𝕾𝖆𝖎𝖓𝖙 𝕷𝖔𝖚𝖎𝖘 𝕮𝖔𝖑𝖑𝖊𝖌𝖊

City of San Fernando, La Union

Lesson 6
Media and Globalization
Learning Objectives

At the end of this lecture, students should be able to

a. Comprehend what media is and its functions, the concept of global

village, the definition of cultural imperialism and its critiques, and the

concepts of social media and cyber ghettoes.

b. Instill the value of preserving one's own culture despite the exposure of

other cultures due to globalization, and develop cultural sensitivity and

open-mindedness to other perspectives.

c. Demonstrate responsibility in consuming information, and engage in

discussions with regards to the critiques of cultural imperialism,

cyberbalkanization, information bubble, echo chambers, propaganda,

misinformation, and disinformation.

I. Media and Its Functions

Media, the plural of medium, refers to any channel of communication. It

accelerates the process of sharing information to a person or an audience. It

has a vital role in globalization where it allows a fast spread of ideas and

information. For better understanding, a brief history or revolution of media is

provided. It is divided into five (5) periods: oral, script, print, electronic, and

digital (Lule, 2021).

A. Brief History/Evolution

1. Oral communication - the oldest and

most enduring, as well as the most

overlooked medium. Humans have the

ability to speak languages, which sets

them apart from other species. This Figure 1. Oral Communication

allowed them to have communication and cooperation which aids them

in trading, traveling and adapting to different environments.

2. Script - the very first writing. It enabled humans to communicate and

share knowledge and ideas over much larger distances and for much

longer periods of time. Writing developed from cave paintings,

petroglyphs, and hieroglyphs. It first appeared around 3000 BCE, with

symbols carved into clay tablets to keep track of trade. Cuneiform marks

later on evolved into symbols that represented syllables of languages,

eventually leading to the development of alphabets.

Figure 2. Cave Paintings Figure 3. Petroglyph Figure 4. Hieroglyphs

3. Printing press - production of written

documents was slow and expensive, and it made

it easy for the rich and powerful to control the

spread of information. However, with the help of

printing press, first made with movable blocks

in China and eventually with movable metal type Figure 5. Gutenberg Press

by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, production was then cheaper and

easily circulated. This has also paved the way for the explosive flow of

economic, cultural, and political ideas which led to connections around

the world.

4. Electronic media - this requires electromagnetic energy or electricity.

It started with sending three (3) dots and three (3) dashes over electrical

lines and the effects were enormous as the ability to transmit speech over

distance was the next communication breakthrough. There was the

creation of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell, as well as the

cellphone which was crucial to globalization, radio which was first

conceived as wireless telegraph and became a global medium, silent

motion pictures, and television that is considered the most powerful and

pervasive mass medium created.

 Figure 6. Telephone Figure 7. Cellphone Figure 8. Radio

5. Digital media - the most significant medium

to influence globalization. It allowed more

citizens to communicate among themselves. It

transformed work in every industry and trade

- it streamlined tasks, opened up new areas

and methods of research, and allowed any Figure 9. Digital Media

company or industry access to a global marketplace. It also allowed

citizens to access information from around the world leading to the

adoption and adaptation of new practices in music, sports, education,

religion, fashion, cuisine, the arts, and other areas of culture.

The discussion above briefly tackled the changes of media over the

years. For the next subtopic, Torossian (2021) stated that primarily used types

of media have changed over time, and has classified the media into three (3)

types - namely internet, broadcasting, and print.

B. Types

1. Internet media - uses the internet as the primary platform for and

delivery of communication. This involves getting the news, finding

entertainment, receiving crucial information, and advertisement. Under

this type of media, it includes social media, which allows users to interact

and generate content, forums, which are places for discussions, and

podcasts where people can listen to.

Figure 10. Facebook Figure 11. Messenger Figure 12. Instagram Figure 13. Quora

2. Broadcasting media - uses videos, audios and any other audio-visual

content to provide relevant information or entertain the public. This

includes the television that is still widely used, the radio which is already

losing ground, and movies that are one of the most popular forms of

media that entertains, promotes social causes or different cultures.

Figure 14. Television Figure 15. Radio

 3. Print media - uses printed materials to provide information to the

public. This includes the use of newspapers, magazines, books, banners,

billboards, brochures, and flyers.

