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30/03/2022
The evolution of DNA sequencing
Second generation
sequencers enter in
the market
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000211
Facts about human genome project
- 4.8 billions of dollars => trillions of dollars per year in the medicine
The Genomic Era
Number of entries in Protein Database
BIOINFORMATICS RESEARCH
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/uniprot/TrEMBLstats
Bioinformatics: interdisciplinary nature
The OMICs Era
Central dogma of molecular biology
Genomics
Transcriptomics
Proteomics
Omics integration – systems biology
Industrial Systems Biology
Synthetic Biology
CRISPR – CAS9: a new revolution
for targeted genome editing
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61005
Green Chemistry
Biomass is source of soluble sugars (2G sugars)
Fermentation Routes
Bio-based landscape: industrial scale
DRY
Genetically modified yeast for second
generation ethanol
Ethanol production in Brazil
First generation ethanol Second generation ethanol
(increase the production by 40%)
Xylose reductase
gene from fungi
Xylose isomerase
gene from bacteria
Xylitol dehydrogenase
gene from fungi
Xylose Ethanol
35
30
Concentration (g/L)
25
20
15
Evolutionary engineering
(Keep the yeast for several weeks
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
using xylose as only carbon source)
Time (h)
Evolutionary engineering approach
Xylose Ethanol
Xylose Ethanol
35
35
Concentration (g/L)
30
30
Concentration (g/L)
25
25
20
20
15
15
After
10
10
several
5
5
weeks
0
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (h)
Time (h)
Parental Evolved
Evolved
DNA sequencing
from evolved strain
Deletion Duplication
Copy number variation analysis
Evolved1 Evolved1
Evolved2 Evolved2
Evolved1
Evolved5
Evolved2
Evolved4
Evolved3
Experimental validation
60
Xylose consumption
50
Concentração (g/L)
40
30 Parental
BCA10 (wt)
Evolved
BCA11 (Leu132Phe)
20 Parental
BCA13 +
mutation
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Tempo (h)
Transcriptômica e metabolômica
- Co-fermentação contendo 50 g/l de glicose e 40 g/l de xilose
Parental Evoluída
Metabólito
Proteína
Transcriptomic analysis of industrial
yeast during industrial scale bioethanol
production
Experimental dataset
- Biological samples were collected from bioethanol fermentation tanks at the
Nova América distillery (Maracaí-SP, Brazil).
- Two different industrial fermentation conditions:
Beginning of fermentation
Flocculation induced by L. fermentum
- New antibiotics
- New antifungals
- Enzymes for industrial applications:
- Biomass degradation
- Lipases
- Proteases
- ...
- New metabolic pathways
Genômica
Transcriptômica
Computational modelling and simulation
Estratégias de sequenciamento
- DNA
– Shotgun de genoma inteiro
– Shotgun em pedaços do genoma clonados em BACs
- mRNA
– mRNA oriundos de diferentes tecidos ou condições
Diferenças entre as metodologias
clonar em vetor
sequenciamento
Reconstrução do DNA original a partir do fragmentos
(clusterização)
cobertura
reads
Sequência consensu
(DNA original)
contigs
Shotgun de pedaços do genoma (BACs)
DNA genômico Quebrar em pedaços
aleatoriamente desde 50Kpb até
300Kpb
Clonar em BAC’s e
sequenciar apenas as
pontas de cada fragmento
~800 bp ~800 bp
Quebrar em pedaços de 2000pb
Primer Sequence
New Sequence
Primer
Repeat
Sempre desenhar o primer de forma que a sequência amplificada tenha sobreposição com a
anterior (tipicamente 100 pb de sobreposição)
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs)
Extrair RNA de
diferentes
tecidos/condições
Síntese de cDNA
5’ EST 3’ EST
clonar em vetor
sequenciamento
Tecnologias de sequenciamento
- Sanger sequencing
- PNAS 74 (1977), n. 12, 5463-5467
- Sequenciador MegaBACE (1Mpb/24 horas)
- Sequências em torno de 1000 bp
- Illumina sequencing
- 70 Gbp/24 horas (a corrida dura 8 dias)
- Sequências de 150 bp
Sanger sequencing
anelamento dos primers
denaturação
background
reads
reads (150pb)
Sequenciamento
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77r5p8IBwJk
Illumina family
Projetos de ressequenciamento
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=1000-genomes-project
Tecnologia de sequenciamento: PacBio
Tecnologia de sequenciamento: PacBio
Com essa tecnologia e usando o software do próprio equipamento é possível sequenciar
e já montar o genoma completo de uma bactéria
https://nanoporetech.com/how-it-works
High throughput sequencing
Thank you!
Thank you for your attention