Raja Kunwar Singh
3. Odisha Kandapareshwar
Singh
4. Assam Surendra Shahi

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four
Ans) b
The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Indian
Independence, was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the British East India Company,
which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The rebellion began on May 10,
1857, in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40
miles (64 km) northeast of Delhi. The immediate cause of the revolt was the introduction of the
Enfield rifle which used greased cartridges that were believed to be tainted with pig and cow fat.
Pair 1 is correctly matched- Lucknow was the important centre of the Revolt of 1857. Begum Hazrat
Mahal led the revolt from lucknow.
Pair 2 is correctly matched- Raja Kunwar Singh and Amar Singh were the important leaders who led
the fight against British Rule during the Revolt of 1857 from Bihar.
Pair 3 is incorrectly matched- Kandapareshwar Singh and Maniram Dutta Baruah led the Revolt of
1857 from Assam.
Pair 4 is incorrectly matched- Surendra Shahi and Ujjawal Shahi led the Revolt of 1857 from Odisha.
Knowledge Base:
Some other centres of the Revolt of 1857:
12
Delhi Bahadur Shah II, General Bakht Khan
Kanpur Nana Sahib, Rao Sahib, Tantia Tope, Azimullah

Khan
Jhansi Rani Laxmibai
Rajasthan Jaidayal Singh and Hardayal Singh
Farrukhabad Tufzal Hasan Khan
Q.20) The following item consists of two statements, Statement I and Statement II. Examine these two
statements carefully:
Statement I: Ram Mohan Roy in his famous work Gift to Monotheism put forward weighty arguments
against belief in many Gods and for the worship of a single God.
Statement II: Ram Mohan Roy in his Precepts of Jesus tried to separate the moral and philosophic
message of the New Testament.
Which of the options given below is correct based on the two statements given above?
a) Both the statements are individually true, and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement
I.
b) Both the statements are individually true, but Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I.
c) Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.
d) Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.
Ans) b
Both the statements are individually true, but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement
I. Statement I is correct: Ram Mohan Roy, a prominent social and religious reformer in 19th-century
India, put forward weighty arguments against belief in many Gods and advocated for the worship of a
single God. His work “Gift to Monotheism” reflects his critique of polytheism and his promotion of
monotheistic ideas.
Statement II is correct: Ram Mohan Roy, in his work “Precepts of Jesus,” aimed to separate the moral
and philosophical teachings of the New Testament from the theological aspects of Christianity. He
emphasized the universal moral principles and ethical teachings of Jesus while downplaying specific
Christian doctrines. While both statements describe different aspects of Ram Mohan Roy‟s works,
there is no direct explanatory relationship between the two statements.
Source: CDS II - 2014
Q.21) The „Swadeshi‟ and „Boycott‟ were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the:
a) agitation against the Partition of Bengal
b) Home Rule Movement
c) Non-Cooperation Movement
d) visit of the Simon Commission to India
13
Ans) a
To meet the growing nationalist challenge in eastern India, on 19 July 1905 the British Indian
Government announced its decision to form the new province of "Eastern Bengal and Assam",
comprising the Chittagong, Dacca and Rajshahi divisions, Hill Tippera (Tripura) , Malda and Assam.
The province came into existence on 16 October, 1905, by breaking up Bengal and its Bengali speaking
people.
In the beginning the leaders resorted to sharp press campaigns against the partition scheme,
numerous public meetings in opposition to it and the drafting of petitions to the Government for
annulment. However, they realized it made no effect on the indifference of the authorities. This led to
a search for new techniques from the middle of 1905 and resulted in the discovery of the boycott of
British goods as an effective weapon. The boycott of British products was followed by the advocacy
of swadeshi (Indian-made) or exhorting purchasers to buy indigenously produced goods as a
patriotic duty. Thus, Swadeshi and Boycott started against Partition of Bengal in 1905. It also
showcases the rich Swadeshi tradition of culture, art, literature, music and science.
Source: UPSC CSE Pre 2016
Q.22) Consider the following statements regarding Annie Besant:

She was:
1. responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement
2. the founder of the Theosophical Society
3. once the President of the Indian National Congress
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) b
Statement 1 is correct. Annie Besant along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak had formed and led the Home
Rule Movement (1916-1918). It was based on the lines of Irish Home Rule League aimed at achieving
self-government and dominion status within British Empire.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Theosophical Society was founded in New York by Madam Blavatsky and
Henry Steel Olcott and was later shifted to Adyar Chennai. The founders of this organization were
inspired by Indian thought and culture.
Statement 3 is correct. She became the first woman president of Indian National Congress when she
presided over the 1917 Calcutta Session.
Source: Spectrum
Q.23) Consider the following statements about Swami Dayanand Saraswati and his contributions:
1. He authored Satyarth Prakash, which advocated for returning to the original teachings of the
Vedas.
2. He promoted women's education and widow remarriage.
3. He was a supporter of the British Raj in India, believing it would contribute to progress and
modernization.
14
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) b
Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1824 - 1883) was an Indian philosopher, social leader, and founder of the
Arya Samaj. The Arya Samaj is a reform movement of Hinduism based on 10 principles that focus on
God, soul, and nature.
Statement 1 is correct: The Satyarth Prakash (The light of Truth) was written by Swami Dayanand
Saraswati. "Satyarth Prakash" remains a key text for the Arya Samaj, outlining its principles of
returning to Vedic ideals and reforming social practices like the caste system.
Statement 2 is correct: Swami Dayanand Saraswati strongly advocated for women's education and
widow remarriage, viewing them as essential for social progress and women's empowerment.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Swami Dayanand Saraswati was critical of the British Raj, believing it
exploited India and its people. He favored Indian independence and advocated for social progress
based on Vedic teachings, not Westernization.
Q.24) Consider the following events:

