DRSC’s: A Laudable Institutional Innovation VK Bhamnagar’ ‘The study of our ancient scriptures reveals an astonishing richness of ‘politcal thought and practice. Over the centuries, India has witnessed variety of forms of government from tiny village commonvveath to _mighty empires. Representative deliberativebodies ar also notentcely ‘new to our country. They are known to have existed in ancient India. Democracy atthe graseroots thrived inthe form of ‘Panchayats’ and ‘Gram Sabhas’. The popular assemblies and the republics later ‘disappeared but ‘Gram Sas’ and ‘Panchayats’ a8 the institutions of Aocal self-government at the village level survived and continued to flourish right through the ancient and medieval periods and til the ‘advent ofthe British rule The tradition of democracy which blossomed {n Vedic age matured further in the post-nic period. Several ancient iterary works like ‘Artiushastra, ‘Mahabharata’ and “Menusmrit? confirm the existence of numerous representative bodies. In that age also, sovereignty was to be found in ‘Dharm’, ‘Law’ and the ‘Constitution’, which used to be the guiding force forthe King in his ‘administration. Though the form of govemment was monarchical, it asa limited constitutional monarchy. At the same time, there was an abundant growth of republican states, designated by several terms. Panini’ Grammar, which dates back to 500 BC, has mentioned the existence of as many as eighty Republics in those days* Thus, while + Associate Poesior,GOSIP Univery, New Path 1 Foradesetion of we village porch a thew exstadon the eve Beth fin, se Evans Mmpron and areal Rae on Ful Bris Rated, London 1835, P25 an it in Moms the Rae of 1. Poon ed: by Seams (Vat), P29 2 Mook Radha Kumua (1870), Ginpes ofAncint ni, Bombay, p56 aioe2 Journal of Constitutional and Pariamentary tulies representative institutions and democratic traditions had deep roots in the country’s past, the democratic elhos and temper of the Indian civilization and the people greatly facilitated the adoption ofthe modern parliamentary system through a gradual process spread over the last fpro.centures The peameiar goverment sd lgjlatve intone thal he Ider foal tapping opt mcs an ‘owe thir origin and growth to Indias Bei on. Thctmergence of Beith ule nda brought witht he clement of ‘Westen prlamentary intitation wou land. woud, however be vero to deduce therrom tat the ish intone we knoe them today had nonric growth endl si Infact he demand fer paramentaryittton preceded by several decades he derand forthe country’s independence o even rerponible elf goverment Independence andthe resultant advent of democratically lected governments ulckeed the pace of ational reorma. Evolution of Parliament ‘Theevolution of parliament and pariamentay institutions as we know them today hada chequered history. The process of evolution is as momentous as our struggle for freedom. The Charter Act of 1853:may bbe considered to be a landmark in the constitutional history of India, Until 1853, there was no legislative body distinct from the executive. ‘The Charter Act of 1853 forthe frst time, provided for some sort of 8 separate ‘legislature’ inthe form of «12 members Legislative Council “However the year 1857 constitutes distinct landmark in the annals of history of modem India. After the war of Independence that year, the Brtsh rulers fet the necessity of establishing closer contacts with public ‘opinion inthe country ‘The Indian Councils Act, 1861 marked a significant step forward in as much a hereafter the Council ofthe Governor-General for purpose of legislation was to consist ofsixto twelve additional members nominated by the Governor General fortwo years. Atleasthalfof them were tobe ‘non-official. More often, described asthe Prime Charter of the Indian “Legislature, inaugurating the System of Legislative Devolution in India, the Act of 1961 was followed by the Indian Councils Acts of 1872 and 1909, The 1892 Act fr the irs time provided forthe filling up of some seatscon the Legislative Council through election, Othe five additional! DRSC\: A Laue tonal vation 3 {ne each ofthe four Provincial Councils and the fifth by the Calcutta ‘Chamber of Commerce. This, however, involved no real process of [Popular election. Also, the Functions ofthe Legislative Council were ‘not substantially enlarged exceptin the matter of asking questions and discussing cestain financial matters. The Act of 1908, which gave effect 40 the Morley Minto