Introduction

Ecommerce - Website name is "Zoro". On this website, customers can easily

purchase apple series from online. On this website, the user's data is kept safe, and the
order can be easily and smoothly used.

E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce

E-commerce is a popular term for electronic commerce or even internet
commerce. It is the meeting of buyers and sellers on the Internet. It includes the transfer
of goods and services; Includes fund transfer and data exchange.

E-commerce Model Types

Four broad categories can be used to categorize electronic commerce. The
parties involved in the transactions serve as the foundation for this straightforward
classification. The four fundamental paradigms of electronic commerce are as follows:

Business to Business
Business to business dealings actually occur online. Here, financial transactions
between businesses occur to take place. The consumer at the end is not involved. The
only entities involved in internet transactions are manufactures, distributors, merchants,
etc.

Business to Consumer
The business will deal directly with customers to market their products and/or
services. The customer can look at products, see photographs, and read reviews by
visiting their websites. After that, people place an order, and the business ships their
purchases right to them.

Consumer to Consumer
Consumers actively engaging among themselves, or consumer to consumer. No
businesses are involved. It enables people to directly sell their possessions and assets
to a buyer. Usually, vehicles, bikes, electronics, etc. are the goods swapped. This model
is employed by OLX, Quikr, etc.Consumer to Business

It's business to consumer, the opposite of business to consumer. Hence, the

customer gives the business a good or a service. Consider an IT freelancer who presents
and sells his software to a business. C2B would be the mode of exchange here.
Customer Expectation
Customer support is the collection of operations, attitudes, settings, and
advantages which customers seek out while interacting with a company. Techniques
for customer relationship management can help to determine customer expectations.
Reviews, interviews, and consumer surveys can be used to better understand client
expectations and experiences. Customers anticipate, among other things, prompt
service, minimal longer waits, reliability, spotless surroundings, and the availability of
goods and services. Clients come in explicit, tacit, interpersonal, digital, and dynamic
performance forms. Customer expectations could be managed with the aid of open
communication, competent customer service, being realistic, and customer follow-up.

Importance of customer expectations

Keeping customers happy and ensuring their return is one of every company's
top priority. Meeting customer expectations is important for pleasing them, which is
crucial for maintaining consumers. Hence, one of a company's initial efforts ought to
be to comprehend and meet client expectations.

As a result, this will enhance sales volume and aid the brand in gaining new
clients through term. A loyal client base is produced through repeated purchases. A
company that meets or exceeds the expectations of its customers and enjoys a huge
following would stand out in the market and beat its rivals.
Eco Friendly Shipping
Packaging for eco-friendly transportation needs to be made of biodegradable
substances that can be easily recycled, put to various uses, and decompose right away.
It can also refer to methods like bundling orders into a single shipment, using low-
emission means of transportation, and other techniques to lessen the negative effects of
delivering goods on the environment.

Because they are concerned about losing their current customers, several online
store owners are hesitant to make the following changes. And yet, it's important to
emphasize the evidence that backs it: When purchasing recycled or eco-friendly
products, more than two-thirds of consumers with a deep belief in purpose are willing
to pay an additional premium of at least 35%.

Three strategies for implementing eco-friendly shipping in eCommerce and

maintaining it. There are Use eco-friendly materials, Last-mile delivery using electronic
vehicles with in-store pickup, Enhance and minimize packaging.

Use eco-friendly materials

One method to enhance eco-friendly shipping is to use sustainable packaging.
To obtain more accurate shipping estimates, compare the product's and the package's
dimensions. Be careful not to box objects too tightly with additional packaging. In
addition to becoming cheap, it is also environmentally beneficial. Several companies
offer reusable container ships, which can be returned after the delivery is complete.

To ensure that business shipments are packaged as tightly as possible, reduce

the size of the box and the resources used for packaging (because long as doing so won't
affect company products). By doing this, one may minimize waste while also cutting
down the size, weight, and cost of a shipment.

Last-mile delivery using electronic vehicles with in-store pickup

It is commonly known that compared to conventional automobiles, electronic
vehicles produce significantly less pollution. a company that is truly committed to eco-
friendly delivery, then could altogether switch entire last-mile delivery fleet to electric
vehicles to minimize company carbon footprint. The ability to choose the time and
location of the pickup is one benefit of in-store pickup. Along with the delivery team,
customers can reroute and reschedule their packages to an access point location. This
makes the company more environmentally friendly by enabling them to travel fewer.