1. Anti-apartheid movement in South Africa
2. National Liberation movement in Greece
3. The Irish War of Independence
4. Unification of Italy
How many of the events given above contributed to the rise of modern nationalism in India?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four
Ans) c
The rise of modern nationalism in India marks a transformative period in the country's history,
characterized by fervent movements and ideologies that sought to assert Indian identity and
autonomy. Emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this nationalist surge was a response
to British colonial rule and was fueled by a combination of political, social, and cultural factors. The
quest for independence became a unifying force, drawing inspiration from global struggles against
imperialism and shaping India's trajectory towards self-determination.
Event 1 is incorrect: The anti-apartheid movement in South Africa began in the 1950s, long after
the rise of modern nationalism in India in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Therefore, it did
not contribute to the rise of modern nationalism in India.
Event 2 is correct: The successful Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) against the Ottoman
Empire served as a powerful inspiration for Indian nationalists during the 19th century. The Greek
struggle for self-determination and their eventual liberation from centuries of foreign rule resonated
with Indians who were also yearning for freedom from British colonial rule. The Greek victory
demonstrated that even a relatively small and weak nation could overthrow a powerful empire,
giving Indian nationalists a sense of belief in their own ability to achieve independence.
15
Event 3 is correct: The Irish War of Independence, fought between 1919 and 1921, provided another
source of inspiration for Indian nationalists. Indian freedom fighters saw parallels between their
own struggle against British rule and the Irish fight for independence.
Event 4 is correct: The liberation movement of Italy, which culminated in the unification of the
country in 1861, had a significant impact on the rise of modern nationalism in India. Italian
nationalists, such as Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, inspired Indian leaders with their
ideas of national unity, self-determination, and popular sovereignty. Mazzini's concept of a united
Italy based on a shared culture and history resonated with Indian nationalists who were seeking to
unite the diverse subcontinent under a common national identity.
Q.25) Consider the following events:

1. Foundation of the Ramakrishna Mission
2. Foundation of the Radhaswami Movement
3. Foundation of the Brahmo Samaj
4. Foundation of the Paramhans Mandali.
Which one of the following is the correct chronological order of the above?
a) 1, 2, 3, 4
b) 2, 3, 4, 1
c) 3, 4, 1, 2
d) 3, 4, 2, 1
Ans) d
• Foundation of the Brahmo Samaj: This was a socioreligious reform movement founded by Raja Ram
Mohan Roy and Dwarkanath Tagore in 1828 in Calcutta.
• Foundation of the Paramhans Mandali: This was a socio-religious group founded by Atmaram
Pandurang in 1848 in Bombay. He was helped by Dadoba Pandurang and Bal Krishna Jaykar.
• Foundation of the Radhaswami Movement: Tulsi Ram, a banker from Agra, also known as Shiv Dayal
Saheb, founded this movement in 1861. The Radhaswamis believe in one supreme being, supremacy of
the guru, a company of pious people (satsang), and a simple social life. Spiritual attainment, they
believe, does not call for renunciation of the worldly life. They consider all religions to be true
• Foundation of the Ramakrishna Mission: This was a Hindu religious organization founded by Swami
Vivekananda in 1897. It was inspired by the teachings of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa, a mystic saint
who preached the harmony of all religions and paths to God.
Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?hess2=7-10
Q.26) With respect to All-India Women‟s Conference (AIWC), consider the following statements:
1. The All-India Women‟s Conference was founded by Margaret Cousins in 1927.
2. AIWC published a journal "Roshni”, which focused on women empowerment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans) c
16

Statement 1 is correct: The All-India Women‟s Conference (AIWC) was founded by Margaret
Cousins in 1927. It was perhaps the first women‟s organization with an egalitarian approach. Its first
conference was held at Ferguson College, Pune. Other Important women personalities associated
with AIWC were Maharani Chimnabai Gaekwad, Sarojini Naidu, Kamla Devi Chattopadhyaya.
Statement 2 is correct: In 1938, the All-India Women's Conference (AIWC) introduced "Roshni," a
quarterly journal in English. It focused on women's issues and social progress. Over time, it
underwent changes, becoming trilingual with articles in English, Hindi, and Urdu. It also had separate
English and Hindi editions and varied publication frequencies, from monthly to bimonthly and three
issues a year.
Source: http://www.aiwc.org.in/pdf/History.pdf
Q.27) With respect to Laxman Nayak, consider the following statements:

1. He was a tribal leader who opposed British oppression through violent guerrilla warfare.
2. He was executed by the British government on charges of inciting violence during the Quit India
movement.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans) b
Statement 1 is incorrect: Laxman Nayak, a tribal leader of the Bhumia community in Koraput. He was
born on November 22, 1899, in the village of Tentuliguma in the Koraput district. He was a Gandhian
and advocated for non-violent resistance against British rule. He was a strong proponent of truth,
non-violence, and peaceful non-cooperation. He believed in using the spinning wheel (charkha) as a
symbol of self-reliance and economic independence. He also organized door-to-door campaigns to
promote the use of charkha and to spread Gandhian ideals among the tribal communities.
Statement 2 is correct: On August 21, 1942, following the 'Do or Die' call, a procession led by Laxman
was planned to culminate with hoisting the tricolour on Maithili Police Station in Malkangiri.
However, a peaceful meeting turned violent due to police action. Laxman, wrongly framed for
provoking violence, was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death. Nayak was sentenced to death and
hanged on March 29, 1943, in Berhampur jail, leaving a message of hope for Indian independence.
Source: https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?4554
Q.28) With respect to Young Bengal Movement, consider the following statements:
1. It criticized traditional social norms and promoted freedom of thought and education.
2. The movement failed to gain widespread support among the masses.
3. The movement was led by Henry Vivian Derozio.
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
17
Ans) c
In the late 1820s and early 1830s, the 'Young Bengal Movement' emerged as a radical intellectual trend
among Bengal's youth. Henry Vivian Derozio, a young Anglo-Indian and teacher at Hindu College from
1826 to 1831, led and inspired this progressive movement. Influenced by the French Revolution,
Derozio encouraged free and rational thinking, questioning authority, advocating for liberty, equality,
and freedom, and challenging outdated customs.
Statement 1 is correct: Derozio's pupils, the Young Bengal, rejected traditional norms, challenging
God's existence and opposing societal and religious convictions. Advocating freedom of thought,
speech, and education for women, they admired the French Revolution's principles and England's
liberal thought. Their radical ideals, including ignoring religious icons, unsettled traditional Hindus in
Calcutta, reflecting a bold departure from established norms in early 19th-century Bengal.
Statement 2 is correct: The Young Bengal Movement, led by Derozio, faced a drawback as it lacked a
real connection with the masses. Derozio's radical ideas, while impactful among his students, failed
to gain widespread support. The movement's limited success was attributed to the socio-economic
conditions of the time, which were not conducive to radical ideas. Additionally, there was no support
from other social groups. The Derozians, with their bookish radicalism, couldn't establish a
meaningful link with the masses.
Statement 3 is correct: Henry Vivian Derozio, a young Anglo-Indian and teacher at Hindu College
from 1826 to 1831, led and inspired the 'Young Bengal Movement'.
Source: A Brief History of Modern India, Spectrum: Chapter 9
Q.29) With respect to the Servants of India Society, consider the following statements:
1. It was established by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905.
2. The Society published the journal "Pratap" to educate Indians about social services.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans) a
Exp) Option a is correct answer.
Statement 1 is correct: Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a liberal leader of the Indian National Congress. He
established the Servants of India Society in 1905, with the help of people like M.G. Ranade, Gopal
Krishna Deodhar, Anant Patwardhan, Natesh Appaji Dravid, and others. The society aimed to train
national missionaries for India's service. It also aimed to promote the true interests of the Indian
people through constitutional means. It prepared a cadre of selfless workers dedicated to the
country's cause in a religious spirit.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Society published a journal named "Hitavada," not Pratap. It aimed to
educate Indians on social services while promoting unity among people of various ethnicities and
religious beliefs. The journal served as an important platform for discussing social issues and
addressing the needs of underprivileged rural and tribal populations.
Pratap was founded by Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi. It was a revolutionary Hindi newspaper during
the Freedom Struggle, exposing colonial tyranny on the people of India.
18
Q.30) Which of the following commissions was appointed after the Revolt of 1857 to look into the
military affairs of India?
a) Sadler Commission
b) Peel Commission
c) Campbell Commission
d) Strachey Commission
Ans) b
The Peel Commission (1859) was formed with the purpose of policy creation regarding the future
composition of the Indian Army in post-Mutiny India. It comprised of high ranking officers of the
British and Indian armies and was headed by the Secretary of State of War, Major-General Peel. Peel
commission suggested several measures to look into military affairs of India, some of them are as
follows –
• Increasing the ratio of Europeans in the Indian army
• Making regiments on caste lines initiating the policy of divide and rule
• Not promoting Indians to the higher ranks
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/22018/1/Unit-14.pdf
Q.31) During Indian freedom struggle, the National Social Conference was formed. What was the
reason for its formation?
a) Different social reform groups or organizations of Bengal region united to form a single body to
discuss the issues of larger interest and to prepare appropriate petitions/representations to the
government
b) Indian National Congress did not want to include social reforms in its deliberations and decided to
form a separate body for such a purpose
c) Behramji Malabari and M. G. Ranade decided to bring together all the social reform groups of the
country under one organization
d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context
Ans) b
National Social Conference was formed in 1887 by Mahadev Govind Ranade.
Indian National Congress did not want to include social reforms in its deliberations and decided to
form a separate body for such a purpose. The Conference advocated inter-caste marriages and
opposed kulinism and polygamy.
Source: UPCS CSE 2012
Q.32) With reference to the Prarthana Samaj, consider the following statements:
Statement I: Prarthana Samaj primarily focused on revival of the Orthodox Hindu Religion.
Statement II: Prarthana Samaj was inspired by the bhakti traditions of Maharashtra.
a) Both statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II is the correct explanation for
Statement-I.
b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for
Statement-I.
c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect.
19
d) Statement--I- is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.
Ans) d
Prarthana Samaj was a religious and social reform movement in Bombay, India. It was founded by
Atmaram Pandurang in 1867.
Statement I is incorrect: Prarthana Samaj was founded by Atmaram Pandurang in Bombay. with the
help of Keshab Chandra Sen in 1867. Mahadeo Govind Ranade (1842-1901) joined the samaj in 1870, and
his efforts made the samaj gain an all-India character. The samaj was more concerned with social
reforms than with religion. Samaj had a four-point social agenda: (i) disapproval of caste system, (ii)
women‟s education, (iii) widow remarriage, and (iv) raising the age of marriage for both males and
females. Along with Dhondo Keshav Karve, Ranade founded the Widow Remarriage Movement as
well as Widows‟ Home Association with the aim of providing education and training to widows so
that they could support themselves.
Hence Prarthana Samaj was primarily focused on social reforms in society. It was not aimed at revival
of Hindu Religion, but to reform it.
Statement II is correct: The Prarthana Samaj was very attached to the bhakti cult of Maharashtra.
The members of Prarthana Samaj were followers of the great religious tradition of the Marathi Sant
Mat like Namdev and Tukaram. The Sant Mat tradition was a devotional movement that originated in
Maharashtra in the 13th century. The ideas of the Prarthana Samaj trace back to the devotional poems
of the Vitthala, as part of the Vaishnava bhakti devotional movements of the thirteenth century in
southern Maharashtra.
https://www.forwardpress.in/2019/08/brahmanical-and-bahujan-traditions-in-maharashtra/
Q.33) Consider the following statements regarding White Mutiny:

