120

System of Particles
and Rotational Motion
Quick Revision
1. Rigid Body A body is said to be a rigid body, x CM is x-coordinates of centre of mass of
when it has a perfectly definite shape and size. system is expressed as,
e.g. A wheel can be considered as rigid body by m x + m 2x 2 + m 3x 3 + × × × + m n x n
ignoring a little change in its shape. x CM = 1 1
m1 + m2 + m3 + × × × + mn
2. Rotational Motion (Fixed Axis of n

Rotation) In pure rotational motion, every S mi x i

i = 1
particle of the rigid body moves in circles of Centre of mass, x CM =
Sm i
different radii about a fixed line, which is
known as axis of rotation. ● If particles are distributed in three-
dimensional space, then the centre of mass
e.g. A potter’s wheel, a merry-go-round, etc.
has 3-coordinates, which are
3. Centre of Mass A point at which the entire 1 n 1 n
mass of the body or system of bodies is x CM = S m i x i , y CM = S mi yi
M i = 1 M i=1
supposed to be concentrated is known as the 1 n
centre of mass. z CM = S m iz i
M i=1
● For a System of two Particles The centre
n
of mass of the system at a point which is at where, M = m 1 + m 2 + m 3 + ... = S m i is the
i = 1
distance x CM from origin is given by
total mass of the system. The index i runs
Y from 1 to n , m i is the mass of the i th
m2 particle and the position of the ith particle is
C
X
m1 given by ( x i , y i , z i ).
x1 d
xCM
● Relation between position vectors of
x2 particles and centre of mass,
n
S m i ri
m 1x 1 + m 2x 2 R=
i = 1
x CM = m
m1 + m2
where, ri = ( x i i$ + y i $j + z i k$ ) is the position
● For a System of n-Particles Suppose a
system having masses m 1, m 2, m 3 , ..., m n vector of the ith particle and
occupying x-coordinates x 1, x 2, x 3 , ..., x n , R = ( x $i + y $j + z k$ ) is the position vector of
then the centre of mass.
4. Centre of Mass of Rigid Continuous = Fr sin q
Bodies For a real body which is a continuous \ t = Fr^
distribution of matter, point masses are
Here, r^ is the perpendicular distance of the
differential mass elements dm and centre of
line of action of F from the origin.
mass is given as
1 1 8. Angular Momentum of a Particle The
M ò M ò
x CM = x dm , y CM = y dm angular momentum of a particle of mass m
moving with velocity v (having a linear
1 momentum, p = m v ) about a point O is
M ò
and z CM = z dm
defined by the following vector product,
where, M is total mass of that real body. L=r ´ p
If we choose the origin of coordinates axes at or Angular momentum, L = m ( r ´ v )
centre of mass, then Angular momentum will be zero ( L = 0 ) , if
p = 0 or r = 0 or q = 0° , 180 °
ò x dm = ò ydm = ò zdm = 0
It is a vector quantity and its direction could be
5. Motion of Centre of Mass found out with the help of cross-product.
● Velocity about centre of mass,
The SI unit of angular momentum is kg-m 2s –1.
n
S mi v i 9. Relation between Torque ( t ) and Angular
i = 1
v CM = Momentum (L)
M
dL
dr =t
where, v = , i.e. rate of change of position dt
dt
vector is velocity. Above equation gives Newton’s second law of
motion in angular form, i.e. the rate of change
● Acceleration about centre of mass, of angular momentum is equal to the torque
n
S mi ai applied.
i = 1
a CM = , 10. Couple A pair of equal and opposite forces
M with parallel lines of action are known as a
But m i a i is the resultant force on the ith couple. It produces rotation without
particle, so translation.
Ma CM = F1 + F2 + F3 + K + Fn 11. Principle of Moments When an object is in
Ma CM = Fnet rotational equilibrium, then algebraic sum of
6. Linear Momentum of a System of a all torques acting on it is zero. Clockwise
Particle The total momentum of a system of torques are taken as negative and
particles is equal to the product of the total anti-clockwise torques are taken as positive.
mass and velocity of its centre of mass. 12. Centre of Gravity If a body is supported on
\ Total linear momentum, p = M v CM a point such that total gravitational torque
about this point is zero, then this point is called
7. Moment of Force ( Torque) Torque is also centre of gravity of the body.
known as moment of force. We can define the
torque for a particle about a point as the vector 13. Moment of Inertia For a rotating body, its
n
product of position vector of the point, where moment of inertia is I = S m i ri2
i = 1
the force acts and with the force itself. Let us
consider a particle P and force F acting on it. or Moment of inertia, I = mR 2
Torque, t=r´F The SI unit of moment of inertia is kg-m 2 and
The magnitude of torque | t | is its dimensional formula is [ML2 ] .
14. Relation between Angular Momentum moment of inertia is equal to the moment of
and Moment of Inertia inertia of the body about the axis. It is given
For a rigid body (about an fixed axis), I
as, K =
L = sum of angular momenta of all particles M
= (m 1r12 + m 2r22 + m 3r32 + ¼ ¼ ) w where, K is radius of gyration of the body.
L =Iw r12 + r22 + × × × + rn2
where, I = moment of inertia and w = angular For rotating body, K =
n
velocity of rigid body.
Hence, radius of gyration of a rotating body
15. Radius of Gyration The radius of gyration of a
about a given axis is equal to root mean
body about an axis may be defined as the
square distance of constituent particles from
distance from the axis of a mass point whose
the given axis.
mass is equal to the mass of whole body and

16. Moment of Inertia in Some Standard Cases

Body Axis of Rotation Figure Moment of Inertia K K 2 /R 2

Thin circular About an axis passing MR 2 R 1

ring, radius through CG and
perpendicular to its
R plane

Thin circular About its diameter 1 R 1

MR 2
ring, radius R 2 2 2

Thin rod, Perpendicular to rod 1 L

ML2
length L at mid-point 12 12

Circular disc, Perpendicular to 1 R 1

MR 2
radius R plane of disc at centre 2 2 2

Circular disc, About its diameter 1 R 1

MR 2
radius R 4 2 4

Hollow About its own axis MR 2 R 1

cylinder, R
radius R
L
Body Axis of Rotation Figure Moment of Inertia K K 2/
R2
Solid About its own axis MR 2 R 1
cylinder, 2 2 2
radius R

