Timclinc

Art and architecture Historical events

1737 1737 Voltaire, Eléments de la Philosophie de
Newton
1738 William Kent designs Rousham
Gardens, near Oxlord
1739 Discovery 01Herculaneum
1740 1740 Piranesi moves Irom Venice lo Rome and 1740-8 War 01Austrian Succession
slarts print business
Knobelsdorff designs Opera as lirsl part
01projecled lorum lor Frederick Ihe
Greal in Berlin
1743 Blondel lounds privale archileclure
school, Paris
1747 Foundalion 01Ihe École des Ponts-et-
Chaussées, Paris, under direclion 01
J.-R. Perronet
Montesquieu, Spiritof Laws
1748 Stuart & Revett announce plans lor 1748 Pompei i excavaled
Antiquities of Athens
1749 La Font de Saint-Yenne calls lor a new 1749 Buffon, Natural History(36 vols,
period 01greal public works in Á /'ombre compleled 1788)
du grand Colbert
Walpole begins work al Slrawberry Hill
1750 1750 Turgot leclures al Ihe Sorbonne on
philosophical progressollhe human
mind; Voltaire accepls Frederick Ihe
Greal's invilalion lo Ihe courl al
Polsdam/Berlin
1751 Marquis de Marigny appoinled Direclor 1751 Diderot publishes lirsl volume 01Ihe
01Royal Buildings and begins relorm 01 Encyclopédie
artislic taste in France Voltaire, The Century ofLouis XIV
Abbé Laugier, Essayon Architecture
Contantd'lvry begins SI-Vaasl, Arras
Soufflot, New Thealre, Lyon (compleled
1756)
Peyre, projecl lor a calhedral submitled
lo Accademia di San Luca, Rome
1754 Condillac, Treatise on Sensations
1755 Gabriel designs Place Louis XV, Paris 1755 Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin of
Winckelmann, Reflections on the Inequality
Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Lisbon Earthquake (1 November)
Sculpture
1756 Oulbreak 01Seven Years' War
(1756-63)
1757 Soufflot's lirsl design lor Sle-Geneviéve, 1757 Frederick 11(Ihe Great) wins viclories lor
Paris, published Prussia
Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry
into the Origin of our Ideas of the
Sublime and the Beautiful
1758 Leroy, Ruins of the Most Beautiful 1758 Rousseau, t.ettre sur les spectacles
Monuments of Greece
James Stuart, Doric pavilion al Hagley
Park, Worceslershire
1759 William Chambers, Treatise on Civil 1759 Voltaire, Candide
Architecture
1760 1760 RobertAdam workingal Kedleslon and 1760 George 111,King 01Greal Brilain and
Syon Houses Ireland (1760-1820)
Robert Mylne, Blacklriars Bridge,
London
1761 Piranesi, Of the Magnificence and ttie
Architecture of Rome
1762 Rousseau, Social Contract
Catherine the Great, Empress 01Russia
(1762-96)
1763 Le Camus de Méziéres, Wheal Markel, 1763 Treaty 01París: France loses Québec,
Paris Brilain's American and Indian
acquisilions conlirmed