Reforms, enlarged the Legislative Council and “Introduced the principle of election and representation. Oficial majority ‘on the council continued and the control of the executive over the legislature was retained, so much so that it was the legislature, under the 1909 Act, passed the infamous Rowlett Actin as19. ‘The Government of India Act of 1919, which gave effect to the ‘Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, established a bicameral legislature at the Centre forthe frst time and introduced someelementofresporsible form of government in the provinces. The Indian legislature was to ‘consist ofthe Governor-General andthe two Houses” the Council of State and the Legislative Assembly. The upper house, named Council of State, was to have a maximum of 60 members, The lower house, ‘named the Legislative Assembly, was tohave strength of 144 members, Subsequent Presidents (Speakers) were tobe elected by the Assembly from amongst its members. At the conclusion ofthe term of Speaker, Frederick Whyte, the fist non-official, the first Indian President ‘Gpeaker) Vithalbhai Patel was elected on August 22,1925. Anew era Started with the introduction of provincial autonomy in 1937, in which the provincial legislatures came ohave in wider measure than before, ‘the powers and functions associated with democratic legislatures under ‘a responsible government. However, the constitutional set-up at the Centre, which had as yet no element of responsiblity, remained Junchanged until the Indian Independence Act, 1947: In accordance With the scheme announced by the Viceroy Lord Mountbatten on june 43,1947, the country was divided into two independent dominions - India and Pakistan The Indian Independence Act of 1947, pesued by the British Parliament, declared the Constituent Assembly of India to bbe fully sovereign body and on the midnight of August 1415, 1947, ‘the Assembly assumed full powers for the governance ofthe county. 3 Dethi Leglative Assembly Dats, thi, August 22,1925 4 Matra, GC. (a) 202) Confreoe of Presiding Oficer of Legstative Boas in nda (1921-201), Lok Sabha Serta New Delhi Je: pp. 23 _-A ain_Apart from being aconstitution-making body twas to function asthe eeinion legislature as well. The Constituent Assembly set up for flaming the Constitution met fr about three years and discussed in fut deal each and every aspect of our system as proposed to be ErCorporated in the Constitution. The founding fathers of the ‘Constitution, who had studied the constitution of major democracies seta the knowledge of historical changes in the world besides being Zomversant with local needs and aspirations, accepted the form of [Parliamentary democracy i preference to the presidential patter. The Pepatitution Framers were impelled to choose the parliamentary form th view ofits peculiar merit of executive accountability t parliament inthe context of Tian conditions. The founding fathers, fully conscious tf the indian psyche laid great emphasis on accountability, accepted the parliamentary form of government. Some clement of skepticism Fd then emerged whether the cores of literate masses, exploited for runes ina row and denied the opportunity of participating in the SRoice of their destin, would be able to make the system a success at keepingin view the vast diversities a regional and linguistic eves, this system appeared to be the best in the circumstances and the aperenceof over last seven decadeshas proved thatthe decison taken ‘was the right one, “Today when we lookback tthe period after independence, we feo seer fsatisfction, since many ofthe third world countries, which ‘Serene free with us at about the same time, have gone off the emoeratic wack. They became either military dictatorships ot otltarian one-party systemsor other such forms of government, hus proving thatthe democrai syst cou mot work there, eis mater Frpeat satisfaction that although we have gone through many ups Ghd downs and vicissitudes during the period, yet this system has withstood the test of time. Role and Functions of Parliament For parliamentary democracy to succeed there must be four impertant paths and balances. One of them ia vigilant parfiament. The second. fe animportial judiciary. Te third isa fearless pres. And the ast built aatevitesn the constitution, which do prevent even certain unforeseen, ae or the collapueof the democratic structure. In our Constitution, thon are builtin devices which create certain safeguards forthe elective