Solid sphere, About its diametric 2 2 2

MR 2 R
radius R axis 5 5 5

17. From the given table below, we can compare 18. Rolling Motion The rolling motion
translational motion and rotational motion about a can be regarded as the combination of
fixed axis, i.e. Z-axis. pure rotation and pure translation. It is
Pure Translational Pure Rotational also one of the most common motions
observed in daily life.
Linear position, x Angular position, q
dx dq 19. Kinetic Energy of a Rolling
Linear velocity, v = Angular velocity, w =
dt dt Body The kinetic energy of a body
dv rolling without slipping is the sum of
Linear acceleration, a = Angular acceleration,
dt dw kinetic energies of translational and
a=
dt rotational motions.
Mass, m Rotational inertia, I \ (KE )rolling = (KE)rotation + (KE )translation
Newton’s second law, Newton’s second law, 1 1 2
= Iw2 + mv CM
F = ma t = Ia 2 2
Work done,W = ò F dx Work done,W = ò t dq 1 2 é
= mv CM ê1 + 2 ú
K 2ù
Kinetic energy, K =
1
mv 2 Kinetic energy, K =
1 2
Iw
2 ë R û
2 2
(Qv CM = Rw and I = mK 2)
Power, P = Fv Power, P = tw
Linear momentum, p = mv Angular momentum, L = Iw
124 CBSE New Pattern ~ Physics 11th (Term-I)

Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions Hollow sphere
Air
1. A system of particles is called a rigid
body, when R/2
A
(a) any two particles of system may have B
displacements in opposite directions under C
action of a force R/2
(b) any two particles of system may have D
velocities on opposite directions under Sand
action of a force
(c) any two particles of system may have a zero (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
relative velocity
(d) any two particles of system may have 6. Two bodies of masses 1 kg and 2 kg are
displacements in same direction under lying on x-y plane at (1, 2) and (- 1, 3)
action of a force respectively. What are the coordinates
of centre of mass?
2. The centre of mass of a system of æ8 1 ö
particles does not depend on (a) (2, - 1) (b) ç , - ÷
è 3 3ø
(a) masses of the particles æ 1 8ö
(b) internal forces of the particles (c) ç - , ÷ (d) None of these
è 3 3ø
(c) position of the particles
(d) relative distance between two particles 7. Three identical spheres of mass M each
3. In pure rotation, all particles of the are placed at the corners of an
body equilateral triangle of side 2m. Taking
one of the corner as the origin, the
(a) move in a straight line
position vector of the centre of mass is
(b) move in concentric circles
$i
(c) move in non-concentric circles (a) 3 ($i - $j ) (b) + $j
(d) have same speed 3
$i + $j $j
4. For n particles in a space, the suitable (c) (d) $i +
3 3
expression for the x-coordinate of the
centre of mass of a system is 8. Centre of mass of the given system of
Smi xi Smi xi particles will be at
(a) (b)
mi M
m 2m
Smi y i Smi zi A B
(c) (d)
M M
O
5. Which of the following points is the
likely position of the centre of mass of
D C
the system shown in figure? m m
(NCERT Exemplar)
(a) OD (b) OC (c) OB (d) AO
 9. Two particles of equal masses have 13. A force F = 5$i + 2$j - 5k$ acts on a
velocities v 1 = 4 $i ms -1 and particle whose position vector is
v 2 = 4 $j ms -1 . First particle has an r = $i - 2$j + k$ . What is the torque about
acceleration a 1 = ( 2$i + 2$j) ms -2 , while the origin ?
the acceleration of the other particle is (a) 8$i + 10$j + 12 k$ (b) 8$i + 10$j - 12 k$
zero. The centre of mass of the two (c) 8$i - 10$j - 8k$ (d) 10$i - 10$j - k$
particles moves in a path of
(a) straight line 14. ABC is an equilateral triangle with O as
(b) parabola its centre. F1 , F2 and F3 represent three
(c) circle forces acting along the sides AB , BC
(d) ellipse and AC, respectively. If the total torque
about O is zero, then the magnitude of
10. The centre of mass of three particles of
F3 is
masses 1 kg, 2 kg and 3 kg is at (3, 3, 3)
with reference to a fixed coordinate A
system. Where should a fourth particle
of mass 4 kg be placed, so that the F3
centre of mass of the system of all O
particles shifts to a point (1, 1, 1)? B F2
C
(a) (- 1, - 1, - 1) (b) (- 2, - 2, - 2) F1
(c) (2, 2, 2) (d) (1, 1, 1)
(a) F1 + F2 (b) F1 - F2
11. A ball kept in a closed box moves in F + F2
(c) 1 (d) 2 (F1 + F2 )
the box making collisions with the 2
walls. The box is kept on a smooth
surface. The velocity of the centre of 15. The angular momentum L of a single
mass particle can be represented as
(a) of the box remains constant (a) r ´ p (b) rp sin q n$
(b) of the box and the ball system remains (c) rp^ n$ (d) Both (a) and (b)
constant ( n$ = unit vector perpendicular to plane
(c) of the ball remains constant of r, so that r, p and n$ make right
(d) of the ball relative to the box remains handed system)
constant
16. Newton’s second law for rotational
12. A force F is applied on a single particle motion of a system of particle can be
P as shown in the figure. Here, r is the represented as (L for a system of
position vector of the particle. particles)
The value of torque t is dp dL
(a) = t ext (b) = t int
dt dt
Z dL dL
(c) = t ext (d) = t int + t ext
dt dt
τ F
θ 17. A particle of mass m moves in the
P
r xy-plane with a velocity v along the
O Y straight line AB. If the angular
momentum of the particle with respect
X to origin O is L A , when it is at A and L B
(a) F ´ r (b) r ´ F (c) r × F (d) F× r
when it is at B, then
 Y (a) angular momentum
(b) linear momentum
B (c) angular acceleration
A (d) centripetal acceleration
O X 21. A particle of mass m is moving in
(a) LA > LB yz-plane with a uniform velocity v with
(b) LA = LB its trajectory running parallel to +ve
(c) the relationship between LA and LB depends y-axis and intersecting z-axis at z = a in
upon the slope of the line AB figure. The change in its angular
(d) LA < LB momentum about the origin as it
18. A point mass m is attached to a massless bounces elastically from a wall at
string whose other end is fixed at P as y = constant is (NCERT Exemplar)
shown in figure. The mass is z
undergoing circular motion in xy -plane
with centre O and constant angular a
v
speed w. If the angular momentum of
the system, calculated about O and P be
LO and LP respectively, then
z y
P
(a) mva e$ x (b) 2 mva e$ x
(c) ymv e$ x (d) 2 ymv e$ x
O m 22. The variation of angular position q of a
ω
point on a rotating rigid body with time
t is shown in figure.
(a) L O and L P do not vary with time
(b) L O varies with time while L P remains
constant
θ
(c) L O remains constant while L P varies with
time t1 t2 t3
(d) L O and L P both vary with time O t

