Rehabilitation: A Challenge under Narcotic

Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985

Nidhi
Research Scholar, Department of Law, SGGSWU
Abstract
Rehabilitation of criminals is one of the most desired concepts to be implemented in anti-social
elements. Many criminal jurists view rehabilitation as the best form of treatment for those who
have been found guilty. Rehabilitation is about reconciling a sentenced person with society, and
is the goal of current punitive approaches to prevent repeat offenses. Despite proper legislation
such as the Narcotic Drugs and the Psychoactive Substances Act 1985, rehabilitation is still a
major challenge. This paper provides qualitative research methods to understand why this is the
case, as well as possible reforms to both the Act and the administrative system. Drug
rehabilitation is a treatment strategy for those addicted to psychoactive substances such as
alcohol, doctor-prescribed medications, or street prescriptions. The goal is to involve the patient
in the struggle with substance addiction and to stop the abuse in order to avoid the psychological,
legal, financial, social, or physical consequences of abuse. Focus is on educating and sharing
information about inclusion with different addicts.

INTRODUCTION
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS Act), 1985 unites rules with respect
to the ownership, utilization and clearance of drugs. The Act, through its numerous corrections,
looks to accomplish:
a) Prevention of dealing in drugs through extreme disciplines, and
b) Rehabilitation of people addicted to drugs.

It accommodates therapeutic care and dehabit for people distinguished as addicted to drugs.
Health and Family Welfare departments of state governments are required to provide treatment to
victims through their emergency clinics. Efforts have been made to reduce drug requests.
However, the report looks at how people who should have benefitted from probation or de-
compulsory treatment have been linked to the criminal justice system, with no long-term
solutions and no solutions for addiction. The findings show that no addicted person has been
directed by the special courts to rehabilitation centres. In states such as Punjab and Manipur, the
issue is being looked at in terms of prison overcrowding, infrastructure needs and the
imprisonment of an un-balanced population. The report also looks at the lack of administration-
run places for addicts compared to the number of matters under the National Drugs and Drug
Control Policy (NDPS) Act. Private treatment centres are not available in all locations. The
discoveries outline that till now, there has been no addicted person guided by the Special Courts
to these centres. In states like Punjab and Manipur the issue is looked with prison stuffing,
infrastructural imperatives and imprisonment of an unbalanced number of drug addicts.
Enslavement keeps on being viewed as a criminal act by the police authorities, arraignment and
courts, rather than a general wellbeing worry, needing medicinal consideration. Long haul
treatment ways to deal with dependence have not been effectively sought after. Notwithstanding
when de-enslavement focuses are accessible, treatment and request decrease methodologies all
things considered medical clinics stay lacking. In this kind of situation appropriate measures
suggested by jurists, committees, reports, criminologists, penologists and thinkers are like
challenges to NDPS Act 1985.

1. Provisions for rehabilitation under NDPS Act, 1985.

The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act in India focuses on control
and regulation of operations relating to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. While
the act primarily emphasizes punishment for offenses, it does include provisions for
rehabilitation under Section 39. This section allows for the establishment of rehabilitation
centers for persons who are addicted to narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances.
Rehabilitation measures aim to address the health aspects of drug abuse and help individuals
reintegrate into society.

1.1 Establishing De-addiction and Treatment Centres

Under Legislature of India (Assignment of Business) Rules, 1961, various services are
answerable for diminishing medication interest and supply. The Service of Civil rights
and Strengthening handles request decrease, while the Service of Wellbeing and Family
Government assistance (MoHFW) treats and rehabilitates chronic drug use. The two
Ministries are ordered to support de-dependence and reconciliation programs. For instance,
the MoSJE‘s Social Defense Division must organize and screen drug misuse counteractive
action, which incorporates evaluating the issue, making preventive move, treating and
restoring addicts, and dispersing data for open mindfulness. It is performing a Plan for
Anticipation of Liquor addiction and Substance (Drug) Maltreatment since 1985, which in
part finances offices qualified to set up advising focuses and Integrated Rehabilitation
 Centers for Addicts or IRCAs (de-dependence focuses kept running by NGOs and willful
associations that get money related help from the administration).

The MoHFW is additionally ordered to run medical care and reconciliation programs for
drug slaves. It support organizations like the National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre
(NDDTC) at AIIMS, and de-addiction centres in Chandigarh (PGIMER), Pondicherry
(JIPMER), and Bangalore (NIMHANS).

