Section 3: Reading Comprehensior ‘50 Questions $5 MincuTes Directions: In this sectibn you will read several passages. Each v0: y a number of ques tions about it. For questions 1-50, you are to choose the one best answ B), (C), or (D), to each Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question 1 the space that corte sponds to the letier of the answer you have chosen Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage. J Questions 1-10 ‘The generai principles of dynamics are rules that demonstrate a relationship between the motions of bodies and the forces that produce those motions. Based in large part on the work of his predecessors, Sir Isaac Newton deduced three laws of dynamics, which he published in Line 1687 in his famous Principia. {5) Prior to Newton, Aristotle had established that the natural state of a body was a state of rest, and that unless a force acted upon it to maintain motion, a moving body would come to rest. Galileo had succeeded in correctly describing the behavior of falling objects and in recording that no force was required to maintain a body in motion. He noted that the effect of force was to change motion. Huygens recognized that a change in the direction of motion in- (10) volved acceleration, just as did a change in speed, and further, that the action of a force was required. Kepler deduced the laws describing the motion of planets around the sun. It was pri- marily from Galileo and Kepler that Newton d Inshon, Newton's Laws of Motion are (If a body at rest remains at rest, and a body in ‘motion remains in motion along a straight line, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force; (2) (15) if an unbalanced force acts upon a body, the momentum of the body changes in proportion to the force and in the same direction as the force; (3) to every action o° force, there is en equel - 7 |, What was the main purpose of this passage? 3. The phrase “prior to” in line 5 could best be (A) To demonstrate the development of replaced by which of the following? ‘Newton's laws (A) before (B) To establish Newton as the authority in (B) after the field of physics © with {C) To discredit Newton's laws of motion (D) simultaneously (D) To describe the motion of planets around the sun E The word “predecessors” inline 3 refers to e368 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 4, Which of the following scientists estab- 8. According to this passage, Newton based hi lished that the natural state of a body was a Jaws primarily upon the » state of rest? ‘ (A) Galileo and Copernicss (A) Galileo (B) Prolemy and Copernicus (B) Kepier (C) Huygens and Kepler (C) Aristotle 5 (D) Galileo and Kepler (D) Newton 9. The word “momentum” in line 15 is closest 5. The word “it” in line 6 refers to in meaning to (A) rest (A) weight (B) body ; ©) speed (C) state (C) shape (D) motion () size 6. Who was the first scientist to correctly 10. Which of the following describes inertia, or a. describe the behavior of falling objects? the principles of bodies at rest? (A) Aristotle (A) Newton's first law (B) Newton (B) Newton's third law (© Kepler (©) Newton's law of motion {D) Galileo (D) Newton's law of dynamics 7. According to Huygen, when was accelera- tion required? (A) For either a change in direction or a change in speed (B) Only for a change in speed (©) Only for a change in direction (D) N-ither for a change in direction not for ‘a change in speed ‘Questions 11-20 Perhaps it was his own lack of adequate schooling that inspired Horace Mann to work so hhard for the important reforms in education that he accomplished. While he was still 2 boy. his father and older brother died, and he became responsible for supporting his family. Like most Line of the children in his town, he attended school only two or three months a year. Later, with the (5) help of several teachers, he was able to study law and become a member of the Massachusetts, bar, but he never forgot those early struggles. ‘While serving in the Massachusetts legislature, he signed a historic education bill that set up 2 state board of education, Without regret, he gave up his successful legal practice and po- litical career to become the first secretary of the board. There he exercise an enormous influ- ence during the critical period of reconstruction that brought into existence the American grad ed elementary school as a substitute for the older district school system. Under his leadership. EaRRRREMEMER cll the curriculum was restructured, the school year was increased to 8 mimtmors of six months, ‘and mandatory schooling was extended to age sixteen (ther important reforms iecloded the establishment of sate normal schools for teacher training. instiruies for incervice teacher eds (15) cation, and lyceurhs for adult education. He was also instrumental in improving salaries for teachers and creating schoo! libraries. ‘Mann's ideas, bout school reform were developed and distributed in twelve anmual re [pons to the state of Massachusetts that he wrote during his tenure as secretary of education Considered quite radical at the time, the Massachusetts reforms later served as 2 made! for the (20) nation. Mann was recognized as the father of public education During his lifetime, Horace Mann worked tirelessly 10 extend educational opoortunities 1 ‘agrarian families and the children of poor laborers. In one of his last speeches he somened op his philosophy of education and life: “Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for ‘umanity.” Surely, his own life was an example of that philosophy. 