19. A child stands at the centre of a

turntable with his two arms
outstretched. The turntable is set In which direction, the body is rotating?
rotating with an angular speed of (NCERT Exemplar)
40 rev min -1 . How much is the angular (a) Clockwise
speed of the child, if he folds his hands (b) Anti-clockwise
back and thereby reduces his moment (c) May be clockwise or anti-clockwise
of inertia to (2/5) times the initial value? (d) None of the above
Assume that the turntable rotates
without friction. (NCERT Exemplar)
23. A rigid body is said to be in partial
(a) 40 rpm (b) 45 rpm (c) 55 rpm (d) 100 rpm equilibrium only, if
(a) it is in rotational equilibrium
20. If the torque of the rotational motion (b) it is in translational equilibrium
will be zero, then the constant quantity (c) Either (a) or (b)
will be (d) None of the above
24. In the game of see-saw, what should be The radius of gyration for the rod is
the displacement of boy B from right
edge to keep the see-saw in equilibrium?
(Given, M 1 = 40 kg and M 2 = 60 kg) L
O M

A B

M1 M2 (a) L/12 (b) L/ 12 (c) L/ 6 (d) L/ 6

29. A wheel is rotating at 900 rpm about its

axis. When the power is cut-off, it
2m 2m comes to rest in 1 min. The angular
(a)
4
m (b) 1m retardation (in rad s -2 ) is
3 p p p p
2 (a) - (b) (c) (d)
(c) m (d) Zero 2 4 6 2
3
30. If object starts from rest and covers
25. The centre of gravity of a homogeneous angle of 60 rad in 10 s in circular
body is the point at which the whole motion, then magnitude of angular
(a) volume of the body is assumed to be acceleration will be
concentrated
(a) 1.2 rad s -2 (b) 1.5 rad s -2
(b) area of the surface of the body is assumed
(c) 2 rad s -2 (d) 2.5 rad s -2
to be concentrated
(c) weight of the body is assumed to be 31. When a ceiling fan is switched OFF, its
concentrated angular velocity fall to half while it
(d) All of the above
makes 36 rotations. How many more
26. One solid sphere A and another hollow rotations will it make before coming to
sphere B are of same mass and same rest? (Assume uniform angular
outer radius. Their moments of inertia retardation)
about their diameters are I A and I B (a) 36 (b) 24 (c) 18 (d) 12
respectively, such that
32. A disc is rotating with angular velocity
(a) I A = I B (b) I A > I B w. A force F acts at a point whose
(c) I A < I B (d) None of these position vector with respect to the axis
27. A disc of mass M and radius R is of rotation is r. The power associated
rotating about one of its diameter. The with torque due to the force is given by
value of radius of gyration for the disc (a) (r ´ F) ×w (b) (r ´ F) ´ w
is (c) r ´ (F× w) (d) r × (F ´ w)

33. A flywheel of moment of inertia

0.4 kg-m 2 and radius 0.2 m is free to
(a) R /4 (b) R /2
rotate about a central axis. If a string is
(c) R / 6 (d) None of these wrapped around it and it is pulled with
a force of 10N, then its angular velocity
28. A rod is rotating about an axis passing after 4 s will be
through its centre and perpendicular to (a) 10 rads -1 (b) 5 rads -1
its length. (c) 20 rads -1 (d) None of these
34. Two discs having mass ratio (1/2) and 40. If frictional force is neglected and girl
diameter ratio (2/1), then find ratio of bends her hand, then (initially girl is
moment of inertia. rotating on chair)
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 3

35. A solid sphere is rotating freely about

its symmetry axis in free space. The
radius of the sphere is increased
keeping its mass same. Which of the
following physical quantities would
remain constant for the sphere?
(a) Rotational kinetic energy
(b) Moment of inertia
(c) Angular velocity
(d) Angular momentum
(a) I girl will reduce
36. A body having a moment of inertia (b) I girl will increase
about its axis of rotation equal to (c) wgirl will reduce
3 kg-m 2 is rotating with angular (d) None of the above
velocity of 3 rad s –1 . Kinetic energy of
41. A merry-go-round, made of a ring-like
this rotating body is same as that of a
platform of radius R and mass M, is
body of mass 27 kg moving with a
revolving with angular speed w. A
velocity v. The value of v is
person of mass M is standing on it. At
(a) 1 ms–1 (b) 0.5 ms–1 (c) 2 ms–1 (d) 1 .5 ms–1 one instant, the person jumps off the
37. A disc of radius R is rotating with an round, radially away from the centre of
angular speed w 0 about a horizontal the round (as seen from the round). The
axis. It is placed on a horizontal table. speed of the round of afterwards is
(NCERT Exemplar)
The coefficient of kinetic friction is m k .
(a) 2 w (b) w
What was the velocity of its centre of w
mass before being brought in contact (c) (d) zero
2
with the table? (NCERT Exemplar)
w0 R 42. A wheel of radius R rolls on the ground
(a) w0 R (b) Zero (c) (d) 2 w0 R
2 with a uniform velocity v. The velocity
of topmost point relative to the
38. Two bodies have their moments of bottommost point is
inertia I and 2I respectively about their
(a) v (b) 2v
axis of rotation. If their kinetic energies (c) v /2 (d) zero
of rotation are equal, their angular
momenta will be in the ratio 43. A hoop of radius 2 m weighs
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 :1 (c) 2 :1 (d) 1 : 2 100 kg. It rolls along a horizontal floor,
so that its centre of mass has a speed of
39. By keeping moment of inertia of a body 20 cms -1 . How much work has to be
constant, if we double the time period, done to stop it? (NCERT Exemplar)
then angular momentum of body (a) 10 J (b) 12 J
(a) remains constant (b) becomes half (c) 4 J (d) 3 J
(c) doubles (d) quadruples
44. A drum of radius R and mass M rolls (a) The sense of rotation remains same.
down without slipping along an (b) The orientation of the axis of rotation
remains same.
inclined plane of angle q. The frictional
(c) The speed of rotation is non-zero and
force remains same.
(a) converts translational energy into rotational (d) The angular acceleration is non-zero and
energy remains same.
(b) dissipates energy as heat
(c) decreases the rotational motion 50. A bicycle wheel rolls without slipping
(d) decreases the rotational and translational on a horizontal floor. Which one of the
motion following statements is true about the
motion of points on the rim of the
45. The centre of mass lie outside the body wheel, relative to the axis at the wheel’s
of a ……… . (NCERT Exemplar)
centre?
(a) pencil (b) shotput
(c) dice (d) bangle

