4. Fraunhofer single slit diffraction:- Let us consider a slit AB of width ‘e’. . Let a plane wave front ww’ of monochromatic light of wavelength 1 is incident on the slit AB. ‘According to Huygens principle, every point on the wave front is a source of secondary wavelets. The wavelets spread out to the right in all directions. | ‘The secondary wavelets which are travelling normal to the slit are brought to focus at point Po on the screen by using the lens, Those secondary wavelets have no path difference. Hence at point Pothe intensity is maxima and is known as. central or principal maximum. The secondary wavelets travelling at an angle 6 with the normal are focused at point P; Py Po Plane Lens Screen Wave Front Slit Intensity at point P; depends up on the path difference between the wavelets A and B reaching to point Pi. To find the path difference, a perpendicular AC is drawn to B from A. ‘The path difference between the wavelets from A and B in the direction of @ is path difference = BC = AB sin@ esin® 2a phase dif ference = (path difference) 2n(e'sin @) = een Let the width of the slit is divided into ‘n’ equal parts and the amplitude of the wave front each part is ‘a’ ‘Then the phase difference between any two successive waves from these paris would be 1 1 /2me sin 6 7 (Phase difference) = (FS) sug Using the vector addition method, the resultant amplitude R is nd asin r= sing sina xesin® R=A vna=Aanda a 2 Therefore, resultant intensity | = R? = A? (22) Principal maximum: ‘The resultant amplitude R can be written as In the above expression for a = 0 values the resultant amplitude is maximum R=A Then Imax = R? = A* ‘me sin@ zi sind =0 6 For 6 0 value the resultant intensity is maximum at Po and is known as principal maximum. Minimum intensity positionsJ Will be minimum when sina = 0 a=tmn m= 12,345. me sin®@ aa Dt = tmn esind = tma So we obtain the minimum intensity positions On either side of the principal maxima for all a = +m values. Secondary maximum In between these minima secondary maxima positions are located. This can be obtained by differentiating the expression of / w.r.t @ and equation to zero dl __ d(,,[sinay*\ _ da Zs Fe] )=9 2sine@ d sine 2 — = a da a ) 8 @ sina Az 2sina [ @cos ° @ a In the above expression a can never equal to zero, so Either sina =0 or @cosa—sina =0 sin@ = 0 Gives the positions of minima The condition for getting the secondary maxima is @cosa—sing @cos a =sina @ =tana ‘The values of @ satisfying the above equation are obtained graphically by plotting the curves ¥ = a and ¥ = tana on the same graph. The plots of Y = a and Y = tana is shown in figure. In the graph the two curves intersecting curves gives the values of satisfying of @ satisfying the above cquation. From the graph intersecting points are a = 0,42, 45%, 47% From the above concepts the intensity distribution curve verses @ is shown in figure. tIntroduction He-Ne laser is designed to get a continuous laser beam. Light radiations with higher coherence, higher directionality and higher monochromacity can be obtained from it. But the output power is in the range of few milliwatts. Principle iple of He -Ne laser is based on the pri imulated emission, produced in the active medium of gas. In this type of laser the population inversion takes place due to the interaction between two gases having closer higher energy levels. Characteristics of He-Ne laser Type : Gas laser Active medium Mixture of Helium and Neon gases (10: 1 mix ratio) Pumping method : Electrical pumping Active centre > Neon Optical Resonator : Pair of concave mirrors Power output: 1 to SO mW Wavelength 6328 A Construction : It consists of a gas discharge tube which is made up of quartz. This tube is filled with the mixture of Neon gas under a pressure of 0.1 mm of mercury and helium gas under a pressure of Imm of mercury. The ratio of the Helium-Neon mixture is 10:1 . Thus the number of Helium atoms is greater than the number of Neon atoms. The electrodes at the ends of the discharge tube are connected to a radio frequency oscillator to produce electrical discharge in the He-Ne mixture. The end faces of the gas discharge tube are tilted at the Brewster angle and are called as Brewster angle windows as shown in Figure Brewster windows help to produce plane polarized light by reflecting the perpendicularly polarized light. It consists of a fully reflecting and partially reflecting concave mirror fixed at the left and right ends of the discharge tube respectively. These mirrors act as a resonant cavity. Adjustment for Adjustment for reflector Biedntenwindwe: reflector Quartz tue —~_ Laser Partial ehflector 100% reflector Radio frequency oscillator Working 1. By the electrical discharge in the gas tube, the ground level (Eo) helium atoms are excited to higher levels E, and E of helium as shown in Fig. 2. This process of excitation takes place due to collision of discharged electrons with helium atoms.10. I 12. 13. 14, The excited helium atoms collide inelastically with the neon atoms having close energy level as that of helium atoms. By resonance collisional transfer method, the helium atoms at E2 give up their excitation energy to the ground state neon atoms. Thus the neon atoms are excited to their higher energy level Es. Meanwhile these helium atoms are de-excited and returned to their ground state. This resonant energy transfer occurs because the corresponding energy levels of helium are almost closer to the Neon energy levels. Similarly, the helium atoms at E, give up their excitation energy to the ground state neon atoms and the neon atoms are excited to another higher energy level E; as shown in Fig 3.11. The helium atoms are de-excited and returned to their ground state. Since Es and Es of Neon atoms are metastable states, population inversion takes place at these levels. Any one of the spontaneously emitted photons will trigger the laser action. Thus the stimulated emission takes place between Es and E> giving a laser light ° wavelength of 6328 4. Similarly the stimulated emission between Es and Ey gives a laser light wavelength of 3.39 pm. Another stimulated emission between E3 and E> gives a laser light wavelength of 1.15 ym. The neon atoms undergo transition from E, to E, and from E, to E, in the form of fast decay giving photons by spontaneous emission. These photons are absorbed by optical elements placed inside the laser system. The transitions between Es and E; and between E, and E> are forbidden by quantum mechanical selection rules. The neon atoms are returned to the ground state from E) by non-radiative diffusion and collision processes. Therefore there is no emission of radiation. Afier arriving the ground state, once again neon atoms are raised to Es and E; by excited helium atoms. Thus one can get continuous output from the He-Ne laser. Some optical elements placed inside the laser system are used to absorb the infrared laser wavelengths 3.39 jm and 1.15 wm —- Es — 3 1.15, Sum = Spontaneous a 2 emission —E, —_;* Fast decay (~6000A) | Transition by Diffusion and | collisions Helium Neon Fig. Helium-Neon Energy Levels and Laser transitions diagramAdvantages or Merits: The output is continuous. It has high monochromaticity and directionality wpe Ithas high stability of frequency. 4. In this laser, the cooling system is not required. Disadvantages (or) Demerits: 1. Power output is average. Applications of He-Ne Laser : 1. He-Ne laser is used in open air communication. 2. Itis used to find the size of tiny particles. 3. 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