1. It was the started by the European troops in India because they were against the complete
transfer of power from East India Company to the British Crown.
2. The transfer of power to British Crown stopped the special allowances received by the European
troops when they were on duty outside the home territories.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans) c
As a result of the Revolt of 1857, the Government of India Act, of 1858 introduced various provisions,
one of which entailed the complete transfer of powers from the East India Company to the British
Crown. One of the consequences of this act was the White Mutiny.
Statement 1 is correct- The White Mutiny occurred in response to the transfer of power from the
British East India Company to the British Crown. A section of European forces employed under the
Company expressed resentment toward the move, which mandated the three Presidency Armies to
shift their allegiance from the defunct Company to the Queen, mirroring the structure of the
British Army. This discontent materialized into a period of unrest termed as White Mutiny.
Statement 2 is correct- The main reason for the White Mutiny was the termination of “Batta”- extra
allowances of pay to cover various expenditures related to operations in areas other than the home
20
territories. When these forces were working with East India Company, they used to receive the
“batta” but the transfer of power from East India Company to the British government terminated the
“Batta”.
Source : A brief History of Modern India , Spectrum, 2019 Edition, Chapter 7
Q.34) In the context of Indian Freedom Struggle, who among the following personalities authored the
book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'?
a) G Subramanium Iyer
b) Romesh Chandra Dutt
c) Dadabhai Naoroji
d) Mahadev Govinda Ranade
Ans) c
Option a is incorrect: G. Subramania Iyer (1855–1916) was a notable Indian lawyer, journalist, and
freedom fighter. As the editor of "The Hindu," he actively advocated for constitutional reforms and
civil liberties. Serving as the president of the Indian National Congress in 1899, he played a significant
role in the nationalist movement.
Option b is incorrect: Romesh Chandra Dutt (1848–1909) was an influential Indian civil servant,
economist, and author. Notably serving as the Diwan of Baroda, he authored "The Economic History
of India," a significant work highlighting the impact of British colonialism on India's economy.
Dutt's writings have had a lasting impact on Indian economic thought.
Option c is correct: Dadabhai Naoroji, a prominent Indian political leader and educator, authored
'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.' Published in 1901, the book is a critical analysis of British
economic policies in India during the colonial period. Naoroji's work highlights the economic
exploitation faced by India under British rule and argues that British policies were a major cause of
poverty in the country.
Option d is incorrect: Mahadev Govinda Ranade (1842–1901) was a prominent social reformer,
scholar, and co-founder of the Indian National Congress (INC). He is Known for advocating women's
education and social reforms, he also made significant contributions to the legal field as a judge.
Q.35) What was common among Brahma Samaj, Ram Krishna Mission, and Arya Samaj?
a) None of these three had a political mission but they helped to develop a spirit of patriotism
b) All the three originated from Bengal
c) Founder of all the three was educated in England
d) Founder of all the three took active part in politics
Ans) a
Brahma Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, and Arya Samaj were three socio-religious reform movements
that emerged in the 19th century in India. None of these three had a political mission but they helped
to develop a spirit of patriotism. They aimed to reform and revitalize Hinduism by rejecting the
superstitions, rituals, caste system, and other social evils that had corrupted it. They also promoted
rationalism, humanism, and universalism as the core values of Hinduism. None of these three
movements had a political mission or agenda, as they focused on the spiritual and moral upliftment of
the people. However, they indirectly helped to develop a spirit of patriotism and nationalism among
21
the Indians by creating a sense of pride in their culture and heritage. They also inspired many
freedom fighters and leaders who participated in the Indian independence movement.
Q.36) Consider the following statements regarding socio-religious reform movements in South India:
1. The Justice movement in Madras was started mainly to secure representation of the non-brahmins
in the legislature.
2. The Self-Respect movement was started by Sri Narayan Guru Swamy.
3. The Vaikom Satyagraha was led by K.P. Kesava for opening of Hindu temples to the untouchables.
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) b
Statement 1 is correct: The Justice movement in Madras Presidency was started by C.N. Mudaliar,
T.M. Nair and P. Tyagaraja to secure jobs and representation for the non brahmins in the legislature.
In 1917, Madras Presidency Association was formed which demanded separate representation for the
lower castes in the legislature.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Self-Respect movement was started by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (and
not Sree Narayana Guru Swamy) commonly known as Periyar, in the mid 1920s. The movement aimed
at nothing short of a rejection of the Brahmanical religion and culture which Naicker felt was the
prime instrument of exploitation of lower castes. He sought to undermine the position of brahmin
priests by formalising weddings without brahmin priests.
Statement 3 is correct: In 1924, the Vaikom Satyagraha led by K.P. Kesava, was launched in Kerala
demanding the throwing open of Hindu temples and roads to the untouchables. The satyagraha was
reinforced by jathas from Punjab and Madurai. Mahatma Gandhi undertook a tour of Kerala in support
of the movement.
A Brief History of Modern India, Spectrum, 2019 Edition- Chapter 9
Q.37) Consider the following:

1. George Yule
2. Henry Cotton
3. Alfred Web
4. A.O. Hume
How many of the above-mentioned foreigners were elected as the President of the Indian National
Congress (INC) since its inception?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four
Ans) c
22
Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in the later period of 19the century. A.O. Hume, a retired
English civils servant, was the leading figure in its formation. He gave a final shape to this idea. He
mobilised big personalities or the leading intellectuals of the time and, along with their cooperation,
he organised the first session of the Indian National Congress which was presided by W.C. Banerjee at
Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay in December 1885.
AO Hume himself never presided any congress session.
Source: A Brief history of modern India, Spectrum

Q.38) With reference to the Indian Council Act of 1892, consider the following statements:
1. It allowed universities to send their representatives to provincial councils.
2. It allowed the members of the Indian Legislative Council to ask questions to executive.
3. It empowered the Members of the Indian Legislative Council to vote on separate items on the
budget.
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) b
Statement 1 is correct: A principle of representation was introduced in the Indian Council Act, 1892.
For instance, the universities, district boards, municipalities, zamindars, trade bodies and chambers
of commerce were empowered to recommend members to the provincial councils.
Statement 2 is correct: Members of the legislative council were empowered to discuss the legislative
proposals. For this, members of legislative council could put questions within certain limits to the
executive on matters of public interest after giving 6 days‟ notice.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The members were empowered to discuss the annual Financial Statement
presented by the Govt. However, budget was an unalterable document. It means, the members could
not ask Supplementary questions or vote on budget items. Thus, Members could only present their
observations which could have influence on the annual financial statements in subsequent years, not
on the budget of the year under consideration.
Source: A Brief History of India, Spectrum
23
Q.39) Which of the following options regarding Pandita Ramabai is correct?

