F. Angulo-Brown® Departamento de Fisica, Escuela Superior de Fisica y Mateméticas. Instituto Politeenico Nacional. dif. No. 9, U.P. Zacatenco, 07738 México, D.F. Mexico (Received 13 June 1990; accepted for publication 7 February 1991) An ecological optim eS criterion for finite-time heat engines \ 2 am ae [An endoreversible Carottype heat engine is studied under the usual restrictions: no friction, working substance in internal equilibrium (endoreversibility), no mechanical inertial effects, tnd under Newton's cooling law for heat transfer between working fuid and heat xerwoirs. A monoparametric family of straight lines which is foeficient is found; ie, all points (engine configurations) that belong fo same line have the same efficiency. ‘Klong each line the power output divided by entropy production isa constant. From these properties and by using some dissipated quantities, relationships are obtained between Fevers work and fnite-time work and between reversible efficiency and fnitetimeefficivcy, ‘An “ecological” criterion is proposed for the best mode of operation of this heat engine. Tt consists in masimiring a function representing the Best compromise between power and the product of entropy production andthe cold reservoir temperature. The corresponding Eieney results almost equal tothe average of the Carnot andthe Curzon and Ahlborn [Am J. Phys, 43, 22 (1975)] efficiencies. |. INTRODUCTION Considerable attention has been devoted to the prob- Jem of the best mode of operation of heat engines working in finite time.'-"' The most studied model consists of an endoreversible Carnot-type cycle with finite heat transfer in the isothermal branches. This heat transfer is given by Newton's cooling Law. This cycle is called the Curzon and Ahlborn (CA) cycle. The pioneering work of these two authors! opened the perspéctive of establishing more real- istic theoretical bounds on thermodynamical processes that produce entropy. This goal has been only partially reached, because of the difficulties introduced by irreversibilities, which differ from those of most simple heat conduction models. Some authors'® have made the maximization of the power or the maximization of the efficiency as the eriterion of merit for the best performance of the CA cycle, while others“ have proposed the entropy production minimiza- tion instead, The legitimacy of the first criterion has been recognized" for short-term goals and the legitimacy of the other two for long-term goals (such as preserving natural resources). In this paper we introduce a new approach to study the CA eyele under the usual restrictions" of no friction, en- doreversibility, no mechanical inertial effects, and thermal conduction in the coupling between heat reservoirs and ‘working substance governed by Newton's cooling law, that dQ, ae a(T,—Tiw) aX, 40, a B(Tw — T2) =BY. w 2'Alo: Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, México. 7465 J. Appl Phys. 69(11), 1 June 1991 02 .8979/91/117485-05503.00 where dQj/dt (j= 1,2) is the heat flux, cand B are the constant conductances, and ris the time. Ty and T3 (Ty > T;) are the fixed temperatures ofthe heat reservoirs, and Ty and Tay (Tw. > Toy) are the isothermal branch tem- peratures. X and Y are defined by X = Ty — Tyw and ¥ = Taw — Tz (sce Fig. 1). ‘We discuss in See, IT some geometrical properties of the power convex surface P(X,¥) of the CA cycle, which has a single maximum! in the domain where it attains positive values, The properties of this surface are linked to the entropy production surface o(X,¥) corresponding to the same cycle. The o(,¥) surface corresponds to a func- tion that increases for inezeasing X (for constant Y) or for increasing ¥ (for constant X) in the same domain, We find that, inthis domain there exists a monoparametric family of straight lines along which the efficiency is a constant” [for all paics (X,Y) belonging to these isoeffcient straight lines]. In See. IIL we present some results obtained from the properties of the soefficient straight lines. The ratio between the power and the total entropy production g(%,Y) is a constant for