TEE SPW enue BD DADDADDAD DW 10. "1 CONTENTS Objective Aim Introduction Theory Description Utilities Required Experimental Procedure Observation & Calculations Nomenclature Precautions & Maintenance Instructions Troubleshooting RATIO OF VOLUME © scanned with OKEN ScannerRATIO OF VOLUME EXPANSION PROCESSES OF A PERFECT GAS Ossective: To study the ratio of volumes for air in the two vessels by using an isothermal expansion process . 2. AIM: To determine the ratio of volumes for air in the two vessels. 3. INTRODUCTION: This is a small scale unit designed to introduce students to a perfect gas using air to demonstrate basic thermodynamic processes. The equipment comprises two floor- standing interconnected rigid vessels on a common base-plate, the larger vessel (3) equipped for operation under pressure (pressurized vessel) and the smaller vessel (6) ly equipped for operation under vacuum (evacuated vessel). A free-standing elec operated air pump, together with valves and toppings on the top-plate allow the appropriate vessel to be pressurized or evacuated as required. The vessels can be used independently or together to allow different thermodynamic processes to be affords light evaluated. Both vessels are constructed from clear rigid plastic wi jon between the air inside the vessels and the surroundings to reduce insul heating/cooling but allows each vessel and its contents to retum to ambient temperature reasonably quickly. ‘A number of appropriate valves and tappings are fitted to allow different thermodynamic processes to be evaluated. Equipment Diagrams RATIO OF VOLUME © scanned with OKEN ScannerVALVE TAPPING) HINGHGN-——— : VI Ball Valvey ray allows ai ed vessel 10 the aim allows air to exit the pressurized vessel to the aumoy Vessel has been pressurized V2 Ball Vainy — "allows air to low from the pressurized vessel to the evacuated ves when a pressure ference exists between the two vessels. V3 Ball Vaivey Wallows air to enter the evacuated vessel afier vacuum has been ereat init, V4 (Isolating Valvey | V7 (solating Vaivey |} V5 (Needle Valve) | allows the pressurized vessel to be Tol from the air pump. allows the evacuated vessel to be isolated from the air pump. P {t forms an interconnection between the wo vessels by means of a small | bore pipe thereby enabli ig gradual changes to occur. It can be adjusted {to change the rate at which air flows between the two vessels. ‘V6 (Isolating valve) | Since V5 cannot be fully closed, isolating valve V6 allows this connection to be closed and also allows the setting of VS to be preserved between demonstrations. = Relief Valves | A pressure valve (1) on the pressurized vessel and (7) on the evacuated vessel help to prevent over-pressurization of either vessel. 4° THEORY: An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which the temperature remains constant; AT =0. This typically occurs when a system is in contact with an outside thermal reservoir (heat bath), and the change in the system will occur slowly enough to allow the system to continue to adjust to the temperature of the reservoir through heat exchange. In contrast, an adiabatic process is where a system exchanges ‘no heat with its surroundings (Q=0). In other words, in an isothermal process, the value AT =0 and therefore the change in internal energy AU = 0 (only for an ideal gas) but Q #0, while in an adiabatic process, AT #0 but Q = 0. Determination of Ratio of Volumes The final equilibrium pressure Pabsr can be determined from the ideal gas equation of state: a Pabs.=T, Where m is the sum of initial mass present in the two vessels, m1-+m2 RATIO OF VOLUME : © scanned with OKEN ScannerVol is the total volume of the two vessels, Voll + Vol2 Vis the final equilibrium temperature. Substituting in for m and V gives: Pabs, = etmayer Vour+vore (Bq.1) opened. As the process is Both vessels are at room temperature before the valv isothermal, the initial temperature will be the same as the final temperature, (T! = T= T= 72) According to the ideal gas equation of state: = Yolt Phabss = ar for the volume of the first vessel, mi — Volz Peabss 5 and m2 =—=Es0* for the volume of the second vessel Substituting in to equation | then gives: VolsPrabss , Vol2 Pzabss) er. ver) RT Voli+Volz Cancelling R and 'T, and rearranging gives Volt Prabss+Vol2 Peabss Pr Voli+Vol2 Dividing top and bottom by Vol2, we get: vot fa (Fop)Piabss+P2abss