1.2 National Fund for Control of Drug Abuse

Section 7A of the Act engages the Union Government to build up a store for avoiding and
control over drug misuse; distinguishing, treatment and restoring addicts; and teaching
people in general against drug misuse.

1.3 Section 39
At the point when an individual is discovered expending medications or got with a little
amount of drugs, the judiciary may enable the o enders to settle on drug medical care in an
administration organization.

1.4 Section 64 A
Drug dependents can be given insusceptibility from arraignment for utilization of drugs and
for crimes including little quantity of drugs, in the event that they consent to experience
treatment in an administration establishment. This resistance can be disavowed if the fanatic
does not finish treatment in need.

1.5 Section 71
The legislature, at its carefulness, can set up focuses and set standards for them to recognize,
treat, oversee, instruct and restore addicts and other people who therapeutically need drugs. It
enables the Government to take any gauge in regards to identifying, treatment, instruction,
after-care, reconciliation and socially re-incorporation of addicts. It might set up, perceive or
affirm the same number of focuses as it might suspect ft for distinguishing proof, treatment
and the executives of addicts.

2. UNDERSTANDING ADDICTION

Enslavement is incessant, often breaking faith cerebrum disease that causes eager drug
pursuing and use regardless of ruinous outcomes to the individual who is reliant and to
everybody around them. Perpetual drug use is a mind contamination in light of the way that
 the misuse of drugs prompts change in the structural base and working of the cerebrum. It
demonstrate that for many people the underlying choice to take drugs is willful, after some
time the adjustments in the mind brought about by rehashed drug misuse can influence an
own control and capacity to make sound choices, and in the meantime send serious driving
forces to take drugs.

Through research done about chronic drug use and its impacts on the mind, one can perceive
how illicit drug use is viewed as a brain disease. Chronic drug use is a handicapping ailment
and can demolish an individual’s life. By consuming drugs, an individual’s mind moves
toward becoming “wired” to endure high measures of dopamine synapses, yet once those
high measures of dopamine stop to exist, the individual encounters withdrawal symptoms.
However, there are ways drug addicts can control their consumption by utilizing traditional
molding strategies, which enables them to connect drugs with negative qualities.1

The Act does not comprehend the idea of fixation, especially in its arrangement of unique
relief to addicts with required treatment. It, nonetheless, attempts to give some respite to the
addicts. This is referenced under Section 64A of the Act. Addicts regularly backslide a few
times previously balancing out. This one time relief demonstrates a total obliviousness of the
wonder of compulsion with respect to approach creators. Despite the fact that the Ministry of
Social Justice and Empowerment has subsidized more than 375 NGOs to run treatment
focuses, none of them are informed focuses; rather they are just perceived as focuses where
patients can look for intentional treatment. Of these, just three focuses keep running under
the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare are advised.

3. Action Needed To Be Taken:

 There ought to be a considerable reallocation of assets and especially an expansion in the

arrangement of administrations for youths, ladies, individuals from minority ethnic networks
and individuals with emotional wellbeing issues.

 Treatment in prisons ought to likewise be considered however it should just be an

auxiliary choice. The greater part of the under trail or convicts put in jail for a drawn out
period may turn to higher culmination of medications. Where jails are intended for
reconstruction, such individuals will turn out with a higher level of addiction. Along these
lines, Prison experts ought to participate intimately with law requirement organizations to
keep drugs out of the jail framework. Jail work force ought to be disheartened from enduring
the nearness of drugs in corrective establishments.

1
Expert Committee on Small Quantities under the NDPS Act
  To be successful, request decrease projects ought to be focused at all youngsters,
especially those in danger, and the substance of the projects ought to react specifically to the
interests and worries of those youngsters. Preventive instruction programs demonstrating the
perils of medication misuse are especially critical. Expanding open doors for profitable
business and exercises which give amusement and chances to build up an assortment of
abilities are imperative in helping youngsters to oppose drugs. Youth associations can assume
a key job in structuring and executing instruction projects and individual advising to support
the combination of youth into the network, to create solid ways of life and to bring issues to
light of the harming effect of medications. The projects could incorporate preparing of youth
pioneers in correspondence and guiding abilities.