functioning of the political system and prevent it fom acting in & anne that would be harmful tothe system. The primacy of legislature the executive of great importance ae has tobe scrupulously Peonume ence the primary of elt lot and he tie overpowers te lginiative powers he very edifice of famentary aructare of democac) is destroyed. The role af fn tur pollclytem tsb ery sigan and peta Inder, parlamenary demos asec Se misty lily Palament inca has played aoe beyond jst rung Sos Sevcrsemnc tas buena erent of socal coro othe people's Rope nd epetions. “Te paiament as thee asc anton. Then saw making No Biller be invoduced. posed and implemented hou sal of patlament ons The ules ako san e changed ony within the Famevork of tela The scond faction ofthe prment i 10 | fart experi. Ever yn the budget well ron ery Psy hs tobe peered in te palanent and approved by i. The thn tncton stocontol te amintation Paameary democracy tnbotis th pple change providing or contin ofthe te tanpered Th rine objetivo the psaent i ensue god of he County according te fe wishes of he peop for fh grod of te people Decca ntjctan ea ora Scie Inatncthod tough which the government funconsomeet he sina and aspirations of the people. “he Indian experience of the last sinty-igh last snty-eight yeas proves that Povlnmentry demexracy ha stk dep root nor poly By virtue Sis pin vpn roa sien theo pulament over he years Ras come to play ail ein shaping the destiny othe people na way anton ncompas ll agpects tf the if ofthe nation andthe people Ii th, ta, palament has ben playing a pivotal role as a catalyst in socioeconomic ttaefomation. The Phare in nd on august ition with eponstilty oatintne wih he democratic aspiatnsol te people eure spt some weaknesses and ineuacin emicy fas come to sayin our county and the invoement fhe people theuncioningof the democratic bodies has grown over the eas ‘Subject-based Committees - An Experiment In Ina, we have a nttk of commie ost ott important amon them bing the the financal commen ich ply sige le inenuringanitativessountablly tothe legate. However6 Jour f Cmstitonal aad Pustinmentary Salen since the very pattem of administrative Functioning has undergone radical changes over the years, especially due to the increasing State involvement in the social and economic spheres, the policies, programmes and performances ofall the ministries donot come up for loser scrutiny even by these committees. Besides, owing tothe paucity, of time, quite often the Demands for Grants of most of the ministries jet guilltined’ every year without any discussion This phenomenon. has brought tothe fore the need for suitable reforms inthe existing, committee system for beter legislative control over the working of administration in diverse fields. The most significant development in this direction has been the ‘constitation of Departmentally-Related ‘Specialized Subject Committees ofthe legislature’ covering the entire spectrum of administration for in-depth and continuous scrutiny. Inthe Biget session, major part ofthe time ofthe House is taken up. for the transaction ofthe financial business. It has, however, been ‘experienced year after year that the Demands for Grants of several important ministries and departments get guillotined without any discussion just for want of time. Realizing tis, way back in 1956, the Estimates Committe of the Lok Sabha examined fr the first time the ‘Budget estimates immediatly aftr their presentation to Lok Sabha* “The committee was quite aware that such an examination would have necessarily tobe ofa charter different fom he searching examination ‘fa few selected ministries conducted each year. Though many efforts ‘were made in the pastin this direction, they could not fructify and not such headway could be made. “The need for a detailed pre-voting scrutiny ofthe Demands for Grants ‘as als felt ll along in various parliamentary fora, to secure bette land more effective parliamentary control over the administration and itsexpenditure. The idea remained dormant for many yeas. It was only in late seventies thatthe idea of Subject Committees was given serious ‘consideration at various levels. In 1978, in pursuance of the decision taken at the Presiding Officers’ Conference held at Bhubaneswar in January 1978 a Committe of Presiding Officers on the Committee System was constituted. A few sittings were held but not much progress could be made. The theme paper for national seminar in 1981 on the 5 