46. Figure shows a composite system of two

uniform rods of lengths as indicated.
Then the coordinates of the centre of
(a) Points near the top move faster than points
mass of the system of rods are……… . near the bottom.
y
(b) Points near the bottom move faster than
points near the top.
2L (c) All points on the rim move with the same
speed.
x
O L (d) All points have the velocity vectors that are
pointing in the radial direction towards the
æ L 2L ö æ L 2L ö centre of the wheel.
(a) ç , ÷ (b) ç , ÷
è2 3 ø è4 3 ø
æ L 2L ö æ L Lö
51. If radius of earth is reduced to half
(c) ç , ÷ (d) ç , ÷ without changing its mass, then match
è6 3 ø è 6 3ø
the following columns and choose the
47. Analogue of mass in rotational motion correct option from the codes given
is ……… . below.
(a) moment of inertia Column I Column II
(b) angular momentum A. Angular p. Will
(c) gyration momentum of become one
(d) None of the above earth fourth
48. The angular acceleration of a flywheel B. Time period of q. Will
rotation of become
of mass 5 kg and radius of gyration earth four times
0.5 m is ………, if a torque of 10N-m is
C. Rotational r. No change
applied on it. kinetic energy
(a) 2 rad s- 2 (b) 4 rad s- 2 of earth
(c) 8 rad s- 2 (d) zero
Codes
49. When a disc rotates with uniform A B C A B C
angular velocity, which of the following (a) p q r (b) p q p
statemnts is incorrect. (NCERT Exemplar) (c) r p q (d) p r p
 52. A rigid body is rolling without slipping 53. Assertion The motion of the centre of
on the horizontal surface, then match mass describes the translational part of
the Column I with Column II and the motion.
choose the correct option from the Reason Translational motion always
codes given below. means straight line motion.
C
54. Assertion The centre of mass of a
body must lie on the body.
B v
60° Reason The centre of mass of a body
ω does not lie at the geometric centre of
D body.
A
55. Assertion Two identical spherical
Column I Column II spheres are half filled with two liquids
A. Velocity at p. v 2 of densities r1 and r 2 ( > r1 ). The centre
point A, i.e. v A of mass of both the spheres lie at same
level.
B. Velocity at q. zero
point B, i.e. v B
C. Velocity at r. v
point C , i.e. vC
(a) (b)
D. Velocity at s. 2v
point D, i.e. vD Reason The centre of mass does not lie
at centre of the sphere.
Codes
A B C D 56. Assertion If a particle moves with a
(a) q p s r
constant velocity, then angular
momentum of this particle about any
(b) p r s q
point remains constant.
(c) s r q p
(d) q r s p Reason Angular momentum does not
have the units of Planck’s constant.
Assertion-Reasoning MCQs 57. Assertion When a particle is moving
For question numbers 53 to 64, two in a straight line with a uniform
statements are given-one labelled velocity, its angular momentum is
Assertion (A) and the other labelled constant.
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to Reason The angular momentum is
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) non-zero, when particle moves with a
and (d) are as given below uniform velocity.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A. 58. Assertion For a system of particles
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
under central force field, the total
correct explanation of A. angular momentum is conserved.
(c) A is true but R is false. Reason The torque acting on such a
(d) A is false and R is also false. system is zero.
59. Assertion Inertia and moment of
inertia are not same quantities.
Reason Inertia represents the capacity
of a body that does not oppose its state
of motion or rest.
60. Assertion Moment of inertia of a
particle is different whatever be the axis
of rotation.
Reason Moment of inertia does not
depends on mass and distance of the
particle from the axis of rotation.
61. Assertion The angular velocity of a
rigid body in motion is defined for the
whole body.
Reason All points on a rigid body
performing pure rotational motion are
having same angular velocity.
62. Assertion If bodies slide down an
inclined plane without rolling, then all
bodies reach the bottom simultaneously
is not necessary.
Reason Acceleration of all bodies are
equal and independent of the shape.
63. Assertion A solid sphere cannot roll
without slipping on smooth horizontal
surface.
Reason If the sphere is left free on
smooth inclined surface, it can roll
without slipping.
64. Assertion The work done against force
of friction in the case of a disc rolling
without slipping down an inclined
plane is zero.
Reason When the disc rolls without
slipping, friction is required because for
rolling condition velocity of point of
contact is zero.
Case Based MCQs
Direction Answer the questions from
65-69 on the following case.
Centre of Mass
The centre of mass of a body or a system of
bodies is the point which moves as though all
of the mass were concentrated there and all
external forces were applied to it. Hence, a
point at which the entire mass of the body or
system of bodies is supposed to be
concentrated is known as the centre of mass.
If a system consists of more than one particles
(or bodies) and net external force on the
system in a particular direction is zero with
centre of mass at rest. Then, the centre of
mass will not move along that direction. Even
though some particles of the system may
move along that direction.
65. The centre of mass of a system of two
particles divides, the distance between
them
(a) in inverse ratio of square of masses of
particles
(b) in direct ratio of square of masses of
particles
(c) in inverse ratio of masses of particles
(d) in direct ratio of masses of particles
66. Two bodies of masses 1 kg and 2 kg are
lying in xy-plane at ( -1, 2) and ( 2, 4 ),
respectively. What are the coordinates
of the centre of mass?
æ 10 ö
(a) ç1, ÷ (b) (1,0)
è 3ø
(c) (0, 1) (d) None of these
67. Two balls of same masses start moving
towards each other due to gravitational
attraction, if the initial distance between
them is l. Then, they meet at
 M M 70. If the F net, ext is zero on the cardboard, it
F F
means
l
(a) R = Mg (b) m1 g = Mg
l l l (c) m2 g = Mg (d) R = m1 / g
(a) (b) l (c) (d)
2 3 4
71. Choose the correct option.
68. All the particles of a body are situated (a) t Mg about CG = 0
at a distance R from the origin. The (b) t R about CG = 0
distance of centre of mass of the body (c) Net t due to m1 g, m2 g ,...., mn g about CG = 0
from the origin is (d) All of the above
(a) = R (b) £ R (c) > R (d) ³ R
72. The centre of gravity and the centre of
69. Two particles A and B initially at rest mass of a body coincide, when
move towards each other under a (a) g is negligible
mutual force of attraction. At the (b) g is variable
instant, when the speed of A is v and the (c) g is constant
speed of B is 2v, the speed of centre of (d) g is zero
mass of the system is
(a) zero (b) v
73. If value of g varies, the centre of gravity
(c) 15
.v (d) 3v and the centre of mass will
(a) coincide
Direction Answer the questions from (b) not coincide
70-74 on the following case. (c) become same physical quantities
Torque and Centre of Gravity (d) None of the above