Figure 16. Newspapers Figure 17. Magazines Figure 18. Books

And aside from the brief history and the types of media, it is important to

learn how it benefits humans. Salt and Paper (2018) had provided eight (8)

functions of media: information, education, entertainment, persuasion,

surveillance, interpretation, linkage, and socialization.

C. Functions

1. Information - Media provides authentic and timely facts and opinions

about various events and situations to the public. Media informs the

public about what is happening. Media disseminates information

through news, broadcasts on radio and television, as well as newspaper

and magazine columns.

2. Education - Media provides education and information. Media educates

people at all levels in a variety of subjects directly or indirectly. Media

 educates people directly through distance education programs and

indirectly through dramas, documentaries, interviews, feature stories,

and etc.

3. Entertainment - Media provides amusement to people. Media provides

amusement through stories, films, serials, and comics that appear on

newspapers, magazines, radio, television, etc.

4. Persuasion - Media builds opinions and sets agendas in the public mind.

Media influences votes, shifts attitudes, and modifies behavior. Media

persuades people through editorials, articles, commentaries, etc.

5. Surveillance - Media allows close and continuous observation of the

society for the public to be informed and/or warned of the misconducts,

malpractices, threats, and events happening in the society. This helps

with planning to avoid or decrease possible losses or casualties.

6. Interpretation - Media also provides explanations and interpretations of

events and situations. This function provides knowledge with the help of

news analysis, commentaries, editorials, and columns.

7. Linkage - Media connects the different elements of society that are not

directly connected. An example of this is advertising wherein there is an

attempt to link the needs of the consumers and the products of the

producers.

8. Socialization - One of the types of media provided above is the social

media under internet media. It allows people to socialize and interact,

 generate content, and to transmit culture. On the other hand,

socialization is a process where people are made to behave in ways that

are acceptable in their culture or society. This process helps in

becoming a member of the society, and in shaping behaviors, conducts,

attitudes, and beliefs. This way, people become more closer and

promote unity among them.

II. The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism

A. The Global Village

The world in which we live is constantly changing. Both the way we

interact with others and how we perceive the world have changed. We now

reside in a global village. This implies that there are no restrictions on

communication or interpersonal interactions. Anytime, anyplace in the globe,

we can communicate with anyone (Forgeard, 2023).

"The new electronic interdependence recreates the world

in the image of a global village." - Marshall McLuhan, The

Gutenberg Galaxy (1962)

Global Village

● A term coined by Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian philosopher who

studied media theory in the early 1960s.

● It refers to the way various media and technologies have accelerated

social interaction and cultural change around the world.

McLuhan examined

the effects of electronic media using his analysis of

technology. Because he was writing in the 1960s, he

focused on analyzing how television had altered

society. When McLuhan said that television was

Figure 19. Canadian postage making the planet into a "global village," he meant
stamp in honor of Marshall
McLuhan
that as more people saw the same stories on their

televisions, their perspectives on the world would alter. If tribal communities

once gathered around fireplaces to hear one another's narratives. In their living

rooms, the residents of the new global village would sit in front of bright boxes.

B. Cultural Imperialism

Culture

● It is a concept, a collection of people's shared beliefs, habits, ideas,

philosophies, and activities (Pappas & McKelvie, 2022).

The Concept of Culture

 1. Culture is an integrated set of values, norms and behaviors acquired by

human beings as members of a society.

2. From a sociological stance, culture refers to artistic and symbolic

creations, heritage and cultural products.

Imperialism

● Describes the ways that one nation asserts its power over another.

Cultural Imperialism

● The imposition of particular aspects of one's own culture by a dominating

community, usually one that is politically or economically dominant. It is

a form of imperialism in which the imposing community imposes its way

of life on the other population by altering or replacing components of the

nondominant community's culture (Tobin, 2016).

● Tends to describe the United States’ role as a cultural superpower

throughout the world (Christof.Demont-Heinrich, 2020).

Following McLuhan's idea of the "global village," media academics

continued to address the issues surrounding the global media culture. Many of

them made the assumption that the global media has a tendency to homogenize

cultures. People started to listen to, watch, and read similar content as a result

of the globalization of media. Commentators predicted that American

hegemony and media globalization would lead to a type of cultural imperialism

because, at the time, America had become the world's dominant cultural force.
 Herbert Schiller believed that in addition to the world being more

"Americanized," American capitalist principles like consumerism were also

spreading.

