Forces and energy

Gravity is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward
its centre. The force of gravity keeps all of the planets in orbit around the
sun.

Weight - The weight of an object is defined as the force of gravity on the

object and may be calculated as the mass times the acceleration of gravity,
w = mg. Since the weight is a force, its SI unit is Newton. Weight is just
another word for the force of gravity. Weight is a force that acts at all times
on all objects near Earth.

Mass - We use the word mass to talk about how much matter there is in
something. (Matter is anything you can touch physically.)Mass is a
measurement of how much matter is in an object. Mass is a combination of
the total number of atoms, the density of the atoms, and the type of atoms
in an object.
Contact Force

A ball cannot move unless we make it move. In the situation when the force
is exerted on objects which are in physical contact with each other, the
force applied is called contact force. Contact force is a force that is applied
by objects in contact with each other. Contact force is governed by
Newton’s Laws. Contact force is responsible for most of the interactions we
experience in daily life. Pushing a car up the hill, writing our name with a
pen, or picking up a textbook from the table are all examples of contact
force.
Formation of the Solar system

1. Everything in the Solar System revolves around the Sun. The Sun is
a star – a massive ball of hot gas that gives off light and heat.
2. There are eight planets that orbit around the Sun.
3. The closest planet to the Sun is Mercury, and the farthest away is
Neptune.
4. The biggest planet is Jupiter, and the smallest planet is Mercury.
5. The Earth is the only planet that we know has creatures living on it.
6. The Earth rotates as it orbits the Sun. It takes one day to complete a
rotation.
7. It takes 365 days for the Earth to complete one circuit around the
Sun. We call this a year.
8. The Sun is just one of hundreds of billions of stars in the galaxy that
we live in, which is called the Milky Way. The whole Universe has at
least 100 billion galaxies in it.
9. You are held onto the surface of the Earth by a force called gravity.
This is the same force that keeps the Earth and the other planets
orbiting around the Sun.
10. Not everything in the Solar system orbits directly around the Sun.
The Moon orbits around the Earth.
 How do stars and planets form out of dust and gases

● A nebula is a giant cloud of dust and gas in space. Some nebulae

(more than one nebula) come from the gas and dust thrown out by
the explosion of a dying star, such as a supernova.
● Stars come in a variety of masses and the mass determines how
radiantly the star will shine and how it dies. Massive stars transform
into supernovas, neutron stars and black holes while average stars
like the sun, end life as white dwarfs surrounded by a disappearing
planetary nebula.
● Stars are born within the clouds of dust and scattered throughout
most galaxies. A familiar example of such a dust cloud is the Orion
Nebula. Turbulence deep within these clouds gives rise to knots with
sufficient mass that the gas and dust can begin to collapse under
their own gravitational attraction.
● Stars form from the collapse of clouds of gas and dust, while planets
form from the leftover material around a star.

Scientific terms

● The scientific method is a process of trying to establish facts, and it has

five steps:
1. Observation: scientists research something that they don’t understand.
Once they've compiled their research, they write a simple question about the
topic.
2. Hypothesis: scientists write an answer to their casual questions based on
their research.
3. Prediction: scientists write down the outcome that they expect if their
hypothesis is correct
4. Experiment: scientists gather evidence to see if their prediction is correct
5. Conclusion: this is the answer that the experiment provides. Does the
evidence support the hypothesis.

Movement in Space

Air resistance is a type of frictional force experienced by objects moving

through air. Like normal friction, air resistance is also resistive by nature.
The power of this force depends on the speed of the object as well as its
surface area. For example - A skydiver using a parachute experiences air
resistance which slows him down and allows him to land safely

● A space where there are no particles is called a vacuum. Gravity is

the reason space is a near-perfect vacuum. Over time, gravity draws
particles of matter together, forming gas clouds, stars, and planets.
The expanses between interstellar objects are left almost empty.
Also, the Universe is expanding. Even without gravity, the space
between particles increases.