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a certain thing or be in a
An expression used to indicate that the listener or another person is supposed to do
certain state. ft is used in spoken language.
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statement.

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:~ expre~sion used when the things indicated in the preceding statement are re placed with the things
1
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An expression used when the opposite situation appears in the following statement contrary to the general
expectation of the facts in the preceding statement.

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1 10n for t he fo 1ow,rg state . . . . ent ,.. ,·s
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ssions of indirect speech used to deliver messages by quoting indirectly what others have
!5ed In spoken language.
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-< L. /e)Cll2 ~At
HAt -W2,t4.:il !!Ct - -~LIR

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nf xes used to make causat ve verbs by being attached to the terb stems, and
maK ng another person to do something.

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Ar rl • a S0 ma~.Ps ~0m!'th1n9 to be in a certain state.

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acondition for the following statement. en ioned in the preced,ng stc1tP"'lert, as

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