all (X,Y) befonging to the same isoeffcient straight line. In Sec. IV we propose as a criterion of merit for the CA cyele, the maximization of a function EUX.Y) repre- senting the best compéomise between power and entropy production (times a factor 73) for a given engine config- uration (X,Y). This function i§ a Legendrestike transfor- mation" between PUX,Y) and Tyo(%,Y) surfaces. In the appendix we show calculations made with the results of Sec. 1V, using heat engine data reported in Ref. 8, and we compare them with corresponding results of maximum power criterion. The agreement between our results and those of Ref. 8 (minimum entropy production criterion) is ‘good, We wish to remark that efficeney, st maximum 9 1991 American Inettuto of Physics 7865FIG, 1, Pressurevolume diagram for CA cycle. X= T; — Tyw and Ye Tw Tr EUGY) regime, is almost equal to the average between Carnot (maximum efficiency) and CA (maximum power) efficiencies. ll. POWER AND ENTROPY PRODUCTION The power delivered for the CA cycle, in terms of temperature differences X, ¥ and considering instante- neous adiabats is given | vs __OBXY(Ty = T,X —¥) “atk aBrYS + (e- DXF ‘The average entropy production per cycle for heat res- ‘rvoirs plus working substance for an engine configuration yy is? @ ok) = aB ( YT, +XV'T, ) “TT; \aTX + BT + (@—B)XY)* a) where AS is the total entropy change and r is the cycle period. Equations (2) and (3) are obtained considering that the working substance undergoes endoreversible cy- cles. Equation (2) defines the domain D=¥|KEOT; — Ti}, Y=T1— TX, where P(X,Y)>0, which is a triangle formed for the straight lines X = 0, ¥ = O,and Y= Ty — 7; ~ X. There- fore, the interval for X and ¥ are (0,7, — Ta} and (0.7; — Til, respectively. In domain D, the function P has a single maximum in the CA point, given by ak ERE (4a) ‘ie (4 = Tara) cay 7466 4 AppL Pig, Vol 69, No.1, 1 June 181 ‘The efficiency corresponding to the maximi regime is! Ts ot ee I * aa ee amg “his expesion has gained celebrity," and has been —\ celebrity. derived, by following several approaches for the CA | eye. ‘From Eqs. (2) and (3) it follows that PUKY) =8(X.N0(X,¥), (6) where £(4,Y) is given by e@YN=TNTNUT—T%-X-Y(rx+7,7)). ~ m which has a dimension of temperature and, the CA point (with a=), reduces to snY)= Vn. cy As a consequence of Eq. (6) we obtain (a),--#() g 2%) =~ 8 (2X) (8) and il). we (=), (X,Y) corresponds to a convex surface with a single maximum in domain D and a(X,¥) corresponds to a func: tion that increases for increasing X (for constant Y) or for increasing Y (for constant X) in such a domain, o(X,1) vanishes along the X and ¥ axes. Therefore o(X,¥) has _ directional maxima along straight lines with negative slope ~ in domain D. In particular, ¢ has a directional maximum _ in the CA point (X*,¥*). Then, ao) ax arax on 5), a* (57), a @ 0 where dis the magnitude of, which isthe infinitesimal displacement in the considered direction. From Eq. (9) and using Eqs. (8), it follows that in the case of ay (AY. ss Rae cM ‘After substittion of Eq, (7) in Eq. (10) we obtain ay Th Y+T ie. xo hae v and this expression gives us the slope — m? of the straight _ Tine parallel to the directional derivative of @ in (X*,Y") From Eq. (11) we obtain S Yom*T,— T,X, a2 which is a particular case of the monoparametric straight-~ line family given by YamT, —T;—mX, a ~ F.AnguleBronnwith m = Tay/T;w. Along this straight-line family, the o ssarface has directional maxima.'* Il, ISOEFFICIENT STRAIGHT LINES If we substitute the straight line given by Eq. (13) in the expression for the Carnot endoreversible efficiency, (r+ WAT —*H1. ‘we obtain q=l-m. aay ‘Thus, slong the mentioned straight line, all pairs (X,Y) belonging to it correspond to cycle configurations that have the same efficiency. These straight lines can be observed in Fig, 1 of Ref. 9 for the dimensionless quantity Wt", where 7" is the effciency at maximum power Te ime. From Eq. (14), the CA point of maximum power is fot the unique point with efficiency given by 7Icq = 1 — VTG/T;. All points (X,Y) which belong to the straight (for a= B), Y= \Fihi—Tr— (VT X, as also have that efficiency. “The isoeffcent straight lines can be generated for any Xoe{0,7, — T] by the following procedure. The configu- rations (0,Yo) and (X90) where Xo and Yo are the inter- sections of isocficient straight lines, with X and Y axes respectively, correspond to the efficiencies gal (Typ/T)=1— (T/T 16) which implies TwTaw=TiTe a7) UsingX = T; — Tiwand ¥ = Tow — T,inEq. (17), ‘we obtain YeaTXM(T,-¥. 