Torque is also known as moment of force or
couple. When a force acts on a particle, the
particle does not merely move in the
direction of the force but it also turns about
some point. So, we can define the torque for a
particle about a point as the vector product of
position vector of the point where the force
acts and with the force itself. In the given
figure, balancing of a cardboard on the tip of
a pencil is done. The point of support, G is
the centre of gravity.
R the shaft of steam engine, automobile engine
G
m1g
m2g
Mg
74. A body lying in a gravitational field is
in stable equilibrium, if
(a) vertical line through CG passes from top
(b) horizontal line through CG passes from top
(c) vertical line through CG passes from base
(d) horizontal line through CG passes from
base
Direction Answer the questions from
75-79 on the following case.
Moment of Inertia
A heavy wheel called flywheel is attached to
etc., because of its large moment of inertia,
the flywheel opposes the sudden increase or
decrease of the speed of the vehicle. It allows
a gradual change in the speed and prevents
jerky motion and hence ensure smooth ride of
passengers.
75. Moment of inertia of a body depends Direction Answer the questions from
upon 80-84 on the following case.
(a) axis of rotation (b) torque Rolling Motion
(c) angular momentum (d) angular velocity The rolling motion can be regarded as the
76. A particle of mass 1 kg is kept at (1m, combination of pure rotation and pure
1m, 1m). The moment of inertia of this translation. It is also one of the most common
particle about Z -axis would be motions observed in daily life.
(a) 1 kg-m2 P1
v1
(b) 2 kg-m2 v2
(c) 3 kg-m2 vr
(d) None of the above P2 vCM
vCM
77. Moment of inertia of a rod of mass m C
and length l about its one end is I. If
R
one-fourth of its length is cut away, then ω
moment of inertia of the remaining rod
about its one end will be P0
3 9
(a) I (b) I Suppose the rolling motion (without slipping)
4 16
27 I of a circular disc on a level surface. At any
(c) I (d)
64 16 instant, the point of contact P 0 of the disc with
the surface is at rest (as there is no slipping). If
78. A circular disc is to be made by using v CM is the velocity of centre of mass which is
iron and aluminium, so that it acquires the geometric centre C of the disc, then the
maximum moment of inertia about its
translational velocity of disc is v CM , which is
geometrical axis. It is possible with
parallel to the level surface.
(a) iron and aluminium layers in alternate order
(b) aluminium at interior and iron surrounding Velocity of centre of mass, v CM = Rw
it
80. A solid cylinder is sliding on a smooth
(c) iron at interior and aluminium surrounding
it
horizontal surface with velocity v 0
(d) Either (a) or (c)
without rotation. It enters on the rough
surface. After that it has travelled some
79. Three thin rods each of length L and distance, the friction force increases its
mass M are placed along X , Y and (a) translational kinetic energy
Z -axes such that one end of each rod is (b) rotational kinetic energy
at origin. The moment of inertia of this (c) total mechanical energy
system about Z -axis is (d) angular momentum about an axis passing
2 2 through point of contact of the cylinder and
(a) ML the surface
3
4ML2
(b) 81. A cylinder rolls down an inclined plane
3 of inclination 30°, the acceleration of
5ML2
(c) cylinder is
3 g g 2g
ML2 (a) (b) g (c) (d)
(d) 3 2 3
3
 82. Sphere is in pure accelerated rolling 83. Kinetic energy of a rolling body will be
motion in the figure shown, (a)
1 2
mv CM (1 + k 2 / R 2 )
2
1
ω (b) I w2
2
v 1 2
θ (c) mv CM
s in 2
mg (d) None of the above
θ

84. A body is rolling down an inclined

Choose the correct option. plane. Its translational and rotational
(a) The direction of fs is upwards kinetic energies are equal. The body
(b) The direction of fs is downwards is a
(c) The direction of gravitational force is (a) solid sphere
upwards (b) hollow sphere
(d) The direction of normal reaction is (c) solid cylinder
downwards (d) hollow cylinder

ANSWERS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (d) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (d) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (a)

Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (c) 61. (b) 62. (c)
63. (d) 64. (a)

Case Based MCQs

65. (c) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (a) 71. (d) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (c)
75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (c) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (b) 81. (a) 82. (a) 83. (a) 84. (d)
CBSE New Pattern ~ Physics 11th (Term-I) 135

SOLUTIONS
1. A rigid body does not deform under action of 7. The given system of spheres is as shown
applied force and there is no relative motion below
of any two particles constituting that rigid
body. So, it means that a system of particles M (1m, 3m)
is called a rigid body, when any two particles
of system has a zero relative velocity.
2. A point at which the entire mass of the body
or system of bodies. This is supposed to be M M
concentrated is known as centre of mass. (0, 0) (2m, 0)
It does not depend on the internal forces
acting on the particle. The x and y -coordinates of centre of mass is
3. In pure rotational motion, all the particles of Sm i xi M ´ 0 + M ´ 1 + M ´ 2
x= = =1
body moves in concentric circles without Sm i M+M +M
doing any translational motion. S m i yi M ´ 0 + M ( 3) + M ´ 0
4. For system of n-particles in space, the centre y= =
Sm i M +M +M
of mass of such a system is at ( x , y, z ), where
3M 1
Sm i x i Sm i y i Þ y= =
X = ,Y = 3M 3
M M
Sm i z i So, position vector of the centre of mass is
and Z = æ$ $j ö
M çi + ÷.
Here, M = Sm i is the total mass of the è 3ø
system. The index i runs from 1 to n. m i is 8. If all the masses were same, the centre of
the mass of ith particle and position of ith mass was at O. But as the mass at B is 2m, so
particle is ( x i , y i , z i ). the centre of mass of the system will shift
5. Centre of mass of a system lies towards the towards B. So, centre of mass will be on the
part of the system, having bigger mass. In the line OB.
above diagram, lower part is heavier, hence 9. Given, v1 = 4 $i ms -1, v2 = 4 $j ms -1
CM of the system lies below the horizontal
diameter. a = ( 2i$ + 2$j) ms -2, a = 0 ms -2
1 2