a) She was conferred with the titles of Pandita and Sarasvati by Bombay University in 1889.
b) She wrote a book on gender discrimination called Stri Purush Tulana.
c) She started Sharda Sadan to provide an ashram to destitute high caste widows.
d) She was the first practicing female medical doctor of India.
Ans) c
Option a is incorrect: Pandita Ramabai exceptional command over Sanskrit and erudite knowledge of
sacred Sanskrit texts earned her the title Pandita (Wise Person) and Sarasvati (The Goddess of
Learning). It was bestowed upon her by Calcutta University.
Option b is incorrect: Tarabai Shinde, a woman educated at home at Poona, published a book,
Stripurushtulna, (A Comparison between Women and Men).
Option c is correct: Pandita Ramabai started Sharda Sadan in Bombay in 1889 to provide an ashram to
destitute high caste widows. Sharada Sadan provided residential school for Brahmin women, mainly
widows, but also unmarried girls.
Option d is incorrect: Anandi Gopal Joshi was the first female doctor of India.
https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/89379/1/Unit-3.pdf
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/portrait-of-a-lady-at-the-age-of-19-
anandi-gopal-joshi-the-first-female-doctor-of-india-obtained-an-md-in-
us/articleshow/101417264.cms?from=mdr
Q.40) The British East India Company administration passed several legislations for social reforms in
India. In this regard consider the following statements:
1. The Lex Loci Act of 1850 provided for the right to inherit ancestral property by the Hindu converts
to Christianity.
2. The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 abolished slavery in parts of the British Empire including India.
3. The Bengal Regulation VI of 1802 was enacted to ban the practice of untouchability.
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) a
Statement 1 is correct. The Lex Loci Act of 1850 provided for the right to inherit ancestral property
by Hindu converts to Christianity.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The Slavery Abolition Act 1833, passed by the British Parliament, abolished
slavery throughout most of the British Empire (with the notable exceptions "of the Territories in the
Possession of the East India Company," the "Island of Ceylon," and "the Island of Saint Helena"). The
Indian Slavery Act, passed in 1843, made slavery Illegal in India.
Statement 3 is incorrect. The Bengal Regulation VI of 1802 was enacted to ban the practice of female
infanticide in Bengal.
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/62949/1/Block-6.pdf
From Plassey to Partition and After by Shekhar Bandhopadhyay- Chapter 4.
24
Q.41) With reference to Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements:

1. It contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and industries.
2. The National Council of Education was established as a part of Swadeshi Movement.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans) c
Statement 1 is correct: The most important aspect of the movement was a focus on self -reliance or
Atma -shakti which led to the development of indigenous artisan crafts and industries.
Statement 2 is correct: The movement also let to the development of national education. In this
context, the National Council of Education was established in August 1906.
Source: UPSC CSE 2019
Q.42) Consider the following demands of Indian National Congress:

1. Freedom of Speech and Expression
2. Repeal of the Arms Act of 1878
3. Separation of Executive from Judiciary
How many of the above demands were put forward by the Indian National Congress during early
years of its formation?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) c
Indian National Congress (INC) was established in 1885. The Early phase of the INC was led by
Nationalists, also known as the Moderates, who were a group of political leaders in India active
between 1885 and 1907. Some of the important moderate leaders were Pherozeshah Mehta, Dadabhai
Naoroji, M. G. Ranade, Subramania Aiyer, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, and Surendranath Banarjee.
Statement 1 is correct- The INC believed that Indians should have the right to express their views
freely without fear of reprisal. This was a direct challenge to the British government's censorship of
the Indian press.
Statement 2 is correct- The Arms Act of 1878 was discriminatory as it did not apply to the British,
Anglo-Indians, Europeans, and certain government personnel. Repeal of the Arms Act of 1878 was an
important demand of INC.
Statement 3 is correct- Separation of Executive from Judiciary was one of the major demands of
Indian National Congress during early years of its formation.
Q.43) Consider the following statements with respect to initiatives regarding child marriage in 19th
century India:
1. The Age of Consent Act 1891 was the first legislation in British India which regulated child marriage.
25
2. The efforts of B. M Malabari led to the passage of the Sarda Act which raised the age of marriage for
girls to 14 years.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans) d
Exp) Option d is the correct answer. The social reformers raised their voice against degrading
customs such as polygamy, purdah, child marriage, restrictions on widow marriage, they worked
relentlessly to establish educational facilities for women, to persuade the government to enact
favorable legislations for women and in general to propagate the uselessness of medieval, feudal
attitudes.
Statement 1 is incorrect. The Native Marriage Act (or Christian Marriage Act, 1872) was passed in 1872
which signified legislative action in prohibiting child marriage. It was the first legislation in British
India which regulated child marriage.
The Age of Consent Act was later passed in 1891 which forbade the marriage of girls below the age of
12.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The relentless efforts of a Parsi reformer, B.M. Malabari, led to the
enactment of the Age of Consent Act (and not Sarda Act) in 1891.
The Sarda Act was enacted in 1930, due to the efforts of All India Women‟s Conference (AIWC). This
Act pushed up the marriage age to 18 and 14 years for boys and girls, respectively.
Source: A brief history of Modern India, Spectrum, 2019 Edition- Chapter 8
Q.44) Who among the following were the founders of the Indian Association of Calcutta?
a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
b) Ananda Mohan Bose and Surendranath Banerjee
c) Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Sambhu Charan Mukherjee
d) Durga Mohan Das and Nabagopal Mitra
Ans) b
Option b is correct: The Indian Association of Calcutta, founded in 1876 by Ananda Mohan Bose and
Surendranath Banerjee, played a pivotal role in fostering nationalism and political education among
the Indian populace. The association was also known as the Indian National Association or the
Indian Society of Calcutta.
The association united with the Indian National Congress in 1886, making significant contributions to
the early nationalist movements in India.
The various names, including Indian Association of Calcutta, Indian National Association, Bharat
Sabha, and Indian Society of Calcutta, signify its diverse functions and underscore its significance in
promoting nationalist sentiments and socio-economic progress in colonial India.
Source: A brief History of Modern India, Spectrum: Chapter 10
Q.45) With respect to Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha, consider the following statements:
1. S.S. Bengalee was one of its founders.
2. It worked for the removal of the purdah system and raising the age of marriage.
26
3. Rast Goftar was the mouthpiece of the organization.