Lok Sabha Sccrtrat 201, Nee Deli ads of Pree Conde! f ass 16 Presiding Officers Conference Proceedings, Ors, 1978 7 Kashyap, Subhash C (56D), Thee Paper i a National Seminar RSC’: A Laibar! anova 1 “Working of Pacament prepared by De Subhash. Kashyap atten blueprint forthe setting ip of sovenSubjecrbased Standing omens comesponding ocean inser department and the seven commtes among then covered al the minoes and department te, vial he he aot of goverment ates heteme pape eral sa * Without wesenng the Pasamenay stn, heconcpt efter espns ore postin of unmet an testing Connie Se dereopment ofan agrted Sytem of sat commits wool ie te nein irr ortega BFerecond nd sregien armenian surearerorer Be Sininataion endcoettesconemy, opt cceney tod tooth working oth Porat and he Serb the rp Sat Coie wi etd on information colton, eval and management tee nd research toes and methods of enquiy and supported by independents and ominatonofinraton ara data While presenting ne theme paper Dr Subhash Kashyap opined that Such paramentry commits sone ca ensue fh we fe making | the best us ofthe armen system of goverment? The subject ted commits wee lady fntonng a Kerala and West gal fore the prnnnt reed o adopts sate 198 tena bud trmios woe setup) the Kea egat bs sequel fo the unarimowe cordon ofthe Al Pres onsite se up by te tn Spear Ker Asem in 1973 Trowpheschcommlowasanignsda faith welldtned setae, Senin fl hence tse (emands fr Grn amine elation and coir’ Aha of rls tobe fed by goverment o ter mthore Pura of thee mang powers degtedby en Act he eral Itt These commit couldctaiyand portend re a governmental sci or po theme or undeing intended eter wlio 8 ta 9 ww 10 Kerala Legisative Assembly Debates, 1979ll & Journal of Constitutional and Partiamentary Stes ‘West Bengal was the second state inthe country to introduce subject committees to cover vital areas of governmental activity in 1987-88; three Committees, one each on Health and Family Welfare, Panchayat land Environment, and in 1988-89 a Committee on Education was set lip." Insofar as the functions ofthese committees were concerned, they iffered slightly from those of the Kerala subject committees. Unlike the Kerala committees, the functions of these committees were confined nly to @) the scrutiny ofthe Demands for Grants of the respective departments; (i) giving suggestions fora tentative policy so far as it ‘elated to the budget estimates “The matter of introducing a subject committe system wos first brought into focus during the Third Regional Commonwealth Parliament “Association seminar held in New Delhi in January 1984, and also ‘ett in the Presiding Officers Conference held at Calcuta in October 1984 Soon, thereafter, Dr. Balam Jakhar, the then Speaker of Lok Sabha, had a proposal prepared for setting up of ad hoc Budget ‘Committee for pre-voting scrutiny of the Demands for Grants of all Iminisries/ departments The need was felt persistent for suitable Teforms in the existing committee system in order to ensure better parliamentary control and effective surveillance over the working of {headministcation in diverse fields, particularly whenit was observed that the Demands for Grants of various ministries were being simply passed by the parliament without any scrutiny and specific discussion or pauelty of time, In 1985, the Demands for Grants of 15 ministies/ departments were discussed while the Demands of as many as 21 ‘ministres/departments were ‘gullotined’ In 1988, the Demand for (Grants of only 3 ministries departments were discussed and Demands fnvrespectof as many as 3 ministries departments were ‘gulltined'* ‘While the proposal to set up Budget Committee awaited finalization, another proposal ofa far-reaching nature designed to strengthen the 11 als of Proce (1989), Wes engl Lalsative Assembly, Cats 12 ‘CPA Conference Proceedings! (1984), New Delhi 13 it 1. The proposal prepare bythe then Seretary General of Lok Sabha, 1981 15 nie orient (Bt Lok Sabha, Souvene 1985-86, Lok Sabha Secretaria, New Deh 3 fama Por nnn Dok ah Seat Now DRSC's: A Laudable institucional Innovation 9 system and to secure the administrative accountability in a -more effective manner was placed before the Rules Commitee in ‘losing months ofthe life of the eighth Lok Sabha. The Rules at their sittings held on March 30, 1989 and May 9, 1989 dered and approved the proposal to set up three subject tees - one each on Agriculture, Science and Technology, and and Forests,” Recommendations