Hence, option (c) is correct. \Velocity of centre of mass,

m v + m 2 v2 ( v1 + v2 )m
6. Let the coordinates of the centre of mass be vCM = 1 1 =
m1 + m2 2m
( x , y ) which are calculated as,
m x + m 2 x 2 1 ´ 1 + 2 ´ ( - 1) [Qm 1 = m 2 = m ]
x= 1 1 = $ $
m1 + m2 3 4i + 4 j
= = 2( i$ + $j) ms -1
1-2 1 2
= =-
3 3 Similarly, acceleration of centre of mass,
m 1y 1 + m 2y 2 1 ´ 2 + 2 ´ 3 a + a2
y= = a CM = 1
m1 + m2 3 2
2+6 8 2i + 2$j + 0
$
= = = = ( i$ + $j) ms -2
3 3 2
Therefore, the coordinates of centre of mass Since, from above values, it can be seen that
æ 1 8ö v CM is parallel to a CM , so the path will be a
be ç - , ÷ .
è 3 3ø straight line.
10. Centre of mass of a system of particles is 15. Angular momentum (L) can be defined as
given by moment of linear momentum about a point.
1 ´ x1 + 2 ´ x2 + 3 ´ x3 It is given by,
x CM = =3
1+ 2+ 3 L=r´p
[Q x CM = y CM = z CM = 3] L can also be represented as, L = rp sin qn.
$
Þ x 1 + 2x 2 + 3x 3 = (1 + 2 + 3) 3 = 18 …(i)
16. According to Newton’s second law of
When fourth particle is placed, then
rotational motion, the rate of the total
x CM = y CM = z CM = 1 (given) angular momentum of a system of particles
1 ´ x1 + 2 ´ x2 + 3 ´ x3 + 4 ´ x4 about a point is equal to the sum of the
Þ x CM =
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) external torques acting on the system taken
Þ about the same point.
x 1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x 3 + 4 x 4 = 1 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) = 10 dL
i.e. t ext =
…(ii) dt
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 17. From the definition of angular momentum,
4 x 4 = 10 - 18 Þ x 4 = - 2 L = r ´ p = rmv sin f ( - k$ )
Similarly, y 4 = - 2, z 4 = - 2
Y
\ The fourth particle must be placed at the
point ( -2 , - 2 , - 2) .
φ B
11. Net external force on the system is zero.
A
Hence, velocity of centre of mass of the box
and ball system will remain constant. P
r
12. If a force acts on a single particle at a point P d
X
O
whose position with respect to origin O is
given by the position vector r as shown in Therefore, the magnitude of L is
given figure, the moment of the force acting L = mvr , sin f = mvd , where d = r sin f is the
on the particle with respect to the origin O is distance of closest approach of the particle to
defined as the vector product. the origin. As d is same for both the particles,
t=r´F hence L A = L B .
Þ | t | = r F sin q
18. Angular momentum of a particle about a
13. Given, F = 5i$ + 2$j - 5k$ and r = $i - 2$j + k$ point is given by
We know that, t = r ´ F L = r ´ p = m ( r ´ v)
So, torque about the origin will be given by For LO ,

i$ $j k$ LO

= 1 -2 1
5 +2 -5 v
= $i (10 - 2) - $j ( - 5 - 5) + k$ ( 2 + 10 ) O
90°
r
R
= 8 $i + 10 $j + 12k$ ω

14. If we take clockwise torque, then magnitude | L | = (mvr sin q) = m ( Rw)( R ) sin 90° = mR 2 w
of total torque is = constant
t net = t F 1 + t F 2 + t F 3 Direction of LO is always upwards, therefore
0 = - F 1r - F 2r + F 3r LO is constant, both in magnitude as well as
direction.
Þ F3 = F1 + F2
 For LP , | LP | = (mvr sin q) So, 60 kg boy has to be displaced to
= (m ) ( Rw) ( l ) sin 90° = mRlw 4 2
=2- = m
LP 3 3
P
25. The centre of gravity of a homogeneous body
I is the point at which the whole weight of the
body is assumed to be concentrated.
v 26. Let mass and outer radii of solid sphere and
R
r hollow sphere be M and R, respectively. The
moment of inertia of solid sphere A about its
Magnitude of LP will remains constant but
diameter,
direction of LP keeps on changing, i.e. it
varies with time. 2
I A = MR 2 …(i)
5
19. From law of conservation of angular
The moment of inertia of hollow sphere
momentum,
(spherical shell) B about its diameter,
L1 = L2 2
I 1 w1 I B = MR 2 …(ii)
Þ I 1 w1 = I 2 w2 Þ w2 = 3
I2
It is clear from Eqs. (i) and (ii), that
I 1 ´ 40 200
Þ w2 = = = 100 rpm IA < IB
2 2
I1
5 27. I disc about the axis along its diameter
dL MR 2
20. As, torque, t = = …(i)
dt 4
If t = 0, then L = constant. Using radius of gyration, I = Mk 2 …(ii)
Hence, option (a) is correct. R
Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get k = .
21. The initial velocity is v i = v e$ y and after 2
reflection from the wall, the final velocity is 28. As, moment of inertia of rod,
v f = - v e$ y . The trajectory is described as ML2
position vector r = ye$ y + ae$ z . I rod = …(i)
12
Hence, the change in angular momentum is
Using radius of gyration, I = Mk 2 …(ii)
r ´ m ( v f - v j ) = 2mvae$ x .
Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
22. As the slope of q-t graph is positive and
positive slope indicates anti-clockwise Radius of gyration, k = L / 12
rotation.
29. Angular retardation,
23. A body may remain in partial equilibrium 2p
means that body may remain only in w f - wi 0 - 900 ´
a= = 60 rad s- 2
translational equilibrium or only in rotational
Dt 60
equilibrium.
900 ´ 2 ´ p p
24. Let x be the distance from centre, then =- = - rad s-2
3600 2
for rotational equilibrium,
30. Given, initial angular velocity of object,
M 1 g ´ rA = M 2 g ´ x w0 = 0
x Angular displacement, q = 60 rad
M1g 2m M2g and Dt = 10 s
( 40 ´ 10 ) ´ 2 = ( 60 ´ 10 ) x From equation of rotational motion,
8 4 1
Þ x= = m q = w0 t + at 2
6 3 2
 1 dL
60 = 0 ´ t + ´ a ´ 10 2 35. As, we know that external torque, t ext =
2 dt
60 where, L is the angular momentum.
Þ a=
50 Since, in the given condition,
Þ a = 1.2 rads -2 dL
t ext = 0 Þ =0
dt
31. Total angular displacement in 36 rotation,
or L = constant
q = 36 ´ 2p
Hence, when the radius of the sphere is
Using w22 - w21 = 2aq, we get increased keeping its mass same, only the
( w/ 2) 2 - w2 = 2a(36 ´ 2p) …(i) angular momentum remains constant. But
Similarly, 0 2 - ( w/ 2) 2 = 2a (n ´ 2p) …(ii) other quantities like moment of inertia,
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get rotational kinetic energy and angular velocity
3 changes.
- w2
4 36 36. We know that, kinetic energy,
= Þn = 12
- w2 / 4 n 1 1
K = mv 2 = Iw2
Hence, ceiling fan will make 12 more 2 2
rotations before coming to rest. Given,m = 27 kg (mass of the body),
32. Power, P = tw w = 3 rads -1 (angular velocity)
P = (r ´ F )× w and I = 3 kg-m 2 (moment of inertia)
Iw2
33. Given, moment of inertia of flywheel, Þ mv 2 = Iw2 Þ v2 =
m
I = 0.4 kg-m 2 3 ´ 32 27
v =
2
Þ v =
2
=1
Radius, r = 0.2 m 27 27
Force, F = 10 N
Þ v = 1 = 1 ms -1
( w2 - w1 )
Q F ´ r = Ia = I 37. Before being brought in contact with the
t
F ´r ´t table, the disc was in pure rotational motion,
Þ w2 - w1 = hence v CM = 0.
I
(from t = F ´ r and t = Ia) 38. Rotational kinetic energy remains same.
10 ´ 0.2 ´ 4 1 1
= i.e. I 1 w12 = I 2 w22
0.4 2 2
1 1
= 20 rads -1 or ( I 1 w1 ) =
2
( I 2 w2 ) 2
2I 1 2I 2
34. Given, mass ratio of two discs,
m1 1 L21 L22 L1 I1
m 1 : m 2 = 1 : 2 , i.e. = Þ = or =
m2 2 I1 I2 L2 I2
d1 2 But I 1 = I , I 2 = 2I
and diameter ratio, =
d2 1 L1 I 1
Þ = = Þ L1 : L2 = 1 : 2
r1 d 1 / 2 d 1 2 L2 2I 2
Þ = = =
r2 d 2 / 2 d 2 1
39. We know that, angular momentum of the
\ Ratio of their moment of inertia, body is given by
m 1r12 2p 1 L T
2 2 L = Iw or L = I ´ or L µ Þ 1 = 2
I1 m ær ö 1 æ 2ö 2
= 2 2 = 1 ×ç 1÷ = ç ÷ = T T L2 T 1
I 2 m 2r2 m 2 è r2 ø 2 è1ø 1 L 2T
2 Þ = (as, T 2 = 2T and L 1 = L )
L2 T
\ I 1 : I 2 = 2 :1
 L 45. A bangle is in the form of a ring as shown in
So, L2 = . Thus, on doubling the time
2 the adjacent diagram. The centre of mass lies
period, angular momentum of body becomes at the centre, which is outside the body
half. (boundary).
40. As there is no external torque, so if the girl
bends her hands, her moment of inertia
about the rotational axis will decrease. By C
conservation of angular momentum, Centre
L = Iw = constant. So, in order to keep L
constant, if I is decreasing, then w will
increase. 46. As rods are uniform, therefore centre of mass
41. As no external torque acts on the system, of both rods will be at their geometrical
angular momentum should be conserved. centres. The coordinates of CM of first rod C 1
æL ö
Hence, I w = constant. ...(i) are ç , 0 ÷ and second rod C 2 are (0, L).
è2 ø
where, I is moment of inertia of the system y
and w is angular velocity of the system.
C2 2M
From Eq. (i) I1w1 = I 2 w2 (0, L)
where, w1 and w2 are angular velocities
CM
before and after jumping)
I
Þ Iw = ´ w2 M x
2 O
(as mass reduced to half, hence moment of C1 L , 0
2
inertia also reduced to half)
æL ö
Þ w2 = 2w M ç ÷ + 2M ( 0 )
è 2ø L
42. Velocity of the particle, \ x CM = =
M + 2M 6
v P = r w = ( 2R ), w = 2 v M ( 0 ) + 2M ( L ) 2L
P 2v
y CM = =
M + 2M 3