4. CHALLENGES OF DE-ADDICTION & REHABILITATION STRATEGY

To effectively handle the entire procedure associated with medication de-habit, it is basic to
dispense request decrease, medical care and reconciliation to any individual Ministry, be it
the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, or the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare. This will help maintain a strategic distance from disarray with regarding job and
duty of the Ministry and helping accomplish better responsibility. Here are certain challenges
to be tackled for application of effective rehabilitation strategy:-

4.1 Decriminalization of Consumption

The consuming of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance is still regarded as crime and
punishable under the law. This is certainly a biggest challenge faced by objective oriented
aspects of the act. The provisions of this law still provide punishment for consumption of
drugs which is unfair towards de addiction of users. To imply the process of de addiction
and Rehabilitation there is need of decriminalization of consumption of narcotic drugs and
psychotropic substances. This is the biggest challenge because amendment in the respective
law is needed for decriminalization which is still not acceptable by the legislators. Section 27
of the narcotics drugs and psychotropic substances act punished consumer of drugs which do
not differentiate between addict and criminal. It has been described by many authors from
time to time that addict is a victim himself he should not be punished but rehabilitated.
Section 27 of the Act makes devouring any opiate drug or psychoactive substance a criminal
act. This condemns injured individual addicts yet exist small proof to demonstrate that
detaining addicts of drugs limit the interest for drugs.2 In addition, as far as discipline,
Section 27 does not make difference between routine drug clients, and 1st time or incidental
purchasers who could profit by early recognizable proof and their treatment can be
performed. These reformatory arrangements don’t deliver the need to restore such clients, in
spite of the fact that that would almost certainly be progressively effective in handling drug

2
Mathew John, ‗The NDPS Act: Room for Greater Reform‘ 2016
issue. An expanding number of nations, and the World Health Organization, perceive the
disappointments of drug arrangements and laws fixated on criminalization of drug use. In
nations like India, as well, specialists have proposed options in contrast to condemning drug
dependents. In 1995, the Expertise Committee on Small Quantities under the Act suggested
that drug addictive people be furnished with obligatory treatment by legal request and
institutional offices for treatment and reconciliation rather than discipline.

4.2 Patient Load in De-addiction Centres DACs

Another challenge sign of working originates from the Drug Abuse Monitoring System
(DAMS), whereby all the DACs are required to give information to all the back to back new
addicts looking for medical help from them, to NDDTC, every year. The DAMS information
from the year 2007 to 2012 demonstrates that general 68 centres have given information to
no less than one year amid this period. Of these, 42 centres (30%) have given information to
something like one year over the most recent 3 years. Indeed, even among the centres, which
give the DAMS information unmistakably the patient burden is low. For example in the year
2012, just around 32 focuses added to the DAMS. Aside from the three anomalies – NDDTC,
AIIMS; PGI Chandigarh and NIMHANS, Bangalore with 3134, 1429 and 1154 patients
(2011) individually – remaining centres gave service to under 400 new patients in the whole
year. This is under 2 patients for each day. Whereby actual scenario is that these centres have
high ranged patient load in them, which is really a big challenge. There are very few people
who are actually treated in comparison to total number of addicts according to data.

4.3 Compatible Infrastructure

Inadequacy in infrastructure for treating addicts is also a big challenge. The number of beds
and proper living compartments is need of time. In de addiction and Rehabilitation centres it
is always in need to be good infrastructure facilities. In lack of infrastructure capability of
any de addiction and Rehabilitation Centre the addicts are not treated properly. Without
proper medication and treatment they can never be rehabilitated. So this challenge is should
also be tackled. Poor Infrastructure brakes Functioning at De-Addiction Units. The Patients
in the state are much and de-addiction centres with beds are insufficient. The achievement
rate of treatment of Drug patients relies upon how one characterizes success. If it’s a
restricted restraint arranged definition (absolutely abstinent from all drugs for three years) at
that point the rate is low at 20-30 percent. If it’s a wide, practically situated definition (for
example Periodic failures, however no significant backslide, working sensibly well in family,
word related and society with no real difficulties, at that point the rate will be 40 to 60
percent. It likewise relies upon the sort of medications and numerous different factors In
Drug De-habit and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of
 Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh beds accessible at PGI Drug-de addiction
centre is only 20 and just 18 patients are conceded at present.

Around 2,000 new patients desire treatment at the PGI consistently and 8000 medication
patients come yearly for follow-up measures3. A large portion of the private de-compulsion
focuses in the state oblige neighbourhood patients. A visit to the common Hospitals reveals
that several patients waiting for their turn for treatment. So it can be said that problem of
compatible infrastructure is very serious and to recover from such problem the main
challenge is to make necessary investments in same.

