PL – Polymers and life

PL 1 – The polyester story

Draw the functional group for a carboxylic acid Name and draw the carboxylic acid produced from
octane

Draw propanedioic acid Draw benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid

Draw and name the following compounds, what Describe how carboxylic acids, phenols and alcohols
functional group does each contain? react as acids

CH3CH2COCH3

CH3CH2CH2COCH3

CH3CH2CH2CHO
 Draw the functional group for an ester Describe how to form an ester

Name and the ester formed from ethanol and propanoic

acid – which part of the ester comes from which
reagent? Describe how polyesters are formed

How would the method need to be changed to make esters from phenols?

PL 2 – The nylon story

Name and draw the following compounds: Describe the solubility of amines and how they act as
bases
C2H5NH2

CH3CH(NH2)CH3
 Describe how a primary amide can be produced from Polyamides can be made by using which two types of
acyl chlorides – how is this different to form secondary reagents?
amides?

Give an example of a polyamide and the reagents it is

formed from

Explain how nylons are named – give an example Outline the reactions of acyl chlorides

PL 3 – Breaking down polymers

Give products and conditions for the hydrolysis of Outline acid and alkaline hydrolysis of amides
ethylmethanoate
PL 4 – What are proteins?
Outline the structure and the uses of proteins Draw and label the general structure of an amino acid

Explain what is meant by the term zwitterion

Explain how amino acids can exist in three different

ionic forms
Define optical isomerism and give an example

Define the terms enantiomer and chiral molecule

How do enantiomers differ?
 Explain how peptides can be formed Explain how proteins can be hydrolysed

PL 5 – Proteins in 3D
Primary structure Secondary structure

Tertiary structure
PL 6 - Enzymes
Give on example of using enzymes Outline the characteristics of enzymes

Explain how an enzyme increases the rate of a reaction Explain the shape of this graph

What is meant by the term competitive inhibition? Why are enzymes so specific?
 Draw a graph to show and explain how pH affects Draw a graph to show and explain how temperature
enzymes affects enzymes

PL 7 – Enzymes inhibitors as medicines

Explain what is meant by the term molecular Define the term pharmacore
recognition

Give three key points about pharmacores

How does captopril bind to the ACE active site?

PL 8 – The thread of life
Define the acronym DNA Define the acronym RNA

Describe the structure of DNA – including the four bases Explain how base pairing occurs. Which bases pair with
which?

Explain how transcription occurs

Give the two differences between DNA and RNA What is meant by a codon?
 Explain how translation occurs

Pl 9 – Spectroscopic analysis of organic compounds

Explain the difference between high resolution and low What does NMR stand for? What are the two types that
resolution mass spectrometry can be used?

What can be determined from a 13C-NMR spectrum? What can be determined from a 1H-NMR spectrum?

What is meant by the term chemical shift? Why does peak splitting occur in 1H-NMR?
Complete the table to show what can be determined
from each type of spectroscopy