According to John Tomlinson, the term "Western cultural imperialism" is

just an oversimplification of cultural globalization because it encourages

"homogenized, Westernized, consumer culture" (Claudio et al., 2018).

However, because they are more focused on the big structures that

govern media content, academics who oppose cultural imperialism have a top-

down perspective of the media. Additionally, cultural imperialism has been

resisted by the revived power of regional tendencies like Asian culture. Korean

pop, often known as K-pop, and Korean dramas and series are hugely popular

both locally and internationally. The same is true of the Asian dish sushi.

Another illustration is the current Samgyeopsal craze in the Philippines.

C. Cultural Heterogeneity

Significant cultural alterations and an increase in cross-cultural contact

are both results of globalization. A hybrid culture has developed as a result of

cultures learning from one another. The items of popular culture, including

music, movies, and fashion, may now be found in every country due to

globalization. Globalization thus has an impact on a variety of domains,

including economics, culture, and social life (Tuncer, 2023).

 Arjun Appadurai, a social anthropologist and sociologist from India,

argues that rather than viewing globalization as cultural imperialism, one

should take into account the cultural heterogeneity and hybridity that result

from it. According to Appadurai's argument, one of the key forces influencing

contemporary global cultural changes is the media.

D. Lifestyle and Culture that We Adopted from Other Countries

South Korea has a

significant impact on our nation, particularly on the

teenagers in the Philippines. Hallyu, also known as

Figure 20. South Korean Flag the Korean wave, started in the middle to late 1990s

and gained popularity all over the world. It is a term

used to describe how South Korean culture and goods, including music,

television shows, and cuisine, have expanded throughout Asia and the rest of

the world. The International Journal of Social Science and Humanity reported

that Korean dramas, or "Koreanovelas," are how Hallyu or the "k-wave" made

its way to the Philippines (Beldad, 2022). Another way that Filipinos were

persuaded to appreciate Korean culture is through Korean music. Filipinos

frequently purchase physical albums of their favorite K-pop idols as well as the

Korean goods and products that these artists promote.

 The colonial rule of the United States to the

Philippines has brought the country a lot of influences

when it comes to culture. English was taught back

then, when Americans first introduced free education Figure 21. USA Flag

to our nation (Balinski, 2018). We can no longer help

but use English words in our sentences when we talk due to the ingrained

practice of “Taglish.” Additionally, many kinds of clothing and food have been

transported here. As an illustration, McDonald's, Dunkin’ Donuts, KFC,

hamburgers, and sandwiches are all highly well-liked. Today, Filipinos are

huge fans of Western television series. Examples of video streaming platforms

or services that offer a large selection of films to Filipino movie enthusiasts

include Netflix, Disney+, and Amazon Prime.

In the Philippines, anime and manga have a turbulent history that

encompasses both forgetting and remembering. Government interference

during the Marcos administration and the 1980s rebranding of anime as

morning cartoons both contributed to the forgetting of the anime subculture.

However, television networks began to pay attention to the growing popularity

of anime in the Philippines in the late 1990s and early 2000s (“Localising

Japanese Popular Culture in the Philippines ―Transformative Translations of

Japan’s Cultural Industry,” 2021). Fans of Japanese media can occasionally

learn about Japanese culture through universities, therefore this has persisted
up to the present. The availability of Japanese music and television in our nation

has been made possible by international streaming services like YouTube,

Netflix, Spotify, and iTunes.

Figure 23. Chinese Flag Figure 22. Japanese Flag

Filipinos' attitudes

toward business are influenced by the Chinese. As an export market and a

source of imports, China is the Philippines' major commercial partner. While in

terms of media culture, China has long believed that the success and

international influence of Hollywood effectively promotes US lifestyle, and

wishing to do the same, China has launched “China TV Theater” on the

Philippine state-run broadcasting network People’s Television Network (PTV)-

4 in 2018 (Hung, 2021). Aside from television programs that have been aired in

our television stations, Chinese movies and dramas are also getting more

popular in the Philippines.

III. Critiques of Cultural Imperialism

Critiques of cultural imperialism typically revolve around the following points:

● Loss of Identity
 ○ It's claimed that when a dominant culture is imposed, it can erode

the cultural identity and values of indigenous or less dominant

cultures.