to ths effect were made the Rules Committe in ther second and fourth report laid on the ofthe House on May 2, 1989 and july 25, 1989 respectively" The melting tothe conmites were aly approve by th House were constituted for ime with ef oo the frst time with eect from constitution ofthe tvee Subjec-based Committees had enabled Parliament to keep a watch over the departments and ensure “administrative accountability. The scope of functioning ofthese three eit waite wie The uncon of thse commits, ner + To examine such of the activites ofthese ministries and allied ministries as may deem fit to the committees, ‘To report what economies, improvements in organization, efficiency or administrative reform consistent withthe policy approved by Parliament, may be effected; ‘To examine the annual reports of these ministries and allied ministries witha view to finding out whether the expenditure Incurred was commensurate with the results achieved; ‘To examine such of the plan projects/activities of these ‘ministries nd ale ministriesas may deem fitto the committee rare specially referred to itby the House or the Speaker; ‘To study the polices and programmes of the government concerning these ministries, et. AT Rates Commit (8h Lek Sab, etng deletion, 989 "AB Lok Sabha Debates, May 21989 anc uly 25,1989 “19 Lok Sabha Debates, August 1, 1988 Rides of Paar Comin of Busines’ 19), Lok Sabha Secretariat, New ey 980, “1“The functioning of these committes for, over three years Uy from [August 18, 1989 to April 8,198, convinced everyone of thei tity as ‘lable instruments fo ensure proper legislative serutiny over the Sctivties of various departments of the government. These three ‘omaittees were the precursors of the Departmentally-elated Standing ‘Committees and in fat, the age of Subject Committers in the Ind Peliament had actully began with these three committees in 1989. re was general consenss among all concerned hat the ith Lok SS Sa gon tor ful edged come system. Tus, the Fae sfiadesPriomenta map iiatve was ake nthe ection eat heParament more powerful and ellective inthe exerse ‘icontol overtheeneutve, Evolution of Departmenttally-related Standing Committees tm moder is, palamentsall ove the wold have en assuming {ula onlin reponse whe rminghopes indents aaa ee: Thee roe end functions have ineeased mario, aoe rece withthe unprecedented rowhin the range, ragetde aareenty of goverment actives No wonder then tat hey rae erg esd mor timein he delbration nse pertaining te vedresa of gevances of people lament ans 9 get del oft uses through commits i reife, mircoa and enteons of he House By att uncins which oe Slee totem, nding ae et cse examining wise, ting evidence and Seeing rasnedecommenatons he patamenary commits Se cr ntaprnal efewuregxratveaccnay. ‘The need for ensuring effective parliamentary scrutiny over administration especially on matters dealing with the budget, was flt Tht from the early ities. Over the years, the scrutiny ofthe Demands for Grantsby the louse was found fobe insufficient, The Demands for Grants of several important ministries were guillotined in view of ack of time with the House “The ncsily fora ore deta pre-votng stn of the Deane aoe ch mosatngupot te ates Camis Te Aan esnigor ine Sabet Comeitens during te oid a i tncoottuon 1 Departmental aed Stes Senvaes (RSC) on Ap, 1993, coverg unde hee 1 llth ministries and departments of the Union government. rafter observing the working ofthe DRSCs system for over 8 period it was observed thatthe unwielding jurisdiction of ‘of the DRSCs had made it difficult for them to examine reports all the subjects selected by them. twas also observed tha the long taken by some ofthe committes in examining and reporting on tend to delay their passage in the Pafiament uently, 2 Joint Parliamentary Committee on Jurisdictional >, constitted in 2001, recommended raising the number ofthe from 17 to 24 At the meeting ofthe Speaker Lok Sabha with of parties held on july 4, 2004, twas agreed to rise the number DDRSCs from 17 0 24 as recommended by the [PC on Jurisdictional ip. The 24 DRSCs have the same functions as were assigned to 17 DRSCs. Out ofthe 24 committees, 16 DRSCs are serviced by the Sabha secretariat while bythe Raya Sabha secretariat. Each DRSC “consists of 31 members, 21 from the Lok Sabha and 10 from the Rajya Sabha, who are nominated by the respective Presiding Officers. The tons at the time of initiating this procedural innovation were he DRSC's would: ‘Tone up the functioning of Parliament; Help the people, Parliament and the executive in making the system cost effective, democratic and purposeful; Help the Members of Parliament to gain expertise and specialization ‘Working away from the glare of publicity, play an important and useful role: Provide a potent mechanism for a meaningful multilateral dialogue between the government and the Members of Parliament enabling aproper appreciation ofeach others view, reasonable accommodation of each other view points and harmonizing of conflicting interests. DSCs at Work ‘During the period from April 1993 to April 2014, the 4 DRSCs have [presented 3788 reports (2271 by the DRSCs served by the Lok Sabha secretariat and 1517 by DRSCs served by Raya Sabha secretariat). These Include original reports on Demands for Grants, Bills, Policies, Annuall | n Journal of Constitutional and Partiamertary Studies r . } RSC: A Laude nition anova B Reports/Subjecs and Action Taken Reports. While S676 percent of } the recommendations ave been acepted by the government, the || [DSCs did not pursue the matter in respect of 11.45 per cent of their Peon We a8 oc o recommendations in view of satisfactory replies from the ministries/ Ra ap 92 Ag 28 28 BG depuennts. The reap provetbetecienesabe tn hed of of nf 22 inenauring accountability and reporaiveners ofthe executive age nf 8 somes egededeg 02 af Apart from factating consideration of complex and technical issues Cehcewrcr .5 $i pcs pach ares the Heat whoke may nd B leg eeaeef aS ag sf dlicultt discus, the Standing Commitee provide to the members ae. ‘ditional ine for detailed deliberation on the egilaive and nancal ip lef ae a8 . af ‘busines of ht House Data regarding the mumber and duration of tha B/E [23 a2 38 g§ ofa siting ofthe twenty-four DRSCs sinc ther inception in 1950 2018 - a Se ee a ae Rajya Sabha secretariat are givenin Table] and Table-2 while regarding, Reed +E. eta af i the DRSCs served ty Lok Sabha secretariat ave presented in Table-3 ? s £8 Tables. ais Ss i 5 ghee 28 38] y ily, in 1998 a total numberof 17 DRSCs were creted and ofthese, ees *s Fe Fg) oF { DRSCs were served by Raya Sabha secretariat. These included: () | Gomes op Home Asin i) Haman ese Deveopment 6) : efeee® efesl f Industry, (v) Science and Technology, Environment & Forests, and (vi) g eieéss 32 af : | Transport, Tourism and Culture. Table below contains dala on the) = SE i number and the duration of stings pertaining 0 these & DRSCs for Re etic te & the years 19932003 i Ble aGsengs@ gag) | Stibsequent to the restructuring of DRSCe in 200, their number was i SSS aa ncaa! 2 secretariat. These included: () Commerce, (i) Home Affair, (i) Human a a€ 88 $3/ 7 Resource Development, (W) Industry, ( Science and Technology, i EnvionmentéeForest (7) TanoportToursmandCalture i) Heath 2 | and Family Welfare and (vi Personne, Public Grievances, Law and z g oot ere renee ae i stings pertain to these 8 DRSCs for the years 2004-2014 Flag a j ae 2 \| i | | : a HHor ee were served (ii) Labour & Welfare, cous serve ys, and (xi) Urban & Rural (Agriculture, (i) Information ot (cut ext (woe Pearce (Ome oie Ge com Ooke Gee Cake (so Ost fe ok ee fothese 11 DRSCs forthe period August Energy (¥) External Affairs, (vi) Finance, Public Distribution, 3 below contains data on the number and the um & Chemicals, (x) Railway ‘able. of sittings pertaining Feb 6, 2004. ato tone ste O08 UY selec oom iz woke we ha secretariat. These inched gil) Defence, (iv) the total 17 DRSCs created in 1993, eleven DRSCs ood, Civil Supplis& rs) ove16 our of Costintiona and Paamentary Sls DRSC's A Laub sation lonation ” ‘Subsequent to their restructuring in 2004, the number of DRSCs was increased to24 Of the total twenty-four DRSCs, 16 were served by Lok Subha secretariat. These included: (i) Agriculture, (i) information “Technology, i) Defence (iw) Energy, (v) Extemal Affairs, (i) Finance, (rt) Food, Consumer Affairs & Public Distribution, (vill) Labout,() Petroleum é Natural Gas, ©) Railways, (xi) Urban Development, (xi) ‘Water Resources, (il) Chemicals &cFeetlizers, () Rural Development, (Go Coal & Stee, (x) Socal & Empowerment. Data on the number and “uration of stings pertaining to these 16 DRSCs for the years 2004-05 to 2008-09 is presented in Table-t below. ‘Toble-é The Number ad the Durtin of Stings of DRSCs of Lok Sabha uring 1k Sabha (200605 to 2006-8) Ta Comoe 200-05 2075-05 200607 107-08 208-09 Aw 1 Agrcalwe 1908) 2499) 700.1907) 