RTE 025 Interventional Radiology

Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: INTRACRANIAL ANGIOGRAPHY Materials:

Book, pen and notebook, index card/class list
Learning Targets:
References:
Upon completion of this lesson, the radiologic technology student can:
INTRACRANIAL ANGIOGRAPHY
1. Define intracranial and cerebral angiography;
2. Enumerate the preparations needed; and https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/45.1.1
3. Discuss and follow the essential steps in cerebral angiography
procedure CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY

https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?
pg=angiocerebral

LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW (10 minutes)

After giving you a lecture on Patient Care in Angiography, it`s time to assess your understanding through answering the
following questions:

1. What is the importance of explaining the angiographic procedure to patient prior the exam?

2. What is the importance of knowing previous anaphylactic reactions the patient experienced?

3. As a radiographer, why it is important to build rapport to the patient prior, during and after the procedure?

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

A. MAIN LESSON (50 minutes)

You will gain knowledge and learn about this lesson:

INTRACRANIAL ANGIOGRAPHY

THE RAPID and extensive development of intracranial surgery during the past twenty years has been facilitated in great
measure by the employment of x-ray procedures by means of which it is possible to investigate the skull and its contents in
great detail prior to direct surgical exploration. The oldest and simplest of these, x-ray examination of the cranial bones,
depends for evidence of underlying brain lesions upon the discovery of associated osseous abnormalities. A few lesions,
characteristically associated with lime salt deposition in otherwise radiolucent tissues, cast recognizable shadows in their
own right. Although this form of study is useful, it is often found wanting when the need for detailed diagnostic information
is greatest.

Intracranial pneumography, which consists of the graphic portrayal of anatomical landmarks in contrast to gas temporarily
introduced into cerebrospinal fluid spaces, enormously broadens the usefulness of x-rays. Many lesions entirely
unrecognizable by ordinary radiographic methods may be identified and described in considerable detail when
pneumography is employed.

Radiographic examination of the skull following the perfusion of intracranial vessels with radiopaque materials is known
as intracranial angiography. Blood vessels, momentarily rendered densely opaque, serve as reference points in detecting
disturbances of anatomical relationships produced by intracranial lesions. This method, very useful when vascular
displacement provides evidence of disease in neighboring tissues, is of special value when the vessels are involved directly.
In particular, the procedure offers a means of obtaining diagnostic information not otherwise available in suspected
intracranial aneurysms, anomalies of intracranial vessels, certain cases of arterial occlusion, and expanding lesions
involving one cerebral hemisphere which have not been accurately localized. Sometimes the vascular pattern provides an
indication of the character of the pathological process.

Angiography, as applied to the arteries and veins of the extremities, has long been accepted as a useful procedure. The
principle was first applied to the circulatory system of the cerebrum in June 1927, by Egas Moniz of Lisbon (1, 2), who
injected the carotid system with 70 per cent strontium bromide. Of six patients so examined, one died as a result of the
procedure. Twenty-five per cent sodium iodide was then substituted for strontium bromide, and approximately 200 patients
were injected over a period of three years. Cerebral vessel shadows proved much more satisfactory in this group, but many
of the patients suffered headaches, convulsions, and transient hemiplegia. In two instances death occurred. In 1931 Egas
Moniz abandoned the use of sodium iodide and began to inject patients with thorotrast, which material he has used
successfully since that date.

The significance of intracranial angiography was soon recognized in other European clinics.

CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY

Cerebral angiography uses a catheter, x-ray imaging guidance and an injection of contrast material to examine blood
vessels in the brain for abnormalities such as aneurysms and disease such as atherosclerosis (plaque). The use of a
catheter makes it possible to combine diagnosis and treatment in a single procedure. Cerebral angiography produces very
detailed, clear and accurate pictures of blood vessels in the brain and may eliminate the need for surgery.

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Your doctor will instruct you on how to prepare, including any changes to your medication schedule. Tell your doctor if
there's a possibility you are pregnant and discuss any recent illnesses, medical conditions, medications you're taking, and
allergies, especially to iodinated contrast materials. If you're breastfeeding, ask your doctor how to proceed. If you are to be
sedated, you may be told not to eat or drink anything for four to eight hours before your procedure. Also, you should plan to
have someone drive you home. Leave jewelry at home and wear loose, comfortable clothing. You will be asked to wear a
gown.
What is Cerebral Angiography
Angiography is a minimally invasive medical test that uses x-rays and an iodine-containing contrast material to produce
pictures of blood vessels in the brain.
In cerebral angiography, a thin plastic tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg or arm through a small
incision in the skin. Using x-ray guidance, the catheter is navigated to the area being examined. Once there, contrast
material is injected through the tube and images are captured using ionizing radiation (x-rays).
Cerebral angiography is also called intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (IADSA). This phrase refers to acquiring
the images electronically, rather than with x-ray film. The images are electronically manipulated so that the overlying bone
of the skull, normally obscuring the vessels, is removed from the image resulting in the remaining vessels being clearly
seen.
What are some common uses of the procedure?
Physicians use the procedure to detect or confirm abnormalities within the blood vessels in the brain, including:

• an aneurysm, a bulge or sac that develops in an artery due to weakness of the arterial wall.
• atherosclerosis, a narrowing of the arteries.
• arteriovenous malformation, a tangle of dilated blood vessels that disrupts normal blood flow in the brain.
• vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessels, generally narrowing them.
• a brain tumor.
• a blood clot.
• a tear in the wall of an artery, known as a vascular dissection.
• a stroke.
A cerebral angiogram may be performed:

• to evaluate arteries of the head and neck before surgery.

• to provide additional information on abnormalities seen on MRI or CT of the head, such as the blood supply to a
tumor.
• to prepare for other medical treatment, such as in the surgical removal of a tumor.
• in preparation for minimally invasive treatment of a vessel abnormality.
The procedure may also be used to help diagnose the cause of symptoms, such as:

• severe headaches
• slurred speech
• dizziness

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

• blurred or double vision

• weakness or numbness
• loss of coordination or balance.

How should I prepare?

Tell your doctor about all the medications you take, including herbal supplements. List any allergies, especially to local
anesthetic, general anesthesia or to contrast materials. Your doctor may tell you to stop taking aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or blood thinners before your procedure.
Tell your doctor about recent illnesses or other medical conditions.
If you are going to be given a sedative during the procedure, you may be asked not to eat or drink anything for four to eight
hours before your exam. If so, you should have a relative or friend accompany you and drive you home afterward.
You will receive specific instructions on how to prepare, including any changes that need to be made to your regular
medication schedule.
You will likely be instructed not to eat or drink anything after midnight before your procedure. Your doctor will tell you which
medications you may take in the morning.
Women should always inform their physician and x-ray technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant. Many
imaging tests are not performed during pregnancy so as not to expose the fetus to radiation. If an x-ray is necessary,
precautions will be taken to minimize radiation exposure to the baby.
If you are breastfeeding at the time of the exam, you should ask your radiologist how to proceed. It may help to pump breast
milk ahead of time and keep it on hand for use after contrast material has cleared from your body, about 24 hours after the
test.

What does the equipment look like?

In this procedure, x-ray equipment will be used.
A catheter is a long, thin plastic tube that is considerably smaller than a "pencil lead", or approximately 1/8 inch in diameter.
A catheter is inserted by a radiologist, usually through a tiny hole made by a needle in an artery in the groin. Using x-ray
guidance, it is painlessly guided through the body to various vessels in the neck that supply blood to the brain.
Other equipment that may be used during the procedure includes an intravenous line (IV), ultrasound machine and devices
that monitor your heart beat and blood pressure.
How does the procedure work?
X-rays are a form of radiation like light or radio waves. X-rays pass through most objects, including the body. Once it is
carefully aimed at the part of the body being examined, an x-ray machine produces a small burst of radiation that passes
through the body, recording an image on photographic film or a special detector.
Different parts of the body absorb the x-rays in varying degrees. Dense bone absorbs much of the radiation while soft tissue,
such as muscle, fat and organs, allow more of the x-rays to pass through them. As a result, bones appear white on the x-
ray, soft tissue shows up in shades of gray and air appears black.