○ Critics argue that it leads to the spread of a dominant culture, often

from Western countries, at the expense of local cultures. This can

result in cultural homogenization and the loss of cultural diversity

● Cultural Homogenization

○ A process in which a dominant culture invades or captures a local

culture, returning to homogeneous society.

○ In a local context, cultural homogenization can be seen as

assimilation or integration while in a global case it can be

explained as a result of cultural imperialism or Americanization.

○ Examples of cultural homogenization include the prevalence of

dominant languages such as English and Spanish at the expense

of the loss of indigenous and minority languages.

○ This perspective is reflected in several concepts and models such

as the Global Culture, Americanization and more importantly the

McDonaldization theory.

○ McDonaldization is a term used to describe the penetration of

American cultural and economic products throughout the world.

It is used symbolically and is drawn from the market and

ideological success of Mcdonald’s fast-food franchises all over the

 world. It was developed by sociologist George Ritzer in his 1995

book The McDonaldization of Society

● Cultural Appropriation

○ Some argue that cultural imperialism can lead to cultural

appropriation, where elements of a culture are borrowed or taken

without permission, leading to distortion or misrepresentation.

○ Cultural appropriation is often seen as a racist act, since it reduces

indigenous, minority, or Global South cultures to objects of

entertainment or consumption. An example can be the popularity

of yoga among white middle-upper class Americans. While some

might see this as an example of cultural hybridization, others

might see this as the appropriation of Indian Hindu culture in

which yoga is an act of worship.

● Stereotyping and Misrepresentation

○ Critics argue that cultural imperialism can perpetuate stereotypes

and misunderstandings about other cultures, reinforcing biases

and prejudices.

○ Stereotype is a specific belief or assumption (thoughts) about

individuals based solely on their membership in a group,

regardless of their individual characteristics. It can be positive or

negative and when overgeneralized are applied to all members

of a group.
 ● Resistance and Hybridization

○ Some argue that cultural imperialism can lead to cultural

resistance and hybridization, where local cultures adapt and

incorporate elements from the dominant culture, creating new

forms of expression

○ Hybridization in cultural studies has also been associated with the

notions of creolization and glocalization. In terms of language,

creolization refers to the way that a subordinate group

incorporates elements of a dominant group's language,

simplifying grammar and mixing each groups' vocabulary.

Glocalization ensures that a product distributed is customized to

suit the needs, culture, and laws of the local population. It allows

tweaking the item to develop a local entity

It is important to note that views on cultural imperialism are diverse, and

not everyone agrees with these critiques. Some argue that globalization and

cultural exchange can also have positive aspects, such as the spread of

knowledge, ideas, and technologies.

IV. Social Media and the Creation of Cyber Ghettoes

A. Social Media and Its Role in Globalization

Internet media, which includes social media, constitute the most

common form of media that the world consumes today. There are 5.16 billion

internet users in the world today, which is equivalent to 64.4 percent of the

world’s total population. Social media users around the world are at 4.76 billion,

equating to just under 60 percent of the total global population (Kemp, 2023).

The Internet provides a capability so powerful and general that it can be

used for almost any purpose that depends on information, and it is accessible

by every individual who connects to one of its constituent networks (Internet |

Description, History, Uses, & Facts, 2023). With a large chunk of the world

population connected to the Internet, it is helping to bridge the gaps between

countries. This has helped improve relationships with other countries by

making them more transparent. Moreover, it also allowed gaining information

about different cultures by connecting with people from all over the world

through social media platforms. This allows us to learn more about one another

and decreases stereotyping of other cultures, leading to better relationships

(Alaniz, 2022).

B. Cyberbalkanization

Globalization largely depends on the interconnectedness of nations and

breaking down barriers not only economically, politically, geographically, but

also through the media and the internet. However, the rise of

cyberbalkanization challenges this notion of interconnectedness.