1G) 1782) 2. Information 3564) 2583) 296) 468) I) 2682) the number and the duration of stings regarding the served by Lok Sabha secretariat during the 15th Lok Sabha, the years 2009-10 o 2013-14 are shown in Table below. Number and Duration of Sitings of DRSCs of 15° Lok Sab (2009- ow20ie 10) BOI 201-12 MizAa BOIF_Avwaee 098) 4095) a4s3)_—39G7)_0GS) STG) aus) 1425) 2342) 1703) oss) 1760) 216 Re) Mes) w9a7) 06) 1525) 2065) 1525) MeN) as) OKI) 13D) 2408) 163) 3460) 2042) 12) 2383) Tecnology SL. Delmee MES) 51199) 4807) 387) 2103) 3769) 2473) 27186) 300) 2268) 1209) 23448) 4 Grengy 7245) 2346) 1318) 425) O84) 1500) ae od \Zies, Seo Ga Se Ss Bremal 2008) 1109) 2438), 15) 1402) 16027) ‘stairs 6 Finance 4095) 164) 3BKH) BHT) 178) 3162) 2 Food, 1405) 1509) 2012) 136) 1909) 3705) Consumer ‘nisi te Pic Ditton & tabour 1608) 21140) THAD). 2045) 1700) 186) 8 Petroleum 1725) 104) 1903) THA) OMEN) 1207) aralGat 10 Ritways 3671) 2945) 2949) 3659) 2008) 3180) 1h Unies 214) 14 142) 17RH) 127) 1626) Development 12 Water nas 12@9) MAN As) sa) 120) 18 Chemical 162 1205) 12(4o8C2) O40) 104) erties 16 Rural 2aiss) 2308) 1742) UH) 120) 2008) Development 1S. Coal Sted 2048) 1703) 1623) OHH) 180) te Secnte 2204) 16H) 1705) 1419) OCR) 1502) Enyoowerment Tout ms 5h mo 38 wn om) 6) DG)“Thus, the executive accountability through the DRSCs in terms of time spent ie mach more than trough the Houses themseives. The long elt Trea for more organized insitionalarrangementnecessary toensure ‘fective parliamentary surveillance over the administration especially fn matters dealing with the budget and vital policy formulation, was fall to.a great extent with the setting up of the DRSCs. These Commttecshave notonly ensured mow effective parliamentary contol sructhe functioning of the executive butalso in giving well-considered ‘commendations and directions to the government Inthe last ewenty years (August 1993 o April 2018), these commitees have spent maximum time on deliberations on Demands for Grants ‘Their cervations on decline in percentage of grant/insuficient grants have compelled the goverrment to take cognizance of the same and take necessary corrective measures in this direction. Variation in the todget estimates and revised estimates were taken very seriously by the committe. Preparing budget estimates onthe lower side and then, ‘Coming forward forhigh increase through revised estimates certainly Sota Realthy situation. This diserepancy negates the principle of secountability. [Non utilization of grants and not spending the expenditure evenly were ther matters of concern on which committees expressed their ‘ispleasure. With the introduction ofthese committees deliberations ‘nallocaton of grants are getting meaningful. Ministrieshave tojustfy the allocation and convince the committees about the budget estimates. ‘Now, tu committees are geting more vigilant and veting the Demands for Grants with great caution. A positive implication of this exercise is that, the concept of financial aceountability has become the watch word for these committees, a very encouraging and commendable ‘evelopment indeed. These committees are going to play a pivotal ole inthe domain of nancial accountability. arlameniary goverment isin fact, goverment by the commits which, apart en ‘serving, as instruments of legislative control and wee afar over th executive actions enable Members of ariment Mee nyu ofthe working of various goverment agencies/ cate dts ane appreciate protean cotants fcr by them epee ots subject to which they have to exec thet a ee peoecomfees have adequnte procedures to ensure tat Fan Mcnaton are givendaecosierasonby the overment Feo implementation fer commen: a Wel 2 OO committee system facilitates members, belonging to various gto have an in-depth discussion on the Budget Demands, the Reports ofthe ministries concemed, the plans of the ministries ‘documents and Bll refered tothem,citherby the ministries residing Officers. As Members are allowed to opt for the ‘of the DRSCs, of their choice, obviously those who are ‘of have specialized knowledge experience interest in field, are included in these Committees and more discussion is, therefore, possible. Another advantage ‘committee system is the non-partisan approach adopted by Jn the committees, unlike in the open House. During in the House, Members normally take a partisan line, on ther party afliations and ate wary of speaking out theit est they may be misunderstood by their own. party