4.4 Improving Quality of Treatment Facilities

Medically or scientifically adequate methods for de addiction and Rehabilitation are marked
absent in treatment centres. Improving quality of treatment facilities is also a challenge in
effective application of the act. Despite the fact that the administration has issued least
models for treatment facilities still there is absence of facilities in the sentence. Many news
reports have documented the poor care that private facilities provide and high fees which are
on day to day basis. The private centres which had come up in different places in the country
should not be appreciated without proper infrastructure or trained staff. In reality just in
genuine cases patients are conceded. Else they can get treatment from home. Yet, instances of
backslide happen more where the patients are at home amid treatment and there is no
appropriate observing of their exercises. Self discipline of the patient tallies a great deal. So
the only challenge is not to de addict him but also to prepare him to reintegrate into society.
It is necessary to show him consequences of addiction in a properly defined way. This all can
be possible by psychological counseling of addicts. He must avoid drugs after treatment.
Shockingly, after treatment the patients return to their companions and relatives who are
addicts. When the patients begin taking drugs once more, similar drugs must be rehashed.
Their exact authorizing is likewise a major test. Numerous individuals still favor private
treatment initially on the grounds that there is absence of trust on government specialists and
besides in light of the fact that they need to keep up strict protection. The rules made for
defining adequacy of treatment centre and its facilities should be applied practically. So,
overall the challenges are:

1. No standard subsidizing (with the exception of centres in the North-East where the
financing is accessible, however deficient).
2. Low need given to de-addiction benefits by the state healthcare divisions/area/common
emergency clinic experts.
3. No devoted staff accessible.
3
Dr Debashish Basu — MD, DNB, MAMS — Professor of Psychiatry
4. Absence of care staff – Nurse, social laborer, advisor.
5. Poor patient burden and treatment non-chasing.
6. Sporadic supply of prescriptions. No drugs accessible for long haul use.
7. Absence of network based exercises and linkage with NGOs.
8. Deficient record keeping or information the executives.
9. No administrations accessible for ladies and youthful substance clients.
10. No arrangement for saving patient from re addiction.

4.5 WILL POWER OF ADDICTS

The rehabilitation theory in criminal justice system and related provisions in NDPS Act
won‘t help if the addicted person himself does not want to get rehabilitated. This is the will
power which is strongly needed to get de addicted and rehabilitated in civilized society. But
lack of will power to get treated is always seen in drug addicts. There are many reasons
behind this. Addiction experts‘ state there are a few fundamental reasons why people who are
dependent or depend upon liquor or potential drugs don’t look for treatment. These could
incorporate any, a few, or the majority of the accompanying 10 reasons:

 Denial – The most well-known and introductory response is that the fanatic will not
admit that he has an issue with liquor, drugs, or both. The individual might be so
settled in the drug propensity that they deny its reality notwithstanding the
actualities.

 Control – Male addicts, specifically, may think that it‘s hard to concede there’s a
need for treatment because of issues of control. They have to feel responsible for
their own fate and controlling in their associations with others. For someone who is
addicted with control issues, looking for treatment is far down. They’d almost
certainly state they didn’t have an issue or that they have everything leveled out.

 Fear – It takes a great deal of assurance, inspiration and bravery to enter treatment.
Numerous addicts are deflected by dread. They fear the whole detoxification and
withdrawal process, regardless of whether out of obliviousness, past endeavors
without anyone else, or saw perils. They might be fearful about what the treatment
program involves and not feel ready to deal with it.

 Cut Off From Supply – Numerous addicts won’t enter treatment since they won’t
approach their supply of drugs or liquor. Since medication and additionally liquor
treatment programs require balance, and many are private and additionally do urine
tests, addicts know there’s no possibility they can get high without getting captured.
  Can‘t Give Up High – For some addicts, the most compelling motivation they don’t
go for treatment is that they can’t surrender the high. They’re so enveloped with how
great they feel, so dependent, that they can’t imagine living without it. Regardless of
damage to physical and emotional health, and genuine results to family, connections
and profession, addicts stick to what’s known: the solace of their dependence.

 Treatment Won‘t Help – A few addicts feel they are past help. No treatment can have
any kind of effect in their lives following quite a while of being dependent on drugs
or potentially liquor. Those with co-happening emotional wellness issues can feel
especially hopeless.

 Nobody Cares – Subsequent to cutting off their ties behind them, estranging family
and companions amid long stretches of addiction, a few addicts feel that there’s
nobody left that cares whether they live. Since they have nobody close, nobody to
help their endeavors to show signs of improvement, why trouble? Absence of family
or other help is a major issue not just in refusal to see a requirement for treatment yet
additionally among the individuals who, after they do get treatment or recovery.