11. Which of the following titles would best 15. Horace Mana’ influence on Americget express the main topic of the passage? education was x (A) The Father of American Public (A) very great Education (B) small, but important (B) Philosophy of Education (C) masandersiood (©) The Massachusets State Board of (D) not accepted Education (D) Politics of Educational institutions 16, What did Horace Mann advocate? 12. Which of the following describes Horace Se eee Mann's early life? : aes Seite ree (C) The substitute school system (A) He attended school six months a year. (D) The graded school system (B) He supported his family after his father died. 17. The word “mandatory” in line 13 is closest (©) He was an only child. in meaning to (D) He had to study alone, without help. ‘iiwaiea 13. The word “struggles” in line 6 could best be pach replaced by a ©) basic (A) valuable re Dhoegy ssetoos 18, How were Mann’s educational reforms dis- (©) influential people srbeted? -cceagsae i (A) In twelve annual reports to the state of Massachusetts 14. The word “regret” inline 8 could best be re davis aes aorta sieichs placed by which of the following? cake — (C) Im speectes that he made throughoyt the country (D) In books that could be found in schoo! libranes870 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 19. The reforms that Horace Mann achieved (A) were not very radical for the time (B) were used only by the state of Massa. chusetts (C) were later adopted by the nation as a model : (D) were enforced by the Massachusetts bar ‘Questions 21-30 20. Which of the following statements best rep- resents Mann's philosophy? (A) Think in new (B) Help others. (C) Study as much as possible (D) Work bird. ‘The population of the world has increased more in modern times than in all other ages of history combined. World population totaled about 500 million in 1650. It doubled in the peri- od from 1650-1850. Today the population is more than five billion. Estimates based on re- Line search by the United Nations indicate that it will more than double inthe wwenty-five years be- (5) tween 1975 and the year 2000, reaching seven billion by the tum of the century No one knows the limits of population that the earth can support. Thomas Malthus, an English economist, developed a theory that became widely accepted in the nineteenth century. He suggested that because world population tended to increase more rapidly than the food ‘supply, a continual strain was exerted upon available resources. M 1s cited wars, famines, (10) epidemics, and other disasters as the usual limitations of population grow With recent advances in science and technology, including improved agricultural methods 4 and great strides in medicine, some of the limiting factors in population growth have been lessened, with obvious results. International organizations have : forward several recom- mendations to alleviate the problem of overpopulation, including an increase in food produc- (15) tion, general economic development i agree that it will be necessary to com lasting solution. 21. The title below that best expresses the ideas in this passage is (A) Thomas Malthus’ Theory (B) The United Nations’ Estimate (©) Limiting Factors in Population Growth (D) A Brief History of Population and Over- population 22. By 1850, approximately what was the world popolation? (A) $00 million @) One billion (©) Five billion (D) Seven billion n target areas, and a dec bine all three recommendations in an effort to effect a in birth rates. Most experts 23. World population doubled in the years be- tween 4A) 500-1650 (B) 1650-1850 (C) 1650-t0day (D) 1850-2000 24, According to this passage, by the year 2000 the earth's population should exceed the present figure by how much? (A) 500 million (B) Five billion (C) Two pillion {D) Seven billion ma25. Who was Thomas Malthus? (A) A scientist (B) A doctor of mpdicine (©) An economist (D) A United Nations representative 26. The word “resources” in line 9 refers to (A) the people who already occupy the earth 29. The word “lasting” in line 17 is clovest in meaning to (A) complete (B) important (C) permanent (D) expected 30. What do most experts recommend in order to solve problems of overpopulation? (A) Famine and epidemic (B) Medical advances and improved, agricultural methods (C) Economic development end a dectine in the birth rate (D) Conservation of available resources 27. According to the passage, why has overpop- ulation been caused? (A) Improved technology (B) Disasters (©) Scarcity (D) Precaution 28. The word “obvious” in line 13 could best be replaced by ‘Questions 31-40 Organic architecture—that is, natural architecture—may be varied in concept and form, ‘but it is always faithful to natural principles. Organic architecture rejects rules imposed by in- dividual preference or mere aesthetics in order to remain true to the nature ofthe site the ma- Line terials, the purpose of the structure, and the people who will ultimately use it. If these natural (5) principles are upheld, then a bank cannot be built to look like a Greek temple. Form does not follow function; form is inseparable from