⇒ r æ L 2L ö
v Hence, coordinates of CM are ç , ÷.
è6 3 ø
ω
47. The role of moment of inertia in the study of
v0 = Rω ω rotational motion is analogous to that of mass
43. Work done = DK = Change in rotational in study of linear motion.
kinetic energy + Change in linear kinetic 48. As, t = Ia = Mk 2a
energy t
1 1 Þ a=
= mv CM 2
+ Iw2 Mk 2
2 2 10
(Q I = mr 2 and v CM = rw) Þ a= = 8 rad s - 2
5 ´ 0.5 ´ 0.5
= mv CM
2
= 100 ´ ( 20 ´ 10 -2 ) 2 = 4 J
49. We know that, angular acceleration,
44. When a body rolls down without slipping along
dw
an inclined plane of inclination q, it rotates a= , given w = constant
about a horizontal axis through its centre of dt
mass and its centre of mass also moves. where, w is angular velocity of the disc.
As it rolls down, it suffers loss in gravitational dw 0
Þa= = =0
potential energy which provides translational dt dt
energy and due to frictional force, it gets Hence, angular acceleration is zero.
converted into rotational energy.
50. Velocity of the particle at Q , But it is not necessary that, translational
motion of body is always in straight line. A
v Q = r w = Rw parabolic motion of an object without
Velocity of the particle at P, rotation is also translational motion.
v P = r w = ( 2R ) w = 2 vQ Therefore, A is true but R is false.
P 2v 54. The centre of mass of a body may lie on or
outside the body.
v ⇒ r