 Stigma – Covered inside an individual’s forswearing of requirement for treatment

might be the shame appended to “going into recovery.” Whether the individual is a
VIP or a typical worker, society still treats addicts with a specific measure of disdain.
At any rate, that is the dread among a few addicts who would prefer to bear
alongside their addiction than concede they have an issue and look for help for it.

 Hope the Problem will resolve itself – A few addicts, who covertly know
extraordinary, trust that the issue they at present have (or have had for quite a while)
will basically resolve itself or leave.

This type of self-daydream is similar to forswearing, however the going with hit to
confidence when such a turnaround neglects to happen dives the fanatic into much more
profound sadness.

So, it can be said that there are many factor responsible to influence thinking of addicts
which make there will power weak. This challenge to rehabilitation should be effectively
tackled.

5. Integrated Treatment Programs

A coordinated treatment program, which may join medicine and conduct adjustment, is best
connected as a component of a long haul intends to accomplish recuperation. People may
 pick to get treatment in a long haul private setting that gives time to facilitating withdrawal,
learning and utilizing backslide aversion procedures, and choosing follow-up alternatives for
proceeded with consideration, including network programs that help and urge a person to
carry on with a medication free way of life4.

5.1 Medications for Drug Detox and Treatment

Prescriptions can assume one of two jobs amid detox and treatment: as a device to help stifle
withdrawal side effects and as methods for averting backslide and diminishing medication
desires. For instance, successful meds for treating narcotics, for example, champion,
incorporate methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone, despite the fact that the last
alternative is less known. These meds smother withdrawal manifestations and diminish
longings by focusing on a similar zone of the brain influenced by the drugs. People with
serious dependence on numerous medications will require treatment for all medications
manhandled.

Among the FDA– affirmed prescriptions for treating liquor reliance are naltrexone,
acamprosate, and disulfiram. Naltrexone squares cerebrum receptors identified with joy and
desires, and decreases backslide to overwhelming drinking. Acamprosate might be utilized to
lessen indications of dependable withdrawal, including a sleeping disorder, and uneasiness.
Disulfiram is utilized to treat endless liquor abuse and makes exceedingly unsavory impacts,
going from queasiness and regurgitating to cerebral pains and obscured vision. One main role
of prescriptions is to enable patients to stop sedate looking for conduct and all the more
energetically acknowledge social medicines. Once effectively taking an interest in these
medications, people can figure out how to deal with their very own conduct, change their
demeanor towards medication use, and settle on more advantageous decisions. Treatment
alternatives incorporate outpatient programs contained individual or gathering drug advising,
just as private treatment programs.

5.2 Long Term Treatment Programs

These private treatment programs will in general contrast in their methodology dependent on
a couple of key components. Most people brought within the criminal justice system are
young. 71.4% of all people convicted under the NDPS Act across 18 districts of Punjab
between 2013-15, were in the age group of 20-40 years, of which about 40% were between
the ages of 20-30 years. 5 To start with, they are longer in span, commonly giving a program
that endures 6 a year for a person. Likewise, private projects utilize a controlled daily
schedule with explicit occasions assigned for specific exercises as component of a mission of
showing self-restraint. At last, the network setting turns into a compelling variable because
4
Sue Pryce Fixing Drugs: The Politics of Drug Prohibition, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
5
https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/research/2018-8-23-from-addict-to-convict-the-working-of-the-ndps-act-1985-in-punjab/
people interface with addiction pros, staff and companions consistently. This people group,
with its mutual mission of a medication free life for all, can be an exceedingly steady piece
of long haul treatment for a someone who is addicted who has encountered constant
backslide, detainment and partition from companions and friends and family.

6. Jurisdiction

As discussed above, both the Ministry of social justice and Empowerment and the Ministry
of Health and Family Welfare are in charge of financing de enslavement and reconciliation
programs. While the MoSJE tackles request decrease, the MoHFW deals improvement and
reconciliation of drug addicts. De-enslavement and reconciliation, nonetheless, are a piece of
a similar procedure and can’t be separated and isolated into two separate capacities, allotted
to two separate services.

Recommendations: To adequately handle drug dehabit, request decrease, medical care and
reconciliation should all be allotted to one single Ministerial office, be it the MoSJE or
MoHFW. This will support maintain a strategic distance from perplexity about the obligation
of the Ministry and assurance progressively essential duty.