286 TIMELINE
Timclinc

Art and architecture Historical events

1764 1764 Cornerstones 01Soufflot's Ste-Geneviéve 1764 Jesuits expelled Irom France
and Contant d'lvry's Madeleine laid in
Paris
1765 Work under way at Wórlitz, Germany, 1765 Catherine the Great announces
linished c.1794 international competition lor
Piranesi, Parere su /'Architettura embellishment 01St Petersburg in
European journals
Voltaire, Philosophyof History
1766 John Gwynn, London and Westminster 1766 Stamp Act imposed by Rockingham in
Improved .. 1765 on American colonies repealed in
response to protests
Bougainville's voyage around the world
(1766-79)
1767 J. D. Antoine, Mint, Paris (construction 1767 Catherine the Great publishes
1771-75) Instructionswesternizing Russian law
Royal Crescent, Bath, by John Wood;
Craig's extension plan lor Edinburgh
1768 Adam brothers begin work on Adelphi, 1768 Cook's voyage in Endeavourcharts New
London Zealand and eastern Australia
1769 Pierre Patte, Project for an Ideal Street 1769 Birth 01Napoleon
Simon Du Ry, Museum Fridericianum, Improved steam engine usingcondenser
Kassel (1769-76) patented by James Watt
1770 1770 Spinn ing jenny patented by Hargreaves
1771 Charles De Wailly presents a view 01
staircase 01new Cornédie-Francaise at
Salon
1772 Payne Knight, Downton Castle, 1772 Goethe publishes 'On German
Herelordshire Architecture' in Herder's magazine on
William Chambers, Dissertation on German art
Oriental Gardening Paris's Hotel Dieu burns (December)
1773 Victor Louis, Grand Théátre, Bordeaux
1774 Désert de Retz landscape garden, 1774 Priestley discovers oxygen
outside Paris Louis XVI, King 01France (1774-93)
1775 Ledoux at work on Salines at Arc et 1775 American War 01 Independence breaks
Senans (1774-78) out in New England
1776 Morel, Theory of Gardens 1776 Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
William Chambers, Somerset House,
London, 1776-96
Bedlord Square, London
1777 Adam, Culzean Castle, Scotland (te 1777 Sturm und Drang literary movement in
1790) Germany
John Howard, The State of Prisons
1779 Peyre and De Wailly, Comédie- 1779 Coalbrookdale Bridge in English West
Francaise, Paris (1779-82) Midlands is tirst cast-iron bridge
1780 1780 Quatremére de Quincy, Encyclopédie 1780 Gordon Riots (anti-Catholic in Britain,
méthodique d'architecture lollowed by Catholic Reliel Act 011781)
1781 Gandon, Custom House, Dublin 1781 Kant, Critique of Pure Reason
1783 Peace 01Paris ends American War 01
Independence
Montgollier brothers' lirst hot-air balloon
Ilight, Paris
1784 J. F. Dauthe, remodelling 01St Nicholas,
Leipzig
Boullée, Newton cenotaph project
1785 Watt's steam engine
1786 Gandon, Four Courts, Dublin
(1786-1802)
1788 Soane appointed architect 01the Bank 01 1788 Louis XVI calls the States General at
England Versailles
1789 Langhans, Brandenburg Gate, Berlin 1789 French Revolution (States General and
storming 01Bastille)
First stearn-driven mili, Manchester
1790 1790 Kant, Critique of Judgement
1791 Bentham, Panopticon 1791 Albion Grain Milis fire in London (2
Legrand & Molinos, Feydeau theatre March)