Enhance and minimize packaging

Eco-friendly packaging is available from a variety of suppliers. Users may assist
with eco delivery through using recyclable air mattresses rather than bubble wrap and
packaging peanuts, which are more environmentally damaging. Another carrier that
uses green delivery trends is FedEx. FedEx takes great pride in employing envelopes
that, on average, contain 93% or more recycled material. They also recycle the
components that make their packing, white boxes, and brown boxes.

Variety of Payment Options and Installment Payments

The bare least of what is expected from payment processors are offered by the
majority of contemporary online payment offerings: simple, quick, and safe methods
of payment. Some businesses achieve this by eliminating the requirement to submit
lengthy card data or private details. Rather, they operate by using third-party processors
or saved payment options to accelerate checkout. Some of the most well-known online
payment options are listed below:

 PayPal
 Managed Payments by eBay
 Direct Debit Transactions
 Account Transfers
 Payment Cards
 Credit Cards
 Electronic currencies
 On Delivery of Cash.
PayPal
Including approximately 254 ,000,000 members globally, PayPal is one of the
most popular payment methods right now, along with credit and debit cards.PayPal is
an eCommerce online payment business owned by eBay that enables customers to
create an account to pay a charge for each cash transaction.

However, bear in mind that regulations & costs will change depending on the
selected currency and the value of the transactions.

Direct Debit Transactions

The most frequent use of direct debit transactions is in B2b since they enable
automatic, recurring payments. The biggest benefit of direct debits is that payment
occurs practically immediately, eliminating having to wait for clients to settle an unpaid
invoice. The money is simply deducted from their account automatically once the direct
debit has indeed been set up, saving your clients the trouble of having to approve
payments or remember to pay. Regular bills, such as quarterly retainers or subscription-
based business models, would function nicely with this online payment option.

Bank Transfers
Even while not, everyone has a credit card, you can bet that the majority of your
customers have a savings account where they can withdraw their cash. Although
internet purchasing is at an all-time high, many still worry about security whenever
submitting card information. The key advantage of bank transfers is that clients can
make purchases without providing any financial information to you. Additionally,
thanks to open banking measures like PSD2 (Payment Services Directive 2), a law that
enables non-banks, or retail merchants, to initiate transactions without the need of
traditional card brand networks, money transfers used for eCommerce purchases are
only projected to increase.
Payment Cards
Adolescents or internet shoppers without savings accounts frequently utilize
prepaid debit cards. Prepaid cards, as opposed to gift cards, are indeed a special kind of
debit card that has been “laden” with money by a financial institution or credit card
provider. The sum put into the card establishes the card's maximum, and once that limit
has been reached, the card is useless until additional cash are added. Prepaid cards
typically have an age limit of 14 to 16 years old due to this level of control, and as a
result, no credit check is necessary. This kind of payment processing is frequently
preferred by online gaming firms, with one instance being the storage of virtual
currency on prepaid cards for use by players on the in purchases.

Credit Cards
In the sense that they both contain a predetermined amount of money, gift cards
and prepaid cards are similar. Although some retail groups will permit the same gift
card to be used at other affiliated stores, the most popular sort of gift card is properly
known as a closed-loop card, indicating it can only be used with a specific retailer.
Unlike prepaid cards, which may be continuously “reloaded” with money, a gift card
can only be used to the extent of its amount. Gift cards can aid in brand promotion and
consumer recruitment, especially during crowded shopping seasons.

On Delivery of Cash
Simple terms, cash on delivery (COD) enables the client to pay for their
purchases in person with cash or a credit to the courier whenever the products are
delivered. Online consumers frequently choose COD, particularly in nations like India,
Bangladesh, and Thailand where cash payments still are favored. The assurance that
they will receive the things they paid for and won't even run the danger of losing or
wasting any of their money is one of the main advantages of this payment option for
customers.

Also, they can inspect the item for damage before paying for it, making it
possible to return it without needing to do so initially. An attribute that a lot of
customers value is the reality that users do not have to give a merchant their banking
details in order to conduct an online transaction. This lowers the danger of web-based
fraud. Cash on delivery, though, might be expensive for you as a business because
courier services frequently charge a premium for this choice.
Domain Name
It is the distinctive name that follows the @ symbol in email addresses and the
www. prefix in web addresses. For instance, the physical address 198.102.434.8 could
be associated with the domain name example.com. The domain names Google.com and
Wikipedia.org are other examples. It is considerably simpler to remember and enter
web addresses when a domain name rather than a numeric IP address is used to
designate a location on the Internet.

Sub Domain
A domain that is a subdomain of another, bigger domain. To provide simple-to-
remember addresses for websites or services inside their top-level domain, domain
owners can create subdomains.

Primary Domain
A principal domain for Google Cloud services is the one that is entered when
creating the business account.

Secondary Domain
The primary domain determines everything in a secondary domain. Secondary
domains are similarly affected by the deletion or suspension of the original domain.

Communication Technologies
Efficiency and ease are the keys to successful communication technologies in
today's fast-paced world. People now communicate in entirely new ways because to
technology. Simple technologies that were once used for communication have
developed into means of connecting people all over the world. The four main forms of
communication technology telephone, radio, television, and internet—have all made it
simpler to deliver messages.

Telephone
Verbal communication was transformed by the telephone. People can
communicate with one another from anywhere in the world, fostering relationships and
removing the concerns associated with long-distance communication. The telephone
revolutionized spoken, written, and visual communication, and innovative new features
are now reshaping the communication technology landscape.
Radio
Many communicators are still driven to make the most of the radio because of
its low cost and high audience reach. Radio technology is heavily used by information
providers, such as advertisers and newscasters, to communicate with their sizable
audiences.

The dissemination of information to wide audiences has been altered by radio

technology, which also helps to strengthen mass communication.

Television
Television is a different medium for reaching large audiences, but it added a
new advantage to the mix: visual communication. Some information is difficult to
convey in words alone. Television offers viewers the best of both worlds: information
and accompanying graphics. This benefit led to the television overtaking the radio as
the primary medium for public communication. People frequently look to television for
information, whether it be for amusement or bare-bones data.

Internet
Communication professionals no longer require distinct devices for each sort of
communication technology because to the internet. One may do everything online in
one spot. The internet, which rules the world of interaction, successfully unites all forms
of communication technology and houses them in one location. It offers the broadest
selection of information and communication sources presently available to humans.

Another illustration of one of these technologies is customer communication

software. While other devices make it simple for businesses to communicate with their
customers, some technologies are frequently labeled hybrid, combining various forms
of communication. Live chat is a unique hybrid tool that incorporates all forms of
communication, including written, verbal, nonverbal, and rich media, using instant
messaging, audio and video conferencing software, and file sharing features.

Web Technologies
There are three different types of web development. Advanced web
technologies are the establishment and use of a mechanism that makes it possible for
different computers to communicate and share resources. A full-stack development in
the web is a web technology that combines front-end and back-end development. There
are numerous latest web technologies trends such as Blockchain Technology,
Progressive Web Apps, Internet of Things, Push Notifications, Accelerated Mobile
Pages, AI-Powered Chatbots, Content Management Systems, Virtual Reality,
Cybersecurity, JavaScript Framework, Cloud Computing, Micro Front-ends, and many
more.

Web Server
Dynamic web server: Dynamic web servers include a static server, application
server, and database. It is known as dynamic as it uses the application server to update
hosted files before sending them to the user's browser via HTTP. A web server connects
to the Internet and supports physical data interchange with other devices connected to
the web. On the software side, a web server includes several parts that control how web
users access hosted files.

Server Software
Server software provides and facilitates the harnessing of underlying server
computing power for use with an array of high-end computing services and functions.
Server software is primarily built to interact with a server’s hardware infrastructure,
including the processor, memory, storage, input/output (I/O) and other communication
ports.

Web server software

 Application server software
 Database server software
 Cloud computing server software
 File server software

Each of the above types of server software utilizes the server for different functions
and services, but all focus their primary objective on using inherent computer capacity
and resources. Moreover, server software may be for a physical or virtual/cloud server
built on a physical server.