Cyberbalkanization, also known as splinternet, refers to the

fragmentation of the internet into country-specific and region-specific

internets. In this situation, the government controls what information can be

viewed, shared, and with whom outside the country via the use of the Internet

(Kapoor, 2021). Some of the ways governments have fragmented their internet

from the rest of the world include banning of the following (Economist

Intelligence Unit, 2022):

● software and apps from a specific country

● hardware from a specific country

● key technology to a specific country

● sales of products and services in a specific country

● access to components made in a specific country

● manufacturing in a specific country

One key example of a country that separated its internet from the rest of

the world is China, through its Golden Shield Project, also known as the Great

Firewall of China. Its primary goal is to control the flow of information into and

out of the country. As China opened up to the rest of the world with the

economic reforms known as the socialist market economy in the 1980s and

1990’s, its population became increasingly exposed to ideas and attitudes that
the Communist Party of China (CPC) saw as a threat to its social values and

political ideology. CPC also recognized the value of the internet as a tool for

economic growth and its ability to expose the Chinese people to “dangerous”

ideas (Crawford, 2023). The Great Firewall restricts access to foreign news

sites, such as BBC, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal, and social

media sites such as Facebook, Google, X (formerly Twitter), and Instagram.

Instead, homegrown platforms such as Weibo, Tencent QQ, and WeChat thrive

in Chinese social media, which are heavily monitored by the CPC (Zucchi,

2021).

Figure 24.Weibo Figure 24.Tencent QQ

Figure 24.WeChat

A more recent example of cyberbalkanization is Russia. As Russia

waged war against Ukraine, many foreign companies have ceased operations

in Russia which include technology companies such as Netflix. The Russian

government also blocked several Western-based websites such as Facebook

(Hopkins, 2022). India also banned the popular China-based social media app

Tiktok in June 2020 amid security concerns after a military clash with China

(Murray, 2023). Lawmakers in the United States, Europe, and Canada have
also escalated efforts to restrict the access of its citizens to Tiktok. These efforts

come due to concerns that Tiktok and ByteDance, its parent company, may put

sensitive user data, like location information, into the hands of the Chinese

government for intelligence-gathering operations. (Holpuch, 2023)

C. Commercialization of Social Media

When looking into the origins of the largest social media platforms

today, most of them had one common objective: to have a space to connect,

communicate, and share with people. As time went by, companies behind these

platforms have found a way to gain profit despite the majority of these sites

being free for use.

Similar to commercial television, social media companies today have

mostly made their profit through advertising. The more users an

advertisement reaches, the higher the profit social media companies can

realize (McFarlane, 2022). To achieve this, most social media companies

prioritize keeping users online longer than before. This provides more

appealing metrics to those wanting to purchase ads, with social media

companies boasting views on their site as a selling point. (Muha, 2022)

Majority of social media companies today have pushed algorithms to

keep users scrolling in their platforms. Newberry et al. (2022) defines social

media algorithms as a set of rules and signals that automatically ranks content

on a social platform based on how likely each individual social media user is to
like it and interact with it. With these algorithms, the social media feed of each

user will be personalized based on their activity. This personalized feed will

entice users to stay on the platform and keep scrolling, which allows social

media companies to display more advertisements to said users, which results

in profit.

However, these social media algorithms would not work if there is no

content within them. Hence, to encourage the continuous flow of content, some

social media companies established creator funds which compensate and

reward content creators for the media that they publish on platforms

(Woodcock, 2023). Content creators are individuals who produce

entertaining, educational or captivating content for digital distribution (Gomez,

2023). Most creator funds of social media platforms have certain requirements

such as minimum views, followers, or hours streamed on their accounts for

creators to be paid by the fund.

Social media companies are also venturing out of advertising to increase

their profits. This can be seen in the rise of paid subscriptions for social

media platforms. An example of this is Twitter Blue, now known as X Premium,

which adds a blue checkmark to a subscriber's account and offers early access

to select features. (Koetsier, 2022). Meta also has its own version of this called

Meta Verified (Roth, 2023). Meta also proposes a paid subscription option to its

users in Europe that gives an ad-free experience (Barr, 2023).

D. Impact of Social Media to Culture and Behavior

Research professionals understand that globalisation is something that is

having a significant consequence of the transformation of identity. According

to Arnett (2002 as cited in The Intertwining of Social Media and Cultural

Diversity, 2021), globalisation can impact identity in various ways, largely due

to the comparisons drawn between oneself and the social environment they are

exposed to.

Simple differences in social media interactions, compared with offline

interactions, could likely contribute to the change in behaviours and languages

within cultures. For example, primary-language usage on social media was

significantly lower compared to other communication avenues (Velázquez,

2017 as cited in The Intertwining of Social Media and Cultural Diversity, 2021).