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Most x-ray images are digital files that are stored electronically. These stored images are easily accessible for diagnosis
and disease management.
Fluoroscopy uses a continuous or pulsed x-ray beam to create a sequence of images that are projected onto a fluorescent
screen, or television-like monitor. When used with a contrast material, which clearly defines the area being examined by
making it appear dark (or by electronically reversing the image contrast to white), this special x-ray technique makes it
possible for the physician to view joints or internal organs in motion. Still images or movies are also captured and stored
electronically on a computer.
How is the procedure performed?
This procedure is often done on an outpatient basis. However, some patients may require admission following the
procedure. Ask your doctor if you will need to be admitted.
Prior to your procedure, your blood may be tested to determine how well your kidneys are functioning and whether your
blood clots normally.
Because the cerebral angiogram and recovery period may last for several hours, you will be asked to empty your bladder
before the procedure begins.
A nurse or technologist will insert an intravenous (IV) line into a vein in your hand or arm to administer a sedative. This
procedure may use moderate sedation. It does not require a breathing tube. However, some patients may require general
anesthesia.
In children up to mid-teens, cerebral angiography is usually performed with the patient under general anesthesia.
Devices to monitor your heart rate and blood pressure will be attached to your body.
You will be positioned on the procedure table.
Your head will be held in place using a strap, tape or a foam head holder so you cannot move it during the procedure.
The area of your body where the catheter is to be inserted will be sterilized and covered with a surgical drape.
Your physician will numb the area with a local anesthetic. This may briefly burn or sting before the area becomes numb.
A very small skin incision is made at the site.
Using x-ray-guidance, a catheter (a long, thin, hollow plastic tube) is inserted into a blood vessel through a tiny hole made
by a needle and directed to the area to be examined.
The contrast material is then injected through the catheter. A special machine, called a power injector, is used to deliver the
contrast material at a precise rate and volume. The injector is attached to the catheter for this purpose. When the contrast
material reaches the blood vessels being examined, several sets of x-rays will be taken.
When the procedure is complete, the catheter is removed and pressure is applied to stop any bleeding. Sometimes, your
doctor may use a closure device to seal the small hole in the artery. This will allow you to move around more quickly. No
stitches are visible on the skin. The tiny opening in the skin is covered with a dressing.
Your IV line is removed before you go home.
The procedure is usually completed within one to three hours. Additional time may be required for exam preparation, setup
and post-procedure care.

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

What will I experience during and after the procedure?

You will feel a slight pinch when the needle is inserted into your vein for the IV line and when the local anesthetic is injected.
Most of the sensation is at the skin incision site. This is numbed using local anesthetic. You may feel pressure when the
catheter is inserted into the vein or artery. However, you will not feel serious discomfort.

If the procedure is done with sedation, the intravenous (IV) sedative will make you feel relaxed, sleepy and comfortable for
the procedure. You may or may not remain awake, depending on how deeply you are sedated.
You may feel slight pressure when the catheter is inserted, but no serious discomfort.
As the contrast material passes through your body, you may feel warm. This will quickly pass.
You will be asked to remain very still while the x-ray images are taken.
The most difficult part of the procedure may be lying flat for several hours.
Once the procedure is complete, the catheter will be removed by the radiologist. To prevent any bleeding from the puncture
site, it must be closed either by placing pressure to the site or by applying a vascular closure device which plugs the puncture
site directly. Pressure may be either applied by hand or with a special clamp which takes about 10 minutes for the tiny hole
in the artery to close. If the radiologist determines that a vascular closure device can be placed, a small plug is inserted as
the catheter is removed and quickly seals the puncture site, decreasing the time required for you to lie flat after the
procedure.
You will remain in the recovery room for observation for a few hours following the procedure before you return home.
If the catheter was placed in the groin area, you will be given specific instructions regarding how long you may need to keep
your leg straight. This will vary based on the technique used to repair the hole created in order to insert the catheter. You
may apply ice to the site where the catheter was inserted to relieve pain and swelling.
You may resume your normal diet immediately after the exam. You will be able to resume all other normal activities eight
to 12 hours after the exam.
You should report to your physician immediately if you experience any of the following after your procedure:

• weakness or numbness in the muscles of your face, arms or legs

• slurred speech
• vision problems
• signs of infection at the catheter site
• dizziness
• chest pain
• difficulty breathing
• rash
• difficulty in using the extremity where the puncture/incision was made

Who interprets the results and how do I get them?

A radiologist, a physician specifically trained to perform, supervise and interpret radiology examinations, will analyze the
images and send a signed report to your primary care or referring physician, who will share the results with you.

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Follow-up exams may be needed. If so, your doctor will explain why. Sometimes a follow-up exam is done because a
potential abnormality needs further evaluation with additional views or a special imaging technique. A follow-up exam may
also be done to see if there has been any change in an abnormality over time. Follow-up exams are sometimes the best
way to see if treatment is working or if an abnormality is stable or has changed.
What are the benefits vs. risks?
Benefits

• Angiography may eliminate the need for surgery. If surgery remains necessary, it can be performed more
accurately.
• Cerebral angiography presents a very detailed, clear and accurate picture of blood vessels in the brain. This is
especially helpful when a surgical procedure or other treatment is being considered.
• Results from cerebral angiography are more accurate than those produced by carotid Doppler ultrasound or other
noninvasive imaging of the blood vessels.
• Use of a catheter makes it possible to combine diagnosis and treatment in a single procedure.
• No radiation remains in a patient's body after an x-ray examination.
• X-rays usually have no side effects in the typical diagnostic range for this exam.
Risks

