Eureka 3.

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Instructions:
- This is the question paper. Do not turn over the page until you’re instructed
to do so.

- All answers are to be marked on the answer paper.

- The test comprises 4 MCQs each with possibly more than one correct
answer.

- Each MCQ carries 10 points. If the question is left unmarked, no point is

awarded or deducted from the total. For each correct answer, 2 points are
awarded but if all the correct options are marked, 10 points are awarded. If
even a single wrong option is marked, 10 points are deducted from the total
and none are awarded.

- Fill the provided bubble sheet with appropriate answers against the
respective question numbers.

- The use of calculators is allowed.

- The total time allowed for the test is 60 minutes.

- You may ask for help and if it is deemed necessary, appropriate guidance
shall be provided.

- All physical constant values (without units) are provided within the test and
are to be used. You may not use any other values for these constants.
 SECTION I
1. Leonard Euler, a brilliant mathematician known for his out-of-the-box thinking
and solving hundreds of problems and questions that puzzled mathematicians
before him for centuries, in 1748, in his now-world-renowned book,
Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum , published an identity, now known as,” The Euler’s
Formula” which is given as:
iθ
e =cos θ+i sin θ

Where, e is a transcendental number called the Euler’s number, i is the imaginary

unit equal to √−1, and θ is any arbitrary angle in radians. This formula was derived
from geometric intuitions from within the complex plane.
We know that, a log b=b , where a and b are arbitrary real numbers within the domain
a

over which logarithms are defined. Given the above information, which of the
following is true of 22−i:

4
A) Its value is 0.999+0.012 i

4
B) Its value is 0.769+0.639 i

C) Its value is1.999+0.024 i

D) The value cannot be determined without further information about the
polar coordinates of the complex number to which the base is raised.

2. Willem Einthoven, a British Physiologist, in 1901, invented the first

Electrocardiogram Machine (ECG Machine). It used string galvanometers which
had strings between strong electromagnets. The string showed deflection when
current from the Cardiac Conduction System passed throughout the body. These
deflections were recorded on paper. The resulting record was called “An
electrocardiogram”, a term coined by Einthoven himself in 1895. The ECG (called
EKG in certain countries based on the original German name) has progressed
massively over the years. Modern ECG machines run the paper at a rate of 25mm/s
and can measure even the slightest of depolarizations and repolarizations.
A sinus rhythm (also called “sinoatrial rhythm”), the normal rhythm of the heart,
wherein depolarization (decrease in negative charge within the cell) begins within
the SA (sinoatrial) node, moves throughout the atria into the AV (atrioventricular)
node, spreads through the Bundle of HIS and Purkinje fibers and throughout the
ventricular muscles, is shown below:

Although the heart consists of 4 chambers, it only has two chambers electrically
because both atria contract together and both ventricles contract in rhythm. The P
wave marks the depolarization of atria which originates in the SA node. The QRS
complex marks the depolarization of ventricles. Note that depolarization doesn’t
equate to contraction. Depolarization precedes contractions. The actual ventricular
contraction occurs during the ST segment of the ECG. T wave marks the
repolarization i.e. increase in negative charge within the cells of the ventricles.
This is done to prepare for the next heartbeat. One complete heartbeat consists of
one P wave, one QRS complex, and one T wave (in certain populations a U wave is
also present but those are not of concern here because they are only definitively
linked to electrolyte imbalances such as hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia and
are still an area of active research). A normal ECG consists of 6 leads (so-called
“views” of the electrical activity of the heart) determined across 12 electrodes.
Here we shall only deal with one lead (II, as it is the most essential for clinical
diagnoses). Each small square on the following standard ECG paper is 1mm. The
ECG belongs to a 37 years old 23 weeks pregnant Middle-Eastern woman. Which
of the following is/are correct observations/diagnoses:
 A) Sinus Bradycardia (< 120bpm)
B) Myocardial Ischemia (Reduced blood supply)
C) Sinus Tachycardia (> 120 bpm)
D) Non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