Cr ienesea (Wolly a caaneat Gea) ** This can be rearranged to give the equation for the volume ratio of the vessels, Volt _ P2abss-Pf Volz Pf-Plabss seamaster DESCRIPTION Glass Vessels ‘Two glass vessels are used to perform the experi same height. One is installed with pressure gauge and the other is installed with vent. Both have different diameter but ‘compound ga ‘Temperature Sensors: RATIO OF VOLUME © scanned with OKEN ScannerTwo temper 1 both temperature senso perature © OFS are used, both of which deseribe the emt | J. both of which deverib Pressure Gauge: Two pressure Pressure gauges are used, one pressure gauge and other is vacuul Pump ies of a An air pump is use : Pump is used to supply air for evaluating the thermodynamic properti perlict ya tis used to pressurize the vessel. I can he switched ON/OFF from the panel Vacuum Pump Its also connected to the control panel from It creates the vacuum in the other ves Where it ean be switched ON/OFE Lab Exercise ‘The objective of this exercise is to determine the ratio of volumes for two vessels using the apparatus. , tuntherm a v ally pressurized and allowed to stabilize at ambient the vessel is In this exer temperature. Subsequently, air is allowed to leak very slowly from the pressurized vessel into another vessel of different size via a needle valve. This process is isothermal Uriuities Requirep: 4 Electricity Supply: 220V, Single Phase, 50 Hz. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: STARTING PROCEDURE: Before starting the exercise, ensure that both the rigid vessels are at atmospheric pressure by opening valves V1 and V3 on top the vessels, and close all other valves. The Pay, is assumed to be 760mm of Hg (or 10130N/n’). Close ball valves V1, V3, V5; and open V4 RATIO OF VOLUME © scanned with OKEN Scanner" 0.5 bar (indie, . Godicted on the pressure gauge), switch OFF the air pump and close Pressite Valve V4. 5. Similarly oe . acum : ‘Scuate the other vessel by switching ON the vacuum valve. Set the vacuum Pressure Say -0.6 Kg/em?. py 6. Wait un » tun til the pressure P in the large vessel and vacuum V in smaller vessel has stabilized Will fall slightly as the vessel contents cools to room temperature). Record the starting pressure, P, and Vs. ; ad \ . Open the needle valve slightly to allow air to leak from the pressurized vessel to the evacuated vessel, Oe Adjust Valve so that P falls slowly with no change in T1 or'T2 (ifthe flow of air is too fast then TI and T2 will change and the exercise must be repeated). 10. The pressure P falls in the large pressurized vessel and the pressure rises in the small evacuated vessel 11. Allow the vessel contents to retum to stabilize in pressure and temperature, and then record the final pressure, Ps CLOSING PROCEDURE: — 1. After experiment is over set the dimmer stat t0 zero position. Switch OFF the Mains ON/OFF switch 3. Switch OFF electric supply to the set up. OpseRvaATIONS & CALCULATIONS: DATA: a) Diameter of big column(D1) = 206 mm Length of big column(H) = 345 mm b) Diameter of big column(D2) = 144 mm Length of bi columa(t) = 345 mm, tt FORMULATION: volt = eee (Ratio of Volume) a) Experimental Value; Vola pf=Pt vous _ (en?) Actual Value; aa a (Ratio of Volume) 2 vol2 ((F)co2y?)-4 Vol. = “p,?H, mm’ Vol.2 *D,"H, mm? RATIO OF VOLUME © scanned with OKEN ScannerOBSERVATIONS TABLE: [ S.No. ] INITIAL PRESSURE FINAL PRESSURE Zi Pz Py 7 | — | z . l Error = 5-227! x 100% Expected value of the ratio of volurries (from given diameter and length of columns) Calculated value of the ratio of volumes. i 3 > £ " 0 NOMENCLATURE: Initial stable Pressure in the bigger ves: sel (pressurized vessel). bar. P= P, = ___ Initial stable pressure inthe smaller vessel (vacuum vessel). bar P; = Final common pressure in both the vessel. E = Error, %. PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS: is less than 180 volts and above 10. 1. Never run the apparatus if power supply than 230volts. Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position. Operator selector switches OFF temperature indicator gently. 4, Always keep the apparatus free from dust. 11. TROUBLESHOOTING: |. [electric panel is not showing input on the mains light, check the main supply. If voltmeter showing the voltage given to heater but ampere meter does not, check the connection of heater in control panel RATIO OF VOLUME © scanned with OKEN Scanner