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) c
Statement 1 is correct: Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha was founded in 1851 by Dadabhai Naoroji,
Naoroji Furdonji, K.R. Cama and S.S. Bengalee.
Statement 2 is correct: It worked for the upliftment of Parsi women through removal of purdah
system, raising the age of marriage and women education.
Statement 3 is correct: Rast Goftar was the journal used by the association to spread the message of
reform.
Source: A Brief History of Modern India – Spectrum 2019 edition, Chapter 9
Q.46) With respect to Sir Syed Ahmad Khan‟s efforts in education sector, consider the following
statements:
1. Syed Ahmad Khan founded the Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College in Aligarh.
2. He emphasized on imparting education in the vernacular language, instead of English language.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans) a
Aligarh Movement was started by Syed Ahmad Khan in 1875. He wanted to reconcile Western
scientific education with the teachings of the Quran.
Statement 1 is correct: During his visit to Europe in 1869–70, he developed the plans of his life-work,
a major educational institution for Indian Muslims. In order to promote English education among the
Muslims, he founded in 1875 a modern school at Aligarh, which developed into the Muhammadan
Anglo–Oriental College. This college was to become the Aligarh Muslim University after his death. It
became the nursery of Muslim political and intellectual leaders.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Syed Ahmad Khan emphasized the importance of Western education
alongside Islamic education. He believed that British-style education, including English language
proficiency, was essential for the progress of the Muslim community. Syed Ahmad Khan‟s
educational programme emphasized from the outset the advantages of using English as the medium
of instruction. Syed Ahmad Khan believed that the use of English as the medium of instruction would
be beneficial for Indian Muslims because it would help them to gain access to modern education and
knowledge. He believed that the Muslims of India were lagging behind in terms of education and that
the use of English would help them to catch up with the rest of the world
Spectrum
27
Q.47) With respect to various Socio religious reform movements in the 19th century India, consider
the following pairs:
Socio-Religious Founder
Reform
Movements
1. Nadwat al- Abul Hasan Ali
Ulama Hasani Nadwi
2. Ahmadiya Mirza Ghulam
Movement Ahmad
3. Deoband Muhammad
Movement Qasim Nanautavi
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) b
Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Nadwat al-Ulama was a reformist school in Lucknow founded by
Shibli Nu„mani in 1894.It trained ulama to blend traditional religious knowledge with Western
learning, fostering national Muslim leadership. Responding to Western hegemony and Hindu
resurgence, it aimed to unify ulama, connect Indian Muslims globally, revive Islamic culture, and
promote proselytization.
Pair 2 is correctly matched: The Ahmadiyya Movement was a modern Muslim messianic movement
originated in India. It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1889 in Punjab. The Ahmadiyya
Movement, founded on liberal principles and representing the Mohammedan Renaissance, drew
inspiration from Western liberalism, theosophy, and Hindu reform movements. Rejecting Jihad, it
prioritized human fraternity and advocated Western liberal education through a network of
schools. Uniquely, it considers Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Messiah, aiming to end religious conflicts,
promote morality, peace, justice, and advocates mosque-state separation, human rights, and
tolerance.
Pair 3 is correctly matched: Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi founded the
Deoband Movement in 1866 at Darul Uloom, Saharanpur, aiming to train leaders for muslim
community. It emerged as a revivalist movement with dual objectives: disseminating the pure
teachings of the Quran and Hadis within the Muslim community and perpetuating the spirit of jihad
against foreign rulers.
Q.48) With reference to Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, consider the following
statements:
1. Keshab Chandra Sen organized a society „Naba Bidhan‟ to preach a combined knowledge of Hindu
philosophy and Christian theology.
2. In advocating widow remarriage and opposing child marriage, Akshay Kumar Dutt sought only the
ancient religious scriptures.
3. Dev Samaj defended orthodox Hinduism against the teachings of Arya Samaj and Ramakrishna
Mission.
28
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) a
Statement 1 is correct: Keshab Chandra Sen, (1838-1884, Calcutta) was a Hindu philosopher and social
reformer who attempted to incorporate Christian theology within the framework of Hindu thought.
He condemned child marriage; however, he allowed his 14-year-old daughter to marry the son of the
maharaja of Cooch Behar, thus publicly repudiating his avowed opposition to child marriage. As a
result, some of his followers broke away. Keshab Chandra Sen then organized a new society—Naba
Bidhan, or Nava Vidhana (“New Dispensation”)—continuing to preach a mixture of Hindu
philosophy and Christian theology.
Statement 2 is incorrect: In advocating widow remarriage and opposing polygamy and child
marriage, Akshay Kumar Dutt was least concerned with searching for any religious sanction or
finding out whether they existed in the past. His arguments were mainly based on their noticeable
effects on society. Instead of depending on the scriptures, he cited medical opinion against child
marriage.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Bharat Dharma Mahamandala (not Dev Samaj) of the orthodox educated
Hindus stood for a defence of orthodox Hinduism against the teachings of the Arya Samajists, the
Theosophists, and the Ramakrishna Mission. Whereas Dev Samaj was founded in 1887 at Lahore by
Shiv Narayan Agnihotri. This samaj emphasized the eternity of the soul, the supremacy of the guru,
and the need for good action.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Keshab-Chunder-Sen#ref69356
Q.49) Consider the following statements in the context of Indian National Conference:
1. Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose were the main organizers of Indian National
Conference.
2. The inaugural session of the Indian National Conference raised the issues surrounding the Ilbert Bill
of 1883
3. The National Conference merged with the Indian National Congress in 1886.
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ans) c
Indian National Conference refers to a series of conference sessions considered to be the
predecessor of the Indian National Congress. Two sessions of the conference were held in 1883 and
1885, and these sessions drew representatives from all major towns.
Statement 1 is correct: Indian National Conference is called the predecessor of the Indian National
Congress. Its main organizers were Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose. The first
session of the National Conference was held in Calcutta on December 28 - 30, 1883, and was attended
by more than a hundred delegates from other parts of India.
29
Statement 2 is correct: Introduction of the Criminal Procedure Amendment Bill (1883-84) or Ilbert
bill led to the first meeting of the first National Conference at Kolkata on 29 December 1883. It
marked the beginning of organized deliberations on issues surrounding the Ilbert Bill, by Indian
Political Leaders of that time.
Statement 3 is correct: The second Indian National Conference was also held in Kolkata from 25 to 27
December 1885. Along with the Indian Association, the National Mohammadan Association and the
British Indian Association were also conveners of this meeting. On its last day, the second National
Conference sent a message of goodwill to the Indian National Congress. National Conference merged
with the Indian National Congress in December 1886.
Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/here-is-a-list-of-past-presidents-of-indian-
national-congress-4967084/
https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=161805
Q.50) Social Service League was founded by Narayan Malhar Joshi with the primary objective of:
a) Training national missionaries for the service of India.
b) Providing the destitute women with education and medical services.
c) Securing reasonable conditions of life and work for the masses.
d) Eliminating exploitation of the lower castes
Ans) c
The Social Service League was founded by Narayan Malhar Joshi, a follower of Gokhale, in Bombay in
1911. Its primary objective was to secure for the masses better and reasonable conditions of life and
work. They organized many schools, libraries, reading rooms, day nurseries and cooperative societies
Source: A Brief History of Modern India – Spectrum 2019 edition, Chapter 9
30