ω
Q
vQ = Rω Q ω CM CM
Hence, points near the top move faster than
points near the bottom. (a) (b)
2
51. L 1 = Iw = MR 2w Hence, in Fig. (a), centre of mass is on the
5
2 body and in Fig. (b), centre of mass does not
2 æRö
L2 = M ç ÷ w¢ lie on the body.
5 è 2ø
The centre of mass of an object is the
AsL 1 = L 2 Þ w¢ = 4 w average position of all the parts of the
2p æ 2p ö system, weighted according to their masses.
\ =4ç ÷
T¢ èT ø Therefore, centre of mass of a body lie at the
T geometric centre of body.
Þ T¢= Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
4
æ1ö 55. We know that, centre of mass of half disc
Time period will become ç ÷ th.
è 4ø depends only on radius and not only the
L 2 density of the material of disc similarly in this
Further, K = case centre of mass of half filled sphere will
2I
depends only on radius and not on density of
Since, angular momentum is constant and I liquid inside. Since, both sphere are of same
has become (1/4)th. radius so both have CM at the same level.
Therefore, kinetic energy will become 4
Therefore, A is true and R is false.
times.
Hence, A ® r, B ® p and C ® q. 56. L = mvr sin q or mvr^
52. If v is the velocity of centre of mass of the In case of constant velocity m , v and r^ all are
body of radius r, then constant.
velocity at point A, v A = 0 Therefore, angular momentum is constant.
h
velocity at point B, v B = v 2 Further, L = n (in Bohr’s theory)
2p
velocity at point C, vC = v + rw = 2v
Hence, L and h have same units.
velocity of point D , vD = rw = v
Therefore, A is true but R is false.
Hence, A ® q, B ® p, C ® s and D ® r.
57. Angular momentum remains constant as
53. The motion of centre of mass describes the particle is moving in a straight line. The
translational part of the motion. angular momentum is constant, when particle
In translational motion, all points of a moves with a uniform velocity.
moving body move along a straight line, i.e. Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
the relative velocities between any two not the correct explanation of A.
particles, must be zero.
58. When t ext = 0, then L = constant. ω
So, for a system of particles under central
force field, the total angular momentum on v
the system is conserved because torque acting
on such a system is zero.
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A. Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
59. There is a difference between inertia and 64. The work done on a body is given by
moment of inertia of a body. The inertia of a W = ò F × vdt , where F is force of friction.
body depends only upon the mass of the
body but the moment of inertia of a body For the rolling disc without slipping down an
about an axis not only depend upon the mass inclined plane, the velocity of the particle on
of the body but also upon the distribution of which the friction force is acting, is zero.
mass about the axis of rotation. Hence, work done is zero, i.e. when the disc
Inertia represents the capacity (ability) of a rolls without slipping, the friction force is
body to oppose its state of motion or rest. required because for rolling condition,
velocity of point of contact is zero.
Therefore, A is true but R is false.
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is
60. Moment of inertia changes with axis chosen. the correct explanation of A.
It is because moment of inertia of a particle
65. Centre of mass of a system of two particles
depends on its mass and its distance from
is
axis of rotation.
m 1r1 + m 2r2
Therefore, A is true but R is false. Then, rCM =
m1 + m2
61. Angular velocity for a rigid body can be If m 1 + m 2 = M = total mass of the particles,
described as the rate of change at which the
m r + m 2r2
object rotates about an axis. It is defined for then rCM = 1 1
the whole body. M
Angular velocity of particle of rigid body is \ rCM µ1/ M
same in rotational motion. So, the above relation clearly shows that the
Therefore, both A and R are true but R is centre of mass of a system of two particles
not the correct explanation of A. divide the distance between them in inverse
ratio of masses of particles.
62. Friction force between sliding body and
inclined plane depends upon the nature of 66. Let the coordinates of the centre of mass be
surfaces of both the body and inclined plane, ( x , y ).
hence if bodies slide down an inclined plane m 1x 1 + m 2x 2
\ x=
without rolling, then it is not necessary that m1 + m2
all bodies reach the bottom simultaneously. 1 ´ (-1) + 2 ´ 2 -1 + 4
Acceleration of all bodies are also not equal = = =1
3 3
due to different values of friction between the m y + m 2y 2
surfaces of body and inclined plane. y= 1 1
m1 + m2
Therefore, A is true but R is false.
1 ´ 2 + 2 ´ 4 2 + 8 10
63. Sphere can roll without slipping on surface, if = = =
3 3 3
v = r w on an inclined plane, it is friction
Therefore, the coordinates of centre of mass
which creates rotation on sphere. So, smooth
æ 10 ö
surface cannot create rotation. be ç1, ÷ .
è 3ø
67. As the balls were initially at rest and the
forces of attraction are internal, then their
centre of mass (CM) will always remain at
rest.
So, v CM = 0
As CM is at rest, they will meet at CM.
Hence, they will meet at l/2 from any initial
positions.
68. For a single particle, distance of centre of
mass from origin is R. For more than one
particles, distance £ R.
69. As per the question, two particles A and B
are initially at rest, move towards each other
under a mutual force of attraction. It means
that, no external force is applied on the
system. Therefore, F ext = 0.
So, there is no acceleration of CM. This
means velocity of the CM remain constant.
As, initial velocity of CM, v i = 0 and final
velocity of CM, v f = 0.
So, the speed of centre of mass of the system
will be zero.
70. The tip of the pencil provides a vertically
upward force due to which the cardboard is
in equilibrium. As shown in given figure, the
reaction of the tip is equal and opposite to
Mg, the total weight of the cardboard, i.e.
R = Mg .
71. Net t due to all the forces of gravity
m 1 g , m 2 g , ×××, m n g about CG is zero.
t of reaction R about CG is also zero as it is
at CG.
Point G is the centre of gravity of the
cardboard and it is so located that the total
torque on it due to forces m 1 g, m 2 g, .., m n g is
zero.
It means, t g = S t i
= S ri ´ m i g = 0.
72. As, t g = Sri ´ m i g
(t g = total gravitational torque)
S ri ´ m i g = 0
If g is constant,
( Sm i ri ) ´ g = g S m i ri
As g ¹ 0, so S m i ri = 0
It is the condition where the centre of mass
(CM) of the body lies at origin and here origin
is considered at centre of gravity (CG), when g
is constant.
73. If the value of g varies, then CM and CG
will not coincide. Keep in mind that, CG and
CM both are two different concepts. CM has
nothing to do with CG.
74. A body in a gravitational field will be in
stable equilibrium, if the vertical line through
CG passes from the base of the body.
75. Moment of inertia of a body depends on
position and orientation of the axis of
rotation with respect to the body.
76. Perpendicular distance from Z -axis would be
(1) 2 + (1) 2 = 2 m
\ I = Mr 2 = (1) ( 2 ) 2 = 2 kg -m2
ml 2
77. Initial moment of inertia, I =
3
New moment of inertia,
( 3m / 4 ) ( 3l / 4 ) 2 27 æml 2 ö 27
I¢= = ç ÷= I
3 64 è 3 ø 64
78. A circular disc is made up of larger number
of circular rings.
Moment of inertia of a circular ring in given
by
I = MR 2
Þ I µM
Since, mass is proportional to the density of
material. The density of iron is more than
that of aluminium. Hence to get maximum
value of I , the less dense material should be
used at interior and denser at the
surrounding.
Therefore, using aluminium at the interior
and iron at its surrounding will maximise the
moment of inertia.
79. Moment of inertia of the rod lying along
Z -axis will be zero. Moment of inertia of the
ML 2
rods along X and Y -axes will be each.
3
2
Hence, total moment of inertia is ML 2 .
3
80. The frictional force will reduce v 0 , hence where, k is the corresponding radius of
translational KE will also decrease. gyration of the body.
It will increases w, which increases its 1 2 æ k2 ö
= mv CM ç1 + 2 ÷
rotational kinetic energy. 2 è R ø
There is no torque about the line of contact,
It applies for any rolling body.
angular momentum will remain constant. The
frictional force will decrease the mechanical 84. When a body rolls down on inclined plane, it
energy. is accompanied by rotational and
g sin q g sin 30° g /2 translational kinetic energies.
81. a = = Þ a = = g /3 1
k2 1 3/ 2 Rotational kinetic energy = Iw2 = K R
1+ 2 1+ 2
R 2
where, I is the moment of inertia and w is
82. As we know that,
the angular velocity.
Translational kinetic energy for pure rolling,
ω
fs v CM = rw
v
θ 1 2 1
in = mv CM = K T = m ( rw) 2
gs 2 2
m
where, m is mass of the body, v CM is the
velocity and w is the angular velocity.
The direction of f s will be upwards to Given,
provide torque for rolling of sphere. Translational KE = Rotational KE
83. KE of a rolling body = Rotational 1 1
\ m ( r 2 w2 ) = Iw2
KE + Translational KE 2 2
1 2 1 2 æQ I = mk 2 ö Þ I = mr 2
= Iw + mv CM ç ÷ We know that, mr 2 is the moment of inertia of
2 2 è and v CM = Rwø
hollow cylinder about its axis, where m is the
1 m k 2v CM
2
1 mass of hollow cylindrical body and r is the
= 2
+ mv CM
2

2 R 2 radius of the cylinder.