TIMELINE 287
Timclinc
Art and architecture
1791 1791 Panthéon ereated Irom Soufflot's Ste-
Geneviéve
1792 Ledoux, Hosten Houses, Paris
1793 Strutt, Fireprool West Mili, Belper
(1793-95)
1794 Competitions 01the Year 11
Controversy over the 'pieluresque'
between Uvedale Priee, Richard Payne
Knight and Humphry Repton
Louvre Museum opens in lormer palaee
1795 Lenoir, Museum 01Freneh Monuments,
Paris
1796 Compelition lor a monument to
Frederick the Great, Berlin
1797 Weinbrenner, lirst proposal lor Market
Square, Karlsruhe
Rue des Colonnes, Paris
1800 1800 Durand, Porlfolio and Paralfel of
Buildings of alf TypesAncienl and
Modern
1801 Antolini, projeet lor Foro Bonaparte,
Milan
1802 Rue de Rivoli, Paris
1804 William Wilkins, Grange Park
Ledoux, Architeclure published with
projects including ideal city 01Chaux
1805 Rondelet, Theorelic and Praclical
Trealise on tbe Art of Building
1806 Iron dome, Wheat Market, Paris, by
Bélanger
Napoleon's grand projects lor Paris
including Temple 01Glory (Madeleine),
Vendóme Column, Arc de Triomphe
Luigi Cagnola, Arco del Sempione,
Milan
Repton, Enquiry into Ihe Changes of
Testein Landscape Gardening
1810 1810 Schinkel publishes memorandum
delending Gothie lor Mausoleum 01
Queen Luise 01Prussia
1811 Regent Street, London, begun by John
Nash
1813 Ludwig I 01Bavaria opens competition
lor a Walhalla (built 1816-34)
288 TIMELINE
Historical events
1792 Republic deelared in Franee
(September)
1793 Commission des Artistes, Paris, to plan
sale 01eonliseated ehureh and
aristocratic property
Deelaration 01the Rights 01Man and the
Citizen (June)
1794 Éeole Centrale (later Éeole
Polyteehnique) lounded to train
engineers
1795 Metrie system; State Couneil on Civie
Buildings lounded
1793-5 The Terror, Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette guillotined (January), Britain
declares war on Franee
1796 French eampaigns in ltaly, Napoleon
victor
1797 Sehelling, Nalural Philosophy
1798 Malthus, An Essay on Ihe PrincipIe of
Populalion
1799 Napoleon's coup d'état
1800 J. G. Fichte, The Destiny 01Man
1801 Wilberforce's Act in Britain abolishes
slavery
Alexander I Tsar 01Russia (1801-25)
1802 Concordat concluded between Napoleon
and Pope
1804 Napoleon crowned emperor in París.
Napoleonic Code issued
1805 Nelson wins Battle of Trafalgar; French
deleat Austrians and Russians al
Austerlitz
1806 Holy Roman Empire abolished;
Prussians deleated at Jena
1807 Hegel, Phenomenology of Spiril; Fichte,
Addresses lo tbe German Nalion
1808 Spanish risingagainst French;
occupations begin Peninsular War
(1808-14)
1809 Lamarck publishes Zoological
Philospophy
1811 Krupp Factory at Essen; Luddites riot
against maehines in England
George 111 mentally ill; Prince Regent
installed (1811-20)
1813 Robert Owen, A New Viewof Society
 Art and architecture Historical events
1815 1815 Hundred Days; Napoleon escapes Irom
Elba but deleated by allies at Waterloo
1816 Elgin Marbles brought to British 1816 Peterloo Massacre, Manchester
Museum
Schinkel, Neue Wache, Unterden
Linden, Berlin (Guard House)
1817 Thomas Rickman, An Attemptto
Discriminate the Styles of English
Architecture
1818 Parliament approves one mili ion pounds
to lund 600 new churches
1819 Macadamized roads stimulate coach
travel
1820 1820 Taylor and Nodier begin publishing 1820 Abortive uprisings in Portugal, Sicily,
Voyagespittoresques et romantiques Germany, and Spain
dans I'ancienne France George IV (1820-30) King in Britain
1821 Greek War of Independence begins
1822 George IV's state visit to Edinburgh
1823 Smirke, British Museum, and Schinkel,
Altes Museum
Nash, Park Village East, London
1825 Schinkel, Charlottenhol, Sanssouci, 1825 Ludwig I ascends the throne in Bavaria,
Potsdam Nicholas I in Russia
1826 Wilkins selected to design London
University
1828 Henri Labrouste's study 01 Paestum 1828 Hegel, Lectures on Aesthetics at Berlin
rocks the French Academy 01 Art University
Heinrich Hübsch, In what style should Saint-Simonian Predications, Paris
we build?
1829 Charles Barry, Travellers Club, Pall Mall, 1829 Catholic emancipation in Britain
London, inaugurates neo-Renaissance Fourier, Le nouveau monde industriel et
sociétaire
1830 1830 Hittorff announces his theories 01 1830 Revolution in Paris issues in a period 01
polychromy on Greek temples in Sicily, liberal rule under Louis-Philippe
Leo von Klenze begins Walhalla, near (1830-48); Belgian independence
Regensburg Otto of Bavaria on the throne 01 Greece
First railway line, Liverpool-Manchester
1832 Schinkel, Bauakademie, Berlin (Iinished 1832 Great Reform Bill, England
1835)
1833 Félix Duban appointed to remodel tcole
des Beaux-Arts, Paris
Rohault de Fleury, glass and iron
greenhouses, Paris Jardin des Plantes
1834 Wilkins's National Gallery, London 1834 British Poor Law Amendment
Victor Considerant publishes his theory
01 the Phalanstery
1835 Pugin, St Marie's Grange, near Salisbury 1835 Municipal Corporations Act, Britain
1836 Pugin, Contrasts
Pugin and Barry selected as architects 01
Houses 01 Parliament, London
1837 Klenze, Hermitage Museum, St 1837 Victoria Queen 01 Great Britain and
Petersburg Ireland (1837-1901)
Creation by Guizot 01 Commission on
Historie Monuments, Paris
1838 Labrouste, Bibliothéque Ste-Geneviéve 1838 The People's Charter drawn up in
(1838-50) London by Chartists
1839 Pugin, St Giles, Cheadle; Wild, Christ 1839 Auguste Comte, Cours de Philosophie
Church Streatham Positiviste
Bindesbsll, Thorwaldsen Museum, Daguerre announces invention 01
Copenhagen(1839-48) photography
1840 1840 Viollet-Ie-Duc begins restoration 01 La
Madeleine, Vézelay
1841 Pugin, True Principies of Christian or 1841 Declaration that French rail system
Pointed Architecture should connect Paris to all borders
1842 Law lor compulsory expropriation 01
unhealthy dwell ings. England

TIMELlNE 289
Timcline

Art and architecture Historical events

1842 1842 Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary
Condition of the Labouring People of
Great Britain
1843 Viollet-Ie-Duc and Lassus win 1843 First telegraph office in London
competition to restore Notre-Dame
1844 Paxton, Birkenhead Park, near Liverpool 1844 Engels, The Condition of the Working
Nikolaikirche Competition, Hamburg Classes in England in 1844. Free
Church 01Scotland lormed in protest
against established Church 01Scotland
Alexander von Humboldt, Cosmos
1845 Potato Famine in Ireland
1846 Wild, St Mark, Alexandria, Egypt 1846 Repeal of Corn Laws; Peel resigns
1847 Duquesny, Gare de l'Est, Paris 1847 Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood lormed
Risorgimento in Italy
1848 Maximilian of Bavaria opens 1848 Marx and Engels's Communist Manifesto
competition lor a new style 01 