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SFG 2024 | LEVEL 1 | Test #18 – Solutions |

Exp) Option b is the correct answer.

Q.7) With respect to Brahmo Samaj, consider the following statements:

d) Mobilisation of public opinion

Exp) Option a is the correct answer.

1. East India Dada Bhai Naoroji

2. The Indian Sisir Kumar Ghosh

3. Bangabhasha Raja Ram Mohan

4. British India Raja Radhakant Deb

Q.19) Consider the following pairs regarding the Revolt of 1857:

Centre of Associated Leader

1. Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal

2. Bihar Raja Kunwar Singh

4. Assam Surendra Shahi

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Delhi Bahadur Shah II, General Bakht Khan

Kanpur Nana Sahib, Rao Sahib, Tantia Tope, Azimullah

Jhansi Rani Laxmibai

Rajasthan Jaidayal Singh and Hardayal Singh

Farrukhabad Tufzal Hasan Khan

Q.22) Consider the following statements regarding Annie Besant:

Q.24) Consider the following events:

Q.25) Consider the following events:

Exp) Option c is the correct answer.

Q.27) With respect to Laxman Nayak, consider the following statements:

d) Statement--I- is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.

Q.33) Consider the following statements regarding White Mutiny:

Q.37) Consider the following:

Source: A Brief history of modern India, Spectrum

Q.39) Which of the following options regarding Pandita Ramabai is correct?

Q.41) With reference to Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements:

Q.42) Consider the following demands of Indian National Congress:

3. Rast Goftar was the mouthpiece of the organization.

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