The Creation of Cyber Ghettoes

One cultural impact of social media is that it facilitated the creation of

cyber ghettoes. The term “cyber ghetto” was coined by a Black teenager

named Lewina on Tumblr who reportedly carved out a space on the internet for

marginalized groups of people. The term is a combination of “cyber” referring

to the internet and cyberspace and “ghetto” which is generally used as a term

to describe a group of marginalized individuals, typically Black people

(Spence, 2021). Hence, cyber ghettoes are spaces in the internet that

accommodate marginalized groups of society.

 The concept of cyber ghettoes are depicted in a paper published by

Johnson and Callahan (2013, as cited in The Intertwining of Social Media and

Cultural Diversity, 2021), in which they state that “New media have the ability

to extend cultural perspectives of minority cultures that have historically been

marginalised by geographical disadvantages.” Moreover, Callahan et al.

(2019, as cited in The Intertwining of Social Media and Cultural Diversity, 2021)

emphasized that Minority cultures use social media to enhance minority values

and behaviors in ways not envisioned by mainstream social media use.

The Information Bubble and Echo Chamber

As mentioned under Commercialization of Social Media, social media

companies have pushed social media algorithms to keep its users on their

platforms. These algorithms have helped facilitate the formation of information

bubbles and echo chambers.

An information bubble is the sphere of information that a user currently

has access to. This includes the information that can be accessed via the

internet, news sources, and your social network. It includes news articles you

read, the media you consume, and the people you interact with on a regular

basis (Renze, 2021). When this information bubble is not burst, an echo

chamber arises. An echo chamber is an environment where a person only

encounters information or opinions that reflect and reinforce their own (Digital

Media Literacy: What Is an Echo Chamber?, n.d.).

 Previously mentioned algorithms use machine learning to learn a user’s

preferences over time. Renze (2021) states in his article a comprehensive

example of how a user can get stuck in an information bubble:

“For example, if you search for and consume liberal news topics, they will

recommend more liberal news. If you search for and consume conservative

news topics, they will recommend more conservative content. If you search

for conspiracy theories, you get more conspiracy theories. The more you

search for and engage with specific types of content, the more these

machine-learning algorithms will provide you with more of the same

content. The further down this rabbit hole that you go, the more they will

pull you in even further. Over time, the content becomes progressively

more extreme. Eventually, it will appear as if everything you see on the

internet totally agrees with you and your views. If anyone should happen to

disagree with you, then you’ll think they must be crazy to be ignoring all of

this evidence that you’re constantly seeing online.”

This cycle constitutes an echo chamber, which can distort and limit an

individual's perspective. This echo chamber is what the person believes is true

for it is all that it is true, even though there can be a possibility that it is

objectively false. This can result in a person stuck in this having difficulty

considering viewpoints that oppose them and discussing complicated topics.

Propaganda, Misinformation, and Disinformation

For the longest time, propaganda has been used for thousands of years

to manipulate public opinion yet disinformation on social media is perhaps

more dangerous than any other form of propaganda (Beck, 2022).

However, it is important to first differentiate between various types of

information which refer to a range of ways in which sharing information causes

harm, intentionally or unintentionally – usually in relation to the promotion of a

particular moral or political cause or point of view (The Council of Europe,

n.d.):

● Misinformation - false information shared with no intention of causing

harm

● Disinformation - false information shared intentionally to cause harm

● Malinformation - true information shared intentionally to cause harm

● Propaganda - are broadcast, published, or in some other way spread

with the intention of influencing people's opinions (Cambridge

Dictionary, n.d.)
 None of these phenomena are new, but with the help of social media,

they have taken on new significance recently.

Social media has allowed the spread of information at rapid speeds

despite the vast distances between its users. This speed of transmission may be

beneficial because it is conducive to free expression and allows individuals to

share their experiences, thereby forming communities of interest and

extending social contacts (Beck, 2022), as discussed under The Creation of

Cyber Ghettoes. On the other hand, unfiltered information disseminated

instantly also has the potential to destabilize democratic institutions and

democratic processes because of the rate at which it travels.

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Members of the Group

● ABANDO, Nikka Gabrielle
● ABELLERA, Krisha Len
● ETCHON, Marielle Keziah Lee
● GUNDRAN, Blanch Dianne
● PATACSIL, Ara Kamylle Lyreka
● RIMANDO, Khristinne
● RIVERA, Robel Ann Kyla
● SOBREMONTE, Janelle
● TABANGCURA, Loyd Henry
● TOQUERO, Kelly Maye