function. In other words, a building should be in- ‘spired by nature’s forms and constructed with materials that retain and respect the natural ‘characteristics of the setting to create harmony with its natural eavironment It should maxi- ize people's contact with and utilization of the outdoors. (0) ae eee gr ene, not style, expressed by construction that unity, balance, proportion, rhythm, and scale. Like a sculptor, the organic architect eae tis Gal mee TT IN Teacts ote tht sages and bles crgeicely ton th in, Truth in architecowre results in & natural, spontaneous structure in total harmoay with the For the most part, these structures find their geometric themes in the contours of the (15) land and their colors in the surrounding palette of nature.ty outside, an organic struct iy v0 much a part of nature that jt is 0% her may not be possible (or the eye to easily separate the rm natural terrain. Fron the inside, rooms open into each ctr. Hat the whole providing a sense of comeunicatin 36. A good example of natucal prac (A) bank that is built to look ike» temple (B) bank built so that tie location is w portant tothe structure (C) bank that is built to conform tothe natural surroundings (D) bank that is built to b+ beautiful rat than functional 37. Why does the author compare an organic 2r- chitect to a sculptor? (A) To emphasize aesthetics (B) To give an example of natural principles (C) To make a point about the development of geometry (D) To demonstrate the importance of style a 38. Where in the passage does the author tion the source of geometric themes upheld” in line 5 is closest in (A) Lines 14-15 (B) Lines 16-17 (C) Lines 17-18 (D) Lines 19-20 39. The word “obscured” in ine 16 is closest in40, Which of the following stateme scribes the architect's view of (A) Nature should be conquered (B) Nature should not be considered. (C) Nature should be respected (D) Nature shouk Be improved. Questions 41-50 ‘The earliest authentic works on European alchemy are thove of the Bacon and the German philosopher St. Albertus Magnus. In their tr that gold was the perfect metal and that inferior metals such as lead and mercury were ee Line moved by various degrees of imperfection from gold. They further asserted that theve base (5) metals could be transmuted to gold by blending them with a substance even more perfect than gold. This elusive substance was referred to as the “philosopher's stone.” Most of the early alchemists were artisans who were accustomed to keeping trade vecrets and often resorted to eryptic terminology to record the progress of their work. The term sun was used for gold, moon for silver, and the five known planets for base metals. This convessinn (70) of substivuting symbolic language attracted a group of mystical philosophers who compared the search for the perfect metal with the struggle of mankind for the perfection of the soul. The philosophers began to use the artisan’s terms in the mystical literature that they produced. ‘Thus. by the fourteenth century. alchemy had developed two distinct groups of practitioners — the laboratory alchemist and the literary alchemist. Both groups of alchemists continued (15) 10 work throughout the history of ulchemy. but. of course. it was the literary alchemist who ‘was most likely 10 produce a written record: therefore, much of what is known about the science of alchemy is derived from philosophers rather than from the alchemists who labored in laboratories. 41. What is the author's main point? 43. The word “those” in line | refers 10 (A) There were both laboratory and (A) metals literary alchemists. (B) treatises (B) The philosopher's stone was essen. (C) alchemy tial to alchemy. (D) works 4C) Roger Bacon and St. Albertus ‘Magnus wrote about alchemy 44, Roger Bacon and St. Albertus Magnus had (©) Base metas can be transmuted 10 the same old by blending them with» sub- ee ‘stance more perfect than gold. fhe 42. The word “authentic™ in ine could best be oe mm ag . (A) valuable (B) genuineTOEFL MODEL TESTS 45. According to the alchemists, what was the difference between base metals and gold? (A) Perfection (B) Chemical content (C) Temperature (@) Weight 46, What was the “philosopher's stone?” (A) Lead that was mixed with gold (B) Ancelement that was never found (©) Another name for alchemy (D) A base meta} 47, Itis probable that Roger Bacon's work (A) was not geavine (B) disproved that of St. Albertus Magnus (C)-was written after St. Albertus Magnus (D) contained references to the conversion ‘of base metals to gold 48, Who were the first alchemists? (A) Chemists (B) Writers (©) Artisans @) Linguists 49, The word “eryptic® in fine & conte teplaced by which of the following (A) scholarly (B) secret (©) foreign (D) precise 50, How do we know about the history of alchemy? (A) The laboratory alchemists kepi secret notes. (B) The literary alchemists recorded it in writing. (C) The mystical philosophers were not able to hide the secrets of alchemy. (D) The historians were able to interpret the secret writings of the alchemists ‘THIS IS THE ENO OF THE READING COMPREHENSION SECTION OF ‘TOEFL MODEL TEST If YOU FINISH BEFORE 55 MINUTES HAS ENDED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON SECTION 3 ONLY. DO NOT READ OR WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION OF THE TEST. ©2e@eee END OF TOEFL MODEL TEST