7. Requirement of Intent under NDPS Act

The NDPS Act consolidates exacting risk arrangements. S.54 gives that having any opiate or
psychoactive matter is adequate to establish a crime. Likewise, Section 35 passes the weight
on denounced to demonstrate that no psychological state to submit the crime was there while
submitting it. As this is clear, rules of law do not need setting up rationale or purpose, it has
brought about redundant police stories crosswise over states, which focuses in bend to low
quality examination.

Recommendations: To guarantee that police officials use their brains at the time of
examination, and dealers are gotten rather than clients, the law must have purpose an element
of crimes under the Act. And, the weight of confirmation ought to pass arraignment to
demonstrate that the charged had the matter for a specific reason. Ownership alone ought not
be adequate to establish an crime under the Act. Our country ought to set up limit amounts
(in view of drug advertise substances, drug use examples and effect on wellbeing) to enforce
responsibility for individual usage from ownership for managing or processing. Sum
shouldn‘t to be principle choosing part in perceiving ownership for individual usage and for
selling or further processing. Different dimensions, for example, past of illegal medication
reliance, crime related forerunners (regardless of no matter the individual has been gotten
already for own usage or hawking/clearance of drugs) ought to likewise be taken into
consideration.

8. CONCLUSION & REMARKS

India has so far pursued a methodology focused on criminalization to control drug
enslavement. From the former sections, obviously the NDPS Act and its execution technique
has for the most part neglected to check dealers and wound up focusing on clients and
addicts. As indicated by a few sources, the sweeping prohibition on opiate drugs and
psychoactive matters has had numerous unwanted yet unfriendly results. It has advanced the
utilization of hardcore drugs sometimes and to give a flip to pirating and dark showcasing. It
is basic that society reached far from condemning drug dependents and towards a proof
based general wellbeing initiate which treats matters maltreatment as a medical problem. The
legislature has a point of reference for such a methodology, as a board of trustees report. In
1995, the Expert Committee on Small Quantities under NDPS Act, 1985 suggested that
utilization of little amounts of drugs ought to reach decriminalization since unforgiving
disciplines for drug misuse were counter-profitable. It recommended that early location,
appropriate mental care and complete reconciliation ought to be organized. It prescribed that
as opposed to rebuffing addicts, the law ought to accommodate mandatory treatment by legal
request and for reconciliation and treatment offices. Decriminalizing drug utilize must be
joined by putting resources into the general wellbeing framework and appropriately
provisioning dealing and rehabilitation of dependents. Punjab needs a fair drug strategy,
under which legal requirement centres around dealers, bootleggers and lenders of drugs; and
drug clients and dependents are not disparaged but rather get a affordable medical assistance
and directing to guarantee that they don’t backslide. It is important to re-examine dealing
with compulsion through the criminal equity framework, and consider embracing a general
wellbeing structure.

REFERENCES

[1]. Annuradha KVIN, ‗A flawed Act‘ (2001), Seminar 504: 50-54

[2]. Curtis Vander Waal and others, ―Breaking the Juvenile Drug-Crime Cycle: A
Guide for Practitioners and Policy-Makers‖. Department of Justice, Office of Justice
Programs, National Institute of Justice, 2001
[3]. Dennis Young, Richard Dembo, and Craig Henderson, ―A National Survey of
Substance Abuse Treatment for Juvenile Offenders,‖ Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
32 (2007): 255–66

[4]. Dr. Ravinder Singh Sandhu‘s, ‗Punjab Drug Problem‘ 2016

[5]. Expert Committee on Small Quantities under the NDPS Act

[6]. HP Kumar, The drug menace in India: A growing challenge, Health Millions 1997

[7]. Johann Hari, Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs

[8]. Lok Sabha Debates on the NDPS Act, 1985 (Parliamentary Secretariat)

[9]. Lok Sabha Debates on the NDPS (Amendment) Bill, 2001

(Parliament Secretariat)

[10]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. Of India, Drug De-addiction
Programme

[11]. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, ‗Drug De-addiction Centers‘

(Press Information Bureau, 4 August 2015)

[12]. Rajya Sabha Debates on the NDPS (Amendment) Bill, 1988 (Parliament
Secretariat)

[13]. Stragand and G.V. Stimson, AIDS ad Drug Misuse: the challenge for policy ad
practice in the 1990s. (London: Rent ledge publications, 1990)

[14]. Sue Pryce Fixing Drugs: The Politics of Drug Prohibition, (Palgrave Macmillan,
2012)

[15]. Tripti Tendon, ‗Drug Policy in India‘ (2015)