El Heat and Mass Transfer 12.3. SHAPE FACTOR ALGEBRA AND SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SHAPE FACTOR ne In order to compute the shape factor for certain geometric arrangements for which shape fag oF equations are not available, the concept of shape factor as fraction of intercepted energy, ang reciprocity theorem can be used. The shape factors for these geometries can be derived in temmy known shape factors of other geometries. The interrelation between various factors is called shape factor algebra. For the calculation of shape factors for specific geometries and for the analysis of radiant exchange between surfaces, the following facts and properties will be useful: 1. The shape factor is purely a function of geometric parameters only. 2. When two bodies are exchanging radiant energy with each other, the shape factor relation is given by the eqn. (12.12) ie., AL Fig 2 F, 21 Ingeneral, —A,F, =A, Fy .-(Reciprocity theorem) This reciprocal relation is particularly useful when one of the shape factors is unity 3. When all the radiation emanating from a convex surface 1 is intercepted by the enclosing surface 2, the shape factor of convex surface with respect to the enclosure F,,y is unity Then in conformity with reciprocity theorem, the shape factor F,_, is merely the ratio of areas, ie., when surface A, is entirely convex, say a sphere, completely enclosed by A,, then according to reciprocity relation, we have AVF =A;F,, and A\=A,F,, (2 F,.4 = 1, as surface 1 completely sees surface 2) AL Ge aa or Fay a (éie,, ratio of areas), and F,_, + F,_)=1 b In this case, the black body radiation exchange is Qy = A, 5 (7; -T,4) 4. A concave surface has a shape factor with itself because the radiant energy coming from one part of the surface is intercepted by the another part of the same surface. shape factor of a surface with respect to itself is Fi, - 5. Fora flat or convex surface, the shape factor with respect to itself is zero (ie Fy ‘This is due to the fact that for any part of flat or convex surface, one cannot see/ie other part of the same surface. Receivins surface A, | surface apart Beting NS Radiating surface A=A,+4, A Radiating surface A, ® Fig. 12.5, Relation between shape factors.+A 12.15) Aeferto Fig. 12.5 (a): Rating surface A, hasbeen splitupinto seas A A, F,., AS Fy +A, Fy, Evidently, Fu #Pyyt+Fy, ‘Thus if the radiant surface i subdivided, the shape factor for that surface wit respect to the receiving surface is not equal to the sum of the individual shape factors, Refer to Fig. 12.5 (b): Receiving surface A, has been divided into subareas Ajand Ay; we have and Ay; we have A Fi = A Fis +A, Ps or Fig =Figthya Obviously the shape factor from a radiating surfuce to a subdivided receiving surface is simply the sum of individual shape factors. . Letus now take the case of an enclosure in which one surface is exchanging radiation with allthe other surfaces in the enclosure including itself fit happens to bea concave surface; this is because a concave surface can see/view another part of it (the shape factor of a convex surface with its enclosure is always unity because all the heat radiated from a convex surface is intercepted by its enclosure but not vice- versa). Ifthe enclosure comprises n surfaces, then the energy radiated from one surface is always intercepted by the other (11 — 1) surfaces, and the surface itself if it is a concave one. This ‘called principle of conservation. Heat transfer equipmenty long distance are considered parallel to each other; therefore, cos O , yee Ey y Solar constant = "> xnr,?= 1380 | E,=0T! 4 ST xn = 1390 ti ry oT = 1380x| = 4 10)? T 15x10 sox (qa) * io 7x10" } ty T (5) = 1117.58 x 10*or [95 =(1117.58x 10')"=57.82 T = 5782K (Ans,) Calculate the shape factors for the configurations shown in the Fig “ Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces fumihe inspection of geometry. (uAlack body inside a black enclosure: Wh ‘iekbody inside A tube with cross-section of, lack enclosure ‘an equilateral triangle Oe — “SRT: ay Fig. 12.7 Hemispherical surface and a plane surface (i) Because all radiation emanating from the black surface is inter- cepted by the enclosing surface 1. «- By summation rule for radiation from surface 1 = By reciprocity theoremE& Tl Heat and Mass Transfer (ii) A tube with cross-section of an equilateral triangle: FistPyathis=l By summation rule Fy w» Because the lt surface 1 cama ~ see itself. Fygt Fig = Fy_=Fyy= 05(Ans:) ——...Bysymmetry Similarly, considering radiation from surface 2 : Fait Prat fags! or, FyytFyy=1 or, Fy =1-Fhy Fy =0) .». By reciprocity theorem a Cr A= AD) 5 = 0.5 (Ans.) (iii) Hemispherical surface and a plane surface: Cs Fuitha=t .- By summation rule Ay Fa = Ax Pry .~ By reciprocity theorem ac or, But, .»- Because all radiation emanating from the black surface 2 are | interecpted by the enclosing surface 1, Fae radiation. Derive an expression for the geometric factor 2 ‘for the inside surface of a bl hemispherical cavity of radius R with respect to itself. 