ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

- Environmental awareness is a mindful awareness as well as understanding of the

environment and its difficulties, involving human activities and consequences. It
entails discovering the way all organisms are linked together and the importance
of preserving the environment for future generations. Being aware of the
environment is an opportunity to become a responsible citizen and help
youngsters have a better future.

- Environmental awareness matters since our planet offers assets that happen to be
essential to our survival and quality in existence. Clean air, water, and soil, plus a wide
variety of wildlife and plants are examples of these resources.

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- Our environment is not just vital to our well-being, however it additionally sustains a
wide range of species of plants and animals. A lot of species are on their way of
extinction as a result of human activity, which decrease in biodiversity may result in
serious implications for ecosystems.

We are able to preserve all of these endangered plants and animals as well as preserve
the natural wealth of the world by raising consciousness about these environmental
concerns. Furthermore, becoming more mindful of the environment can help in
minimizing a few of the consequences of climate change and also reducing our impact
on our surroundings. It may serve make sure that the planet's assets and amenities are
readily accessible to humanity as well as other organisms in the future.
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- Plausible strategy for gene therapy, by removing the viral DNA and using the viruses as
a vehicle to deliver the therapeutic DNA.
- The viruses used are altered to make them safe, although some risks still exist with gene
therapy.

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- Other viruses used as vectors include adeno-associated viruses, lentiviruses, pox

viruses, alphaviruses, and herpes viruses.
- Differ in how well they transfer genes to the cells they recognize and are able to infect,
and whether they alter the cell’s DNA permanently or temporarily

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- Can be performed in vivo in vitro

- Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to efficiently transport their
genomes inside the cells they infect.
- Delivery of genes by a virus is termed transduction and the infected cells are described
as transduced.
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- Methods of non-viral gene delivery have also been explored using physical (carrier-free
gene delivery) and chemical approaches (synthetic vector-based gene delivery.)

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 Physical approaches, including

- Needle injection
- Electroporation
- Gene gun
- Ultrasound
- Hydrodynamic delivery employs a physical force that permeates the cell membrane and
facilitates intracellular gene transfer

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- The simplest method of non-viral transfection. Clinical trials carried out of intramuscular
injection of a naked DNA plasmid have occurred with some success, however, the
expression has been very low in comparison to other methods of transfection.

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- This success, however, does not compare to that of the other methods, leading to
research into more efficient methods, leading to research into more efficient methods
for delivery of the naked DNA such as electroporation and the use of a “gene gun”,
which shoots DNA coated gold particles into the cell using high pressure gas.

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- CHEMICAL METHODS THAT ENHANCE THE DELIVERY OF GENE THERAPY – lipoplexes &
polyplexes –
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- DNA must be protected from damage & its entry into the cell must be facilitated
- Plasmid DNA can be covered with lipids in an organized structure like a micelle or a
liposome-complexted with DNA it is called a lipoplex
- 3 types of lipids:
- Anionic (negatively charged)
- neutral
-cationic (positively charged)

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- Initially, anionic and neutral lipids:

- were used for the construction of lipoplexes for synthetic vectors.
- but, there is little toxicity associated with them,
- they are compatible with body fluids
- there was a possibility of adapting then to be tissues specific
- they are complicated, turned to the cationic versions.
- Cationic lipids, due to their positive charge
- naturally complex with the negatively charged DNA
- their charge they interact with the cell membrane
-endocytosis of the lipoplex occurs
- DNA is released into the cytoplasm.
- The cationic lipids also protect against degradation of the DNA by the cell.

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COMMON USED OF LIPOPLEXES

- In gene transfer into cancer cells, where the supplied genes have activated tumor
suppressor control genes in the cell
- Decrease the activity of oncogenes.
- Useful in transfecting respiratory epithelial cells, so they may be used for treatment of
genetic respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis.

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- Complexes of pplymers with DNA are called polyplexes

- Consist of cationic polymers and their production is regulated by ionic interactions.
- Large difference compared to lipoplexes is that polyplexes cannot release their DNA
load into the cytoplasm,
- End = co-transfection with endosome-lytic agents such as inactivated adenovirus must
occur (to lyse the endosome that is made during endocytosis, the process by which the
polyplex enters the cell)

BIODIVERSITY 1