DBMS System
Data is saved, retrieved, and evaluated with software called database
administration systems (DBMS). Users can create, read, update, and eliminate data in
databases using a DBMS, which acts as a link between them and the databases that
contain their information. DBMS manage the data, the database engine, and the
database schema, allowing for data to be manipulated or extracted by users and other
programs. This helps provide data security, data integrity, concurrency, and uniform
data administration procedures.

DBMS optimizes the organization of data by following a database schema

design technique called normalization, which splits a large table into smaller tables
when any of its attributes have redundancy in values. DBMS offer many benefits over
traditional file systems, including flexibility and a more complex backup system.

Database management systems can be classified based on a variety of criteria

such as the data model, the database distribution, or user numbers. The most widely
used types of DBMS software are relational, distributed, hierarchical, object-oriented,
and network.
Ecommerce Marketing
Marketing for e-commerce entails using advertising techniques to enhance sales
and traffic to a website. And its advantages are clear: it strengthens the business, opens
access to new clients, and maintains relationships with current customers. If it's user-
generated substance, social media, or content marketing, chances are high the fact that
already have a load of e-commerce marketing resources accessible to businesses.
Although each tool is effective and efficient, e-commerce marketing strategies combine
a variety of channels and messaging to connect with those who shop when and where
they are most receptive to it.

Ecommerce Marketing Strategies

A person must decide what one's objectives are before launching a marketing
campaign. Before creating a plan, take into account these common objectives:

 Involving more people

 Retaining more of the current customers
 Lowering website customer turnover
 Lowering the number of shoppers who leave their trolleys unattended

Choosing e-commerce marketing techniques that target the correct customer with
the right message will be easier for the company for those who are aware of what one
hopes to achieve. A person will use all of the available tactics and resources once
someone become accustomed to them. But to make the process more manageable, start
with a particular objective.
Web Content Marketing (blogs)
E-commerce content marketing is essential for any retail company since it
propels the company to the top of search results and enables them to form bonds with
their clients. A well-written blog can position you as an authority in the subject.
Additionally, it can respond to typical customer queries, assisting with guiding them
through a sale. Publish frequently and use keywords and phrases into the content for
the greatest outcomes. When coming up with blog topic ideas, take into account the
online searches that will lead visitors to the company's web page. By guest posting
alongside other companies, the company can reach a larger audience.

Use material that speaks to the viewers to engage them. Someone wants to
present a worthwhile experience and establish their credibility. Analyze data to see what
the readership is interested in reading, then deliver it to them. Not just written blogs are
a part of content marketing. Consider presenting a video series if it is comfortable in
front of the camera. One may boost the search engine rankings by including keywords
and phrases in the video descriptions and including a link to the online store. Add a
social media presence that is active to the content plan to help direct visitors to the
website.

Social media marketing strategies

Customers most likely use social media thus; one or more channels should be
highlighted in the e-commerce marketing efforts. Social networking is ideal for
promoting the online store and enticing visitors to make purchases there. Create a
company account on one or more of the following well-known platforms:

o Facebook
o Instagram
o Pinterest
o Twitter
o TikTok

Multiple profiles can be managed using a digital marketing tool, but if it doesn’t
care about keeping an online presence on every site, focus on these two.
Strategies for Email Marketing
Daily email users total about 4.3 billion. It's excellent for enhancing the
business and preserving connections with clients who have already made purchases
from the business. Regularly interact with customers by sending them a mix of
automated and human-written emails.

Mail is an excellent instrument for advertising specials and other exclusive

offers. The mailing list becomes more useful thanks to this e-commerce marketing
strategy because email subscribers can take advantage of sales and other limited-time
offers. Use a specific promo code when creating a campaign that is only available to
the list in order to keep track of how many subscribers took advantage.

Send coupons to anyone on the email list who have expressed interest. One can
give them coupons on key days like their birthday or anniversary or you can surprise
them with exclusive seasonal offers. Personalized offerings that demonstrate the
concern for their needs will keep them coming back.

These emails typically begin with a subject line that informs recipients that you
miss them or invites them back. Send out a special offer to entice them back, along with
pictures of trendy goods.

E-commerce Supply Chain Stages

Every phase of the e-commerce supply chain has value and can be vital to
running a profitable online store. These phases entail:

 Market demand and supply

 Storage and inventory control
 Order management and entry
 Delivery, distribution, and refunds.
Market demand and supply
Supply and demand, as in the majority of business sectors, have a substantial
impact on how a company sets pricing and how effectively it can fill customer orders.

Businesses must establish a balance between supply and demand in their

product selection in this stage to flourish. This will result in a situation where its goods
and services are in demand by customers. Flexibility is also essential in this situation
because it serves the greatest good to be able to adjust to changes in the market.

Storage and inventory control

The supply chain process includes warehousing, which performs tasks like
storing items and physically packaging orders. It serves as the focal point for all of your
storing, distributing, and receiving responsibilities.

Many businesses use a warehouse management system (WMS) and inventory

management software programmed to handle warehousing and inventory tracking,
which helps to support their operations, monitor inventory levels, and keep things going
smoothly.

Order management and entry

Order entry is the process of entering a sales order into an order processing
system after an order slip has been recorded there. After completing this procedure,
firms can plan the tasks required to complete the transaction, such as purchasing
supplies, establishing precise shipping guidelines, or evaluating invoices.

The term "order management" is a little different because it describes a

procedure that engages with practically all phases of the e-commerce supply chain.
Coordinating all aspects of order fulfillment, from order collection to service
availability, is made easier for enterprises. A specialized order management system
(OMS) can help firms by automating processes, generating real-time information, and
streamlining the order lifecycle.
Delivery, distribution, and refunds
The vendor is the main focus of redistribution and transportation; the transit of
goods from the producer and point of origin to the location of sale is also important.
Among the tasks involved in distribution management include shipping, warehousing,
and packaging. The opposite side of the coin is returns, where merchandise travels
backwards from the last point of sale to the seller.

Systems for payments in e-commerce

Websites for e-commerce use electronic payment, which is a term for cashless
financial transactions. By lowering the amount of paper required, the cost of
transactions, and labor costs, electronic payments have revolutionized company
processing. It aids commercial organizations in extending their market reach or market
expansion because it is user-friendly and takes less time than manual processing.

Credit Card
A credit card is a little plastic card with an account number and a unique number
on it. Additionally, it contains a magnetic stripe built in it that card readers utilize to
read credit cards. After that, the consumer is set a time frame to settle their debit card
bill. The monthly credit card payment cycle is typical. The participants in the credit
card system are listed below.

Debit Card
It is a small metal card with a unique number associated with the bank account
it belongs to. A bank account is necessary before requesting a debit card from the bank.
Even businesses frequently accept debit cards. Limiting the amount that can be withheld
from a debit card each day enables the user to maintain tabs on their spending.

Smart Card
An intelligent card looks like something like a credit or debit card, but it also
has a little microprocessor chip within. Information about a customer's personal or
professional life may be stored on it. Money is also stored on smart cards, and the
amount is taken off after each transaction.
Only a PIN that each customer is given can be used to access smart cards. Smart cards
are safe since they save data in an encrypted format, cost less money, and offer quicker
processing. Examples of smart cards include Mondeo and Visa Cash cards.

Electronic Fund Transfer

Transferring money from one bank account to another bank account
electronically is a relatively common payment method. Accounts may be held in one
bank or several banks. For exchanging money, use a money changer (ATM) or a
workstation. Internet-based EFT is becoming more and more common today. In this
instance, a client checks in to the bank's website using the website it has provided and
establishes a new bank account. Then, the request to transfer a specific sum to that
account is made. The consumer is informed by the bank of the fund transfer once the
money has been moved to another account.
Use Case Diagram
Wire Frame
Site Map
E-Commerce Website coding
Resolve the errors encountered

Database Error
This error is an error message displayed when the developer enters the wrong
database name or when the database is not yet built. To solve this error, developer need
to enter the correct database name.
Undefined Variable Error
There is no referenced variable. An undefined variable error occurred. To solve
this error, the developer needs to add the specified variable.
Fatal Error
A fatal error is another type of error that occurs due to the use of an undefined
function. Although the PHP compiler understands PHP code, it also recognizes
undefined functions. This means that when a function is called without providing its
definition; The PHP compiler generates a fatal error. To solve this error, the developer
must enter the correct syntax.