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CHAPTER 2
THE CHANGING LEGAL EMPHASIS:
COMPLIANCE AND IMPACT ON CANADIAN WORKPLACES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
CHAPTER SUMMARY
This chapter focuses on the legal environment in Canada. It discusses the multiple overlapping
pieces of legislation that attempt to balance employee and employer rights when it comes to
human rights and freedoms, employment equity, employment standards, and privacy. The
chapter differentiates between organizations that are under federal jurisdiction versus provincial
jurisdiction. It discusses the requirement to take steps to protect employees from harassment
and discrimination, in order to reduce legal liability. Specific exceptions that allow discrimination
on prohibited grounds, based on bona fide occupational requirements, are covered, but so is the
requirement to offer reasonable accommodation. The chapter identifies the minimum terms and
conditions contained in employment standards legislation and the complaint-based process for
violations. Finally, in keeping with the continued growth of technology tools, the chapter
discusses how the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) is
used to oversee the collection, use, and disclosure of employees’ personal information.
LECTURE OUTLINE
Both HR professionals and front line managers/supervisors need up-to-date knowledge of the
multiple layers of employment legislation and regulation that affect Canadian workplaces in
order to reduce legal liability and protect against expensive lawsuits. Figure 2.2 (p. 25) lists
several key pieces of legislation that attempt to balance the rights of employers and employees
including the Charter of Rights and Freedoms; human rights legislation; employment standards
legislation; occupational health and safety laws; collective bargaining agreements; and
employment contracts. The judicial system and special regulatory bodies, such as human rights
commissions/tribunals, provide forums for resolving differences between employers and
employees.
Workplace practices are measured against general Canadian legislation that makes it illegal to
discriminate, even unintentionally against members of various groups on prohibited grounds.
1. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms – Far-reaching federal law, enacted in 1982, applies to
the actions of all levels of government and to agencies under their jurisdiction. The Charter
provides fundamental rights and freedoms to every Canadian, including the equality rights
found in Section 15, that provide the basis for more specific human rights legislation.
The three criteria for assessing the legality of a BFOR, as established by the Meiorin case
(Supreme Court of Canada, 1999) are:
The discriminatory policy/procedure was based on a legitimate, work-related purpose
Decision makers/agents believed the requirement was necessary for the role
It was impossible to accommodate employees who could not meet the requirement
without undue hardship on the employer.
5. Human Rights Case Examples - The three most common types of complaints heard by
human rights commissions/tribunals relate to discrimination and/or failure to accommodate
based on:
Disability (roughly 50%) - see Figure 2.5(p. 33) for duty to accommodate disabilities
Gender, including pregnancy and harassment (roughly 20%) - see Figure 2.6 (p. 35)
for examples of harassment
Race or ethnicity (roughly 15%)
Other human rights cases have involved complaints in regards to religion, sexual
orientation, age and family status. Sound anti-harassment policies (see p. 36) when
communicated to all employees and enforced fairly and consistently, can help to create a
harassment free workplace. Legislative systems in Canada allow for multiple opportunities
for appeal; if HR and managers take a proactive approach to ensuring that all programs and
policies are legally defensible, then the risk of becoming involved in lengthy and expensive
human rights proceedings can be mitigated.
6. Enforcement – Responsibility for enforcement of the human rights acts and providing a
speedy and accessible mediation process for dispute resolution falls on the human rights
commission/tribunal in each jurisdiction. These regulatory bodies are also responsible for
bearing the costs of human rights complaints brought forward, to ensure financial resources
are not an obstacle for potential complainants. Employers have a duty to investigate all
claims of discrimination, starting with selection of a workplace investigator (see Figure 2.7,
p. 38)
The Charter of Rights and Freedoms also permits proactive programs that go beyond human
rights legislation, in order to remedy pervasive discrimination against four identifiable groups,
and for whom the complaint-based reactive process was insufficient in changing patterns of
discrimination over time. Employment equity programs are not affirmative action (quotas); their
goal is to achieve a balanced representation of designated group members in the organization
at all levels.
Rockets.
There are several recipes for making rockets, the best of which is 3
ounces of charcoal, 6 of sulphur, 8 of niter, 32 of meal powder.
Another very good one is, 3 ounces of iron filings, 4 of powdered
charcoal, 8 of sulphur, 16 of niter, and 64 of meal powder. If a
smaller quantity is wanted divide each proportion by 2, if a still
smaller divide by 4.
Rains.
Sometimes gold or silver rains are added to rockets, which give them
a very beautiful appearance. A gold rain is made of 2 parts sawdust,
4 sulphur, 4 meal powder, 6 glass dust, 16 niter, in all 32 parts. A
silver rain may be made of 2 parts salt prunella, 8 sulphuret of
antimony, 8 sulphur, 8 meal powder, and 14 niter, in all 32 parts.
Catherine Wheels.
These are very pretty fireworks, and are made to turn on a pivot.
There are many recipes for the composition of which they are
formed; 1 part camphor, 1 sulphur, 1 niter, 2 meal powder. Another
is, 3 parts iron filings, 4 sulphur, 12 niter, 16 meal powder. This
composition is to be rammed into small cases, and bound round a
small wheel having a hole for a pivot in the center.
Crimson Fire.
The principal ingredient in this is nitrate of strontium, of which 40
parts are taken, with 13 of sulphur, 15 of chlorate of potass, 4 of
sulphuret of antimony, and 2 of lamp-black. These, as all the
ingredients for the other fires, should be rubbed in a ladle, and they
may be used in a ladle or iron dish set on the ground.
Blue Fire.
The ingredients of blue fire are 20 parts; 12 of niter, 4 of sulphur, 2 of
sulphuret of antimony, and 2 of lamp-black.
Green Fire.
The ingredients for green fire are in 54 parts; 42 of nitrate of barytes,
8 of sulphur, 3 of chlorate of potass, and 1 of lamp-black.
Purple Fire.
The best recipe for purple fire is of 60 parts; 25 of niter, 25 of nitrate
of strontium, 7 of sulphur, 2 of realgor, and 1 of lamp-black.
White Fire.
The best and purest white fire is made of 24 parts of niter, 7 of
sulphur, 2 of red arsenic, and one of lamp-black.
Spur Fire.
9 parts of niter, 4 of sulphur, and 3 of lamp-black, well rubbed
together.
Blue Lights.
These are made of 4 parts of sulphur, 2 of niter, and 1 of powder,
and are rammed into squib-cases the contrary way.
Port or Wildfires.
Saltpeter 4 parts, meal powder 6 parts, and sulphur 3 parts. The
composition to be moistened with linseed-oil.
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Transcriber’s Notes:
The one footnote has been moved to the end of its section.
Punctuation has been made consistent.
Mathematical notation has been standardized to current conventions. For
example, the notation 1-2 for fractions has been changed to 1/2.
Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in the
original publication, except that obvious typographical errors have been
corrected.
p. 14: There is no illustration in the original book (This illustration represents)
The following change was made:
p. 7: 2 changed to 3 (No. 3, it)
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