or their are taken advantage of bythe othe de Bt, in the Mes or py lpi, Sse ‘oe the policy man objetve manner keeping only the ’sintecest in view." . performance ofthe DRSCs during the last two decades has been iy well despite few limitations and gap between the expected the actual performance. An evaluation of the working of DRSCs that they have crested positive impact onthe efficent discharge bilities ofthe Parliament, Recommendations of the DRSCS Impacted the policies of government a different stages. So far the ‘of the committees in terms of thei working is concerned: available data shows that they have done considerable work since inception. This point gets substantiated if we glance over the dimensions of the working ofthe DRSCs. Number of reports it neni ofan iets naneofrcvamenitie de ‘the committees, number of recommendations accepted by the ‘are some of the indicators of the state of working of the “Kommiticeson the ane hand and their effectiveness on the other. These 21 Journal of Pertamentry Informatio, Lok Saba Secretariat New De, June, 195, p1820 Joural of Consina an Partamenary Sis committees, consisting of members ofboth the houses are acting as a most effective adjunct of the Parliament. They are assisting the Parliament in performing its responsibilities effectively. I will not be “an exajgceation if we put it thi way that, these Mini Parliamentshave ‘become the backbone of our parliamentary democracy in India. The role ofthese committees has made their impact on the Indian polity through theit eamest efforts. Assessment of their contributions made during the period 1993 to 2014 bears the testimony of thei relevance forthe Indian political system, A candid appraisal of work-done during this period will duly justify the introduction of this mechanism of ensuring executive responsibilty tothe legislature, which is the very basis of success of any parliamentary democracy. ‘The relevance of these committees in our politcal system stands vindicated, that this mechanism i going to gain strength inthe years to come, Commitee system needs some revamping on functional, ‘operative and institutional basis, These committees have become an integral part of our political system. They are the greatest asses to our system, Two decades is too short a period in the life ofa nation. It is too early tocome toany candid conclusion and comment on thei oe, relevance and continuity. They have duly justified their utility by the {quality and quantum of work undertaken by them since inception. Conclusion “The DRSCé system represents ground-breaking endeavour in the area of parliamentary surveillance ofthe administration. With the emphasis ‘upon their functioning on long-term plans and policies, these tommittees provide necessary direction, guidance and inputs forbroad policy formulation and achievement of the long-term national perspective by the executive. The importance of parliament in Upholding the value of democracy i a well recognized analogy. AS 2 representative institution, parliament facilitates legitimacy to varied diversities an different shades of manifestations within a democratic political framework, The parliamentary institution has earned the Feputation of being the most legitimate institutional form of representation. And, the committee system is considered as one ofthe ‘mest significant (audable) institutional innovations inthe recent years ‘nindian polity. irried Women’s Right to Separate Residence SS. Chahar® after marr after marriage, itis customary for the wife to enter the ' pateral house where he usually lies with his parents, and sisters. Most the males favour ont family for such reasons 8 desire of satisfaction on being faithful to the join family, eco ciumstns sccm eng et est The pt family aed opperaiin of sof ering ee rm ate meno eyes exper ne hg ving posse Onthe otra my wet pare they are more prone to inn ems np cy To thse females who arsenate ack py arya in overcrowded enerent with no ndepenrt cnn mae ant Isic ann cas jane nce ard human eracton between mers he becomes hgh tine. The ees of protein onl fe invasion of one's privacy develops defensive ate And ouhinesy hs akg for conti ment ead tg ages wh num ma ‘ina penon This tron fen ads dua ling i nae ten ad touring that Hing jit family has advantages formals agesforfolesbente eas ae supped shop hue anise ren Ther dese for dom an indopennas Preerty, Men (Lega), Ptlen and Nour . ‘New Duh. Tevews tyros herent thn oe suthn” Nt