18) ‘Then, from Eq, (18), given Xp we obtain Yo and con- sequently, m = Yo/Xp. The function g(X,¥) defined in Eq, (7), along the iseficient line (Eq. (13)], is given by a(n) =[T,Tx(1— mm — Ta). aa =m, this expression In terms of the efficiency 7) ‘becomes e(n=T T/T = T.— aT) (20) “The work performed during the cycle period + in the CA cycle can be calculated using Eq. (6). It results in W=eas, ay cr, using Eq. (20), we obtain WealN TT —Tr- aT 1S, (2) Introducing the absorbed heat Qj, through the usual definition of efficiency, we cari write a(nd/n=QV/d, (3) from which we obtain 1467 J. Appl. Phys, Vo. 69, No. 11, 1 June 1984 q=1ce— THAS/Q)), where 27¢ is the Carnot efficiency and T,A9/Q,=/% thought as a “dissipated efficiency.” We can easily ex fain terms of X and ¥, Sea(T¥ + HOM ~ 1: For an isoefcient straight line, /, becomes | fam — (T/T). 26 Equation (24), in terms of work, is given by Waw,-Tas. {> ene where Wg is the work of the Carnot reversible eyele and is the fnitetime work. TyAS is a “loss work.” Taking AS! from Eq, (21) and after substitution in Eq. (27), we obtains Wa(e/(e+ Te (28) with g/(g + T2) < 1. If we use Ea. (28) tocaleulte the ‘corresponding work entries in Table II of Ref. 8, the agree. tment is good. For instance, for first row 7) = 0.1798, Wa = 4766 J, and W’ = 1497 J, using Eq. (20) and Bq, (2815, we obtain g(m) = 137.286 K and 17 = 1496.29 J. IV. CRITERION OF MERIT S Diverse criteria of merit have been proposed for the optimization of finite-time engines.*"° In the CA. work, ‘maximization of power has been proposed while other authors have minimized entropy production. The mini ‘mal entropy production method i considered more ade~ quate for the preservation of natural resources. In thew present paper we look for the engine configuration (X,Y) Which gives the best compromise between high-power out put and low To. If we multiply Eq, (27) by 7~', we obtain P= (W,/z) — Tyo. The function Tyo, therefore is a kind of “loss power.” In this section we seck the pair (ZY) which maximizes the difference between the prow duced power P(X, ¥) for this configuration minus the “loss power” To. Let ¥ EY =P(KY) — TY). (sy EU&GY) corresponds to a convex surface with a'singu maximum in domain D (see Fig. 2). By substitution of ‘Eqs. (2) and (3) in Eq. (29), we get - Ty, TATA 1) = (Ti+ TIX = 2H wis arx+anr+ta-mxy ~*~ x CCaeunting 7 /06(35/2X),=0,weotisin BIT UT, — Ts) ~ (Ty + YX 201 AX(T)4 Talat X + BT + (@-BAY, COV and calculating T,/a(2F/A¥) x = 0, it follows that aT XUT MT, —T2) — (Ty + TOX— 271) 4 BTV + (@—P)XY) G2) F.AnguloSrown 7067 =27 Yel:eT rt’ Cee Ce rR € € FIG. 2. ELXY) surface for T= 1000 K and 7; = $00 K with a= B= I00I/Ks From these equations, it follows that BUY/aTX=[(T) + T)XATWYI (33) which becomes ¥=[aTy(T, + 7)/26T}]'7X. (34) After substitution of Eq, (34) in either Eq. (31) ot Ea (32) we obtain (X*,¥*); the point where E(X,Y) has a ‘maximum, In order to compare this with reported results,* we analyze the case a=, From Eqs, (34) and (31) it follows that Xai (TM —TYMT + T4274), (35) with A=(TAT + TAT)" (36) and Yt mAX*, an The corresponding Carnot endoreversible efficiency X,Y) given by the expression YO WMT =X"), a a L+2e+hBe+ 6)? Wane yey EF (3s) with € = 7,/T, and ne = 1 — € We show the plot of Ea. (38) in Fig. (3) for € in (0,1). We wish to remark that ‘expression (38) is in good agreement with the function FE) given by e+ Mca é( at), (39) 21+ WO as can be scen in Fig. 3. The largest difference between 77 and #} is around 0,02,, (In Table I of the appendix, we show numerical results for our criterion of maximum E, and compare them with the corresponding maximum Power results, using heat engine data taken from Table [I of Ref. 8.) 