994 Solution. ¢ Geometric factor is defined as the fraction of radiative energy that is diffused from one surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflection. © The geometric factor depends only on the specific geometry of the emitter and the collection surfaces. The geometric factor is represented by the symbol F,,, which means the shape factor from a surface A, to another surface Ay Thus, the geometric factor F, of surface A, to surface A, is = Direct radiation from surface | incident upon surface 2 a Total radiation from emitting surface Fr Geometric factor F,_, for the inside surface of a black hemispherical cavity of radius R wl respect to itself.“Derive expressions for shape factors ofthe cavities each enclosed on its surface gol mc) sow in the Fig. 12.9. Also, calculate the net radiative heat transfer from the finer d= 15 cm, temperature inside surface of each cavity = 400° C and the ak ci see is 08. Cylindrical cavity Conical cavity ) Fig. 12.9. sain: {Glindrical cavity: Fathi! «By summation rule By summation rule .» Being a flat surface (flat surface cannot sec itself). _. Because all radiation emitted by the black surface 2 is intercepted by the enclosing surface 1. _. By reciprocity theorem « «, +4h-d 4h dq 4hed (Ans.) _Thisrelation (calculated above) is applicable in this case (and all such cases) also, Rp eT [# x slant height[GG_Heat and Mass Transfer Net radiative heat transfer: ‘The net radiative heat transfer from a cavity can be calculated by using the following formulae 1-&, Q, =A,e,07,4 [=e (20 (i) Cylindrical cavity 4h__ 4x02 = —— =———_ £0842 4° Shed dx02+005 ~°* : 0, = [Ex0oas? + nxousscoa]xosxserx{ #273) 0.842 1= (1 = 0.8) x 0.842 = 0.1119 x 4.536 x 2051.45 x 0.19 = 197.84 W (Ans.) (ii) Conical cavity: Fy =!-— == zi . sgus,| (02)? +(8) X 0.8 x 5.67 x i- 0.649 T= (= 08x 0.649) = 0.0503 x 0.8 x 5.67 x 2051.45 x 0.403 = 188.63 W (Ans.) Example 12.5. A small sphere (outside diameter = 60 mm) with a surface temperature of 300° located at the geometric centre of a large sphere (inside diameter = 360 mm) with an inner st temperature of 15° C. Calculate how much of emission from the inner surface of the large sphe incident upon the outer surface of the small sphere; assume that both sides approach black behaviour. What is the net interchange of heat Q, between the two spheres? EOE Double pipe heat exchanger (steam)ita Heat and Mass Transfer x (0.0175) x , Fa 7x 0.035007 01168 Fis a. By symmetry The total loss of energy = Loss of heat by both ends BAF, 9 6 (Ty4= Typ) +A, Fy 9 (74-7, 4 ure sure) 2A, Fyn OT Tyur’) (+ Fgh 523)’ 300)" =2x (mx 0.035 x 0.07) x 0.1168 x5.6 Too. ~ Too. =6.8 W(Ans.) Example 12.7. In the Fig. 12.11 the areas A, and A, are F perpendicular but do not share the common edge. Find the shape factor F,» for the arrangement shown. As Solution. For such cases, the shape factor is evaluated by introducing hypothetical areas A, and Ay, so that the arrangement of perpendicular surfaces has a common edge. Now, Ag = A, +Ay and Ag =A, +A, Further, Ag Fy.g = Ay Fg + Ay Fyig = (Ay Fg +A, Fg) +s yg = IASAS4~ Ay Fy) +4, Fg +4; Fyg Ay Fg = As Fg.g + Ay Fy) ~ (ds Fg +A Fy.) In order to get each of the configuration factor on the right hand side of the expression, using Fi 12.4, we have: Surfaces mK wx Shape factor Asg 42 =2 42=2 Fyg=0.15 Ay 22=1 2R=1 F,,=0.20 Asa 22=1 42=2 Fy ,=0.11 Ay 42=2 2R=1 Fy, =0.23 Inserting the above values in eqn. (i), we get (2% 2) Fy = 4 x 2) x O15 + (2 x 2) x 0.2 ~ [(4 x 2) x 0.11 + (2 x2) x 0.23] = (1.2 + 0.8) ~ (0.88 +0.92) = 0.2 Fa = Gyp = 0.05 (Ans) Example 12.8. The radiation shape factor of the circular surface of a thin hollow cylinder 10 cm diameter and 10 cm length is 0.1716. What is the shape factor of the curved surface cylinder with respect to itself ? (MU, 1y @ chapter : 12 : Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces \ Fig. 12.12 10 7 =Sem:L= lem; F, .=0.1716 F, y= F),,=0.1716asA,=A, reshape factor releation among three surfaces is given by Fut Pat Pi Fathat hal F satin, Giver But Ako Fath, Substituting (if) in (i), we get Fyy+ Fy +P 1 ‘ Fyy 2 (1-2Fy) A) - A Fy = As Fay ‘ Aap yx eens Ke 1a a ged Aa o Fromegn. (), we have -Fia as Fy, =0 : = 01716 = 08284 substituting from (vi in (v), we get 5 Fy, = 08284 % Fy 79 70207! 0 Newer aig substituting from (vii) in (iv), We the shape factor between H= 10cm in the form of circular o parallel planes ata trea I has inner radius 5 em and 7 ner radius of 8 cm and se following formula for --G Tape factor between wo circular Hesem—> [<— 20em—>| Fig. 12.13 eewhere, and, Solution. The surface | = (Ay~A,) ‘The surface 2 = (A, - Shape factor between areas 1 and 2, F, 9¢ Fig =Fy4- Fy For surfaces 3 and 4: R, = 10cm, R, = 20cm, H= 10m 10 20 5 zoe === = = B= 79 =landC= 7) =2andX=1+1?+2=6 Py " 6 le? - 4x2 x2? =1 6-447) =0.765 = 2xP 2 For surfaces 5 and 6: Ry = Som, R,= 8m, ees Bi B= yy =0SandC= 75 S =0.8 and X= 14 054+ 08? = 189 Fr, 2 ae ia - 4x 0.5? x 0.87] x0. 1 = 9g (1-89-1.71) = 0.36 = Fy 4~F.g= 0.765 -0.36 = 0.405 (Ans a — 12.10. thincated cone has top and bottom diamters of 20 cx and a height of 10 cm. Calculate the shape factor between the top surface a ite (cal su ‘and also the shape factor between the side and uae ‘The e fraction of radiation Leavis surface which is intercepted by the bottom surface is 0.12...