3. The Nobel Laureate of 1912 in Chemistry was Victor Grignard. His achievement
is described by the official Nobel Prize Foundation as:
 “For the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent
years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry.”
The Grignard reagent is any chemical compound having the structural formula
R−Mg−X , where X is a halide and R is a carbon chain. Grignard reagents react
with carbonyl carbons (C=O ). The carbonyl carbon being partially positively
charged is electrophilic whereas the carbon in the reagent is partially negatively
charged and thus a nucleophile. So, a nucleophilic addition reaction takes place and
the R chain of the reagent gets attached to the carbonyl carbon (The π -bond with
oxygen is broken and an oxyanion O−¿ ¿ remains attached to the once-carbonyl-
carbon). Note that the reactions involving the Grignard reagent must take place in a
strictly anhydrous environment. Any contact of the reagent with water even in
vapor form leads to its destruction as:
RMgX + H 2 O→ RH + Mg (OH )X

Consider the following reaction:

Which of the following is/are the product(s) after protonation:

A)

B)

C)

D)

4. Albert Einstein, on the 26th of September 1905 published his eminent paper
titled, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" which aimed to answer the
main question of how electromagnetism appears to observers in different inertial
frames of reference, especially in relative motion. This revolutionary paper
constitutes the famous “Theory of Special Relativity”, named so because it’s a
special sub-set of postulates that hold true only under certain conditions (in inertial
frames). Up until this paper, there were stark incompatibilities between Maxwell’s
equations and Newtonian Relativity. This paper reconciled Maxwell’s equations
and Newtonian Relativity incredibly elegantly and solved the major problems and
discrepancies within Physics till then and at the same time opened the door to
Modern Physics. The Theory has two fundamental postulates which set the stage
for innovations all the way from the Large Hadron Collider and GPS systems to
MRI machines and Nuclear Power Plants. These postulates are stated as under:
 The speed of light (all massless entities move at the “speed of causality” as
it’s called) is a constant for every observer in every inertial frame of
reference.
 The laws of Physics hold true in all inertial frames of reference.
Now the question arises what is an inertial frame. This question is a difficult one to
answer. We shall use the definition that Einstein used in his original paper:
 “...A system of co-ordinates in which the equations of Newtonian
mechanics hold good...”
One important consequence of these postulates is the dilation of length and
time for an observer which is governed by the following equations:

L=Lo
√ v2
1− 2
c
to
t=

√ 1−
v2
c2

Where, v is the speed of the relative motion between two frames of reference
regardless of the sign, c is the speed of causality. If we are in a frame of
reference A and want to determine the time t passing in another reference
frame B relative to us, we use the latter equation wherein t o is the time
passing for reference frame B. Similar is the naming convention for the
former equation.
Suppose two twins, Garret and Tyler, are born at exactly the same time. At
the age of 19.000 years, Garret learns about relativity (possibly during a
Eureka Test) and decides to test time dilation. Next year when both he and
Tyler are 20.000 years old, Tyler leaves the Earth in a spaceship that travels
c
at 3 relative to Earth and returns exactly 5.000 years later (as measured by
Garret). How much younger is Tyler than Garret:
(Take c=299,792,458 m s−1)
 A) 3.37 ×10 9 s
B) 2.89 ×10 9 s
C) 3.52 ×109 s
D) Not enough information to determine

5. In the mid-20th century, Karl Landsteiner collaborated with Alexander

Weiner, a young researcher, to investigate the causes of an infamous disease
of newborns called HDN (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn). (Hemolytic;
“Hemo-“ = ”blood”, “Lysis” = ”breakdown”). In 1939, Weiner, working at
the University of Pennsylvania, discovered the presence of an additional
antigen on the surface of erythrocytes within the glycocalyx, which he
termed the Rh factor, while inoculating rabbits with erythrocytes from
species malatta belonging to genus Macacu, commonly referred to as the
Rhesus Monkey. Antibodies, never previously isolated, were produced
within the blood of the rabbits thereby indicating the presence of a
previously unidentified antigen, now called the Rh-antigen. The inheritance
of the Rh-antigen follows an autosomal dominant pattern. The Punnett
square is shown below:
D D'
D DD DD
’
D DD D’
’ ’ D’

D is dominant over D’. D allele shows the presence of Rh-antigens.

If an Rh-negative mother is carrying an Rh-positive fetus for the first time,
the fetal blood may cross the placenta-blood barrier and enter the mother’s
blood where it can cause sensitization (production of antibodies) with very
little to no problems. However, now, if this mother becomes pregnant again
with an Rh-positive fetus, there is risk of HDN occurring which cause
jaundice, edema, organ enlargement, anemia etc.
If a newborn has HDN, which of the following is necessarily true:
A) The mother is Rh positive
B) The father is Rh positive
C) The father carries no D’ allele
D) The mother may or may not carry Rh-antibodies