7468. App. Phys, Vol 69, No. 11, 1 June 1981, o 1B FIG. 3. Comparison between (Ens efceney) and i} = (ne tea) Ea 9). respectively \V. CONCLUDING REMARKS. Finitetime thermodynamics opened the promising perspective of finding answers, within a theoretical frame- work, for a wide spectrum of questions related to real dis- sipative thermodynamical processes. One of such questions is the problem of finding realistic bounds for some process variables, such as work, power, efficiency, and others. An- other important issue has been to find the best mode of ‘operation of heat engines, under more realistic conditions than reversible ones. Diverse criteria of optimization for finite-time heat engines have heen proposed. Some of thera maximize power, efficiency, effectiveness, of profit, and there are also those that minimize the loss of available work or entropy production. We have shown that it is possible to use other optimization criterion for searching the engine configuration that makes the best compromise between power output and “lost power.” This criterion has a Tong-range goal in the sense that it is compatible with ecological objectives. Our numerical results are within the range of those obtained by minimizing the entropy produc- tion. (See Table Il, Ref. 8.) From Table lit is easy to note thatthe use of the CA (maximum power) criterion brings about s high-entropy production as expected. On the other hhand, the use of the maximum E criterion gives about 80% of the maximum power but with an entropy production of only 30% of the entropy that would be produced by the maximum P criterion. The minimum entropy production (MEP) criterion® does not take into account the produced power per cycle and it allows the minimum value of 6 to be reached inthe limit of slow engine operation. In comparing the results obtained in this paper with those obtained by MEP criterion for similar cycle periods, we observe that our criterion appreciably reduces entropy production and, in addition, improves power production by about 10%. We have found that efficiency corresponding to maximum E(X.Y) is almost equal tothe average between Carnot and F. Anguio-Brown 7468ee ey © @€ & € E © ¢ € « © power erterion (s) FADLE 1 Namerial est for the CA yee with Em riteion (+ compared wih maximum ™ © © (K) OsK) (wt) OW) ow) cave engine” x oe he Gee EE ge ow ont fete Het ft gt RO, Sen Fi K, F= 30K Fe gin ma seein HERD ay nT 1a TAG Os nator 1038.1 a et ies Srl) STW SIR 4362080 O87 106A OS OMST NSS jens ipoik 388160 312018 0310 -284aes AT OEMS 0 GIN Seery Woes yys0s 323208 «10ND «TSA 255 SUSIE OS OMY AE tess? 201d 385.8 31018310 20K3es 143 MOLTKS SN NeuT ios yom ss, 10m WSIS O76 sasskOS_OM) CA efficiencies. We have also shown that an isoefficient monoparametric straight-line family exists in the X-Y" plane, which permits some relations between reversible and Frite time quantities to be obtained by means of a simple procedure. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ‘The author would like to thank Dr. E. Pifla for usefull iscussions and Drs. A. Queijeiro, A. Garcia, and J. Ortiz for manuscript revision. ‘APPENDIX ‘The results shown in Table I are calculated for an ideal 1g with a= B, by using our optimization criterion. Each Solumn is compared with corresponding results obtained with the maximum power criterion. The expansion and times %, and f, are calculated from 1, = Qy/ax and ty = Qs/aY.wit compression th Q, = RT wn Vinax/ Vasa) wln( Vayy/ Von)» Where R is the uni “aid Q, = RT sal gas constant and Pau Vpin & tie compression ratio. We 7460 J. Appl. Phy. Vol. 69, No. 11, 7 lune 1981 sec in Table [ that ¢* = f° asit occurs with tf and for maximum power criterion (for a=). The (X~.Y") configurations for Emax criterion are in good agreement with the results in Table IL in Ref. 8, where a minimal entropy production criterion was employed for the same heat engine data. 1. L, Curzon and B, Ahtboen. Am. J. Phys. 43,22 (1975), SD, Gutkower Keasin, . Prcacsia, and J. Ross, J. Chem, Phys, 68, 3998 (1978), XA. De Vou: Am. 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