• There is always a slight chance of cancer from excessive exposure to radiation. However, the benefit of an accurate
diagnosis far outweighs the risk.
• There is a very slight risk of an allergic reaction if contrast material is injected.
• If you have a history of allergy to x-ray contrast material, your radiologist may advise that you take special
medication for 24 hours before cerebral angiography to lessen the risk of allergic reaction. However, the risk of an
allergic reaction from contrast material injected into an artery is less than if it is introduced into a vein.
• Women should always inform their physician or x-ray technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant.
• Nursing mothers should wait for 24 hours after contrast material injection before resuming breastfeeding.
• The risk of serious allergic reaction to contrast materials that contain iodine is extremely rare, and radiology
departments are well equipped to deal with them.
• If you have diabetes or kidney disease, the kidneys may be injured due to the contrast material. In most cases, the
kidneys will regain their normal function within five to seven days.
• Any procedure that places a catheter inside a blood vessel carries certain risks. These risks include damage to the
blood vessel, bruising or bleeding at the puncture site, and infection. The doctor will take precautions to mitigate
these risks.
• There is a small risk that blood will form a clot around the tip of the catheter, blocking the artery and making it
necessary to operate to reopen the vessel.
• There is a risk of stroke with this procedure if the catheter dislodges plaque from a vessel wall that blocks blood
flow within the brain. Although stroke may be a complication associated with cerebral angiography, it is uncommon.

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

• Rarely, the catheter punctures the artery, causing internal bleeding. It also is possible that the catheter tip will
separate material from the inner lining of the artery, causing a block downstream in the blood vessel. Given that
children do not usually have plaque in their arteries, they would not be as susceptible as adults to have such a
complication.

A Word About Minimizing Radiation Exposure

Special care is taken during x-ray examinations to use the lowest radiation dose possible while producing the best images
for evaluation. National and international radiology protection organizations continually review and update the technique
standards used by radiology professionals.
Modern x-ray systems have very controlled x-ray beams and dose control methods to minimize stray (scatter) radiation.
This ensures that those parts of a patient's body not being imaged receive minimal radiation exposure.
When performing cerebral angiography in children or young adults, care is often taken to minimize radiation to the ovaries
and testes by placing a lead drape under the pelvis.

What are the limitations of Cerebral Angiography?

Patients with impaired kidney function may not be good candidates for this procedure.
Patients who have previously had allergic reactions to iodine-containing x-ray contrast materials are at risk of having a
second reaction to similar contrast agents.

PREPARING A PATIENT FOR CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

COMMONLY PERFORMED AND HIGHLY accurate, diagnostic cardiac catheterization reveals defects in the heart
chambers, the valves, and coronary arteries. Using fluoroscopy, the cardiologist inserts catheters into one or both sides of
the heart and measures pressures and cardiac output. The cardiologist also may obtain blood specimens for oxygen
saturation testing. By injecting contrast media, the cardiologist can further define cardiac structures, including the coronary
arteries, and assess cardiac wall motion. Depending on the facility and the patient's condition, cardiac catheterization may
be performed as either an inpatient or an outpatient procedure.

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Indications for cardiac catheterization include definitive or suspected myocardial ischemia, syncope, valvular heart disease,
and acute myocardial infarction (MI). It also may be indicated after an MI, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, or
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients having recurring symptoms, and after a heart transplant to
monitor for rejection.

Getting ready

To prepare the patient, teach him about the procedure and answer his questions. Provide booklets, videos, or other
educational tools to reinforce learning. The cardiologist will discuss benefits and risks, such as dysrhythmias, bleeding,
stroke, or MI. Make sure the patient has provided informed consent.

Assess for allergies, especially significant allergies such as a previous anaphylactic reaction to one or more allergens,
including contrast media. Ask if he has a history of asthma, which is associated with an increased likelihood of a contrast
reaction. Also note if he's allergic to medications—including lidocaine, the local anesthetic commonly used for vascular
access.

The patient may be instructed to fast for 3 to 8 hours before the procedure and withhold or decrease the dosages of
scheduled medications (including insulin, antihypertensive drugs, and diuretics). The physician may prescribe pretreatment
prophylaxis for the patient with a history of contrast media allergy. Establish two peripheral venous access sites and infuse
I.V. fluids as ordered to prevent dehydration. Obtain specimens for lab tests (complete blood cell count, electrolytes, blood
urea nitrogen, creatinine, coagulation studies, cardiac biomarkers, and urinalysis). Also obtain a chest X-ray and an ECG.

The femoral and brachial arteries are common catheter insertion sites, although the radial artery also is an option. Assess
and mark pulses on the extremity that will be used. Have the patient void. (He may wear his dentures and eyeglasses during
the test.) Administer analgesics and sedatives as directed.

During the procedure

The test itself lasts 30 minutes to 1 hour, but the entire procedure, including precatheterization and postcatheterization care,
may take up to 4 hours. Tell the patient what to expect, including the following points:

• He'll receive I.V. medication for anxiety and pain as needed throughout the procedure.
• The testing takes place in a cool, darkened room. He'll lie on a special procedure table where X-rays can be taken,
either by repositioning the table or by moving the X-ray machine around him. He'll be attached to equipment for
continuous cardiac, BP, and pulse oximetry monitoring.
• He'll be awake throughout the procedure and may be asked to cough or take a deep breath at certain times. Tell
him to immediately report any unusual symptoms, such as chest discomfort or trouble breathing.
• When contrast media is injected into the left ventricle, he may feel warm or flushed for up to a minute.
• After the test, the catheters are removed and bleeding is controlled with direct pressure or with a vascular closure
device. He'll be continuously assessed and monitored in a postcardiac catheterization recovery area. Depending
on his condition and the method used to stop bleeding, he'll spend some time on bed rest with the affected extremity
immobilized.

Follow-up care

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Assess the patient for nausea or pain (including back pain from lying still) and provide medication as indicated. Assess the
catheter insertion site for bleeding or hematoma with vital signs as ordered. Instruct him to inform you immediately if he
experiences chest discomfort or other anginal symptoms. Review the discharge orders with the patient and family, including
activity restrictions, and educate them about signs and symptoms of complications, including MI, stroke, and insertion-site
bleeding or infection. If indicated, inform the patient that he may need blood urea nitrogen and creatinine monitoring after
discharge. Finally, instruct him to follow up with his primary care provider.

Check for Understanding (25 minutes)

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to correct
answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in you answer/ratio is not allowed. You
are given 25 minutes for this activity:

Multiple Choice

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to correct
answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in you answer/ratio is not allowed. You
are given 25 minutes for this activity:

Multiple Choice

1. It is a radiographic examination of the skull following the perfusion of intracranial vessels with radiopaque materials is
known as:
a. Intracranial angiography
b. Angioplasty
c. PTCA
d. CABG
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Angiography was first introduced by:

a. Neils Bohr
b. Albert Einstein
c. Egas Moniz
d. Thomas Alva Edison
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. It was the first successful contrast agent used by Egas Moniz in 1931:
a. Thorotrast
b. Barium sulfate

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

c. Iopamidol
d. Iohexol
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Which of the following is/are used in cerebral angiography?

a. Catheter
b. X-ray emitting equipment
c. Contrast media
d. All of the above
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

5. It is a thin plastic tube inserted into an artery in the leg or arm through a small incision in the skin:
a. Seldinger
b. Catheter
c. Guidewire
d. Cannula
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Cerebral angiography is also termed as:

a. Intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography
b. Intravenous digital subtraction angiography
c. Intramuscular subtraction angiography
d. Subcutaneous subtraction angiography
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. A cerebral angiogram may be performed to:

a. evaluate arteries of the head and neck before surgery.
b. prepare for other medical treatment, such as in the surgical removal of a tumor.
c. in preparation for minimally invasive treatment of a vessel abnormality.
d. All of the above
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

8. This equipment uses a continuous or pulsed x-ray beam to create a sequence of images that are projected onto a
fluorescent screen, or television-like monitor:
a. X-ray
b. Fluoroscopy
c. Ultrasound
d. MRI
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. In children up to mid-teens, cerebral angiography is usually performed with the patient under:
a. Supervision of a dentist
b. General anesthesia
c. Blood transfusion
d. Supervision of ophthalmologist
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. It is a special machine used to deliver contrast material at a precise rate and volume:
a. Power pusher
b. Syringe
c. Power Injector
d. Automatic Injectible
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
The instructor will now rationalize the answers to the students. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves.
Write the correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.

1. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
2. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
3. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 RTE 025 Interventional Radiology
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

4. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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5. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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6. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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7. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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8. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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9. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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10. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP (10 minutes)

You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you
track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

AL Strategy: CAT 3-2-1

(To develop habits on thinking about learning, teacher writes a question or two that may ask students about their learning
experience, if they met the learning target, what they found difficult / easy about the topic or experience, what strategies
worked for them or not, etc. You can use AL strategy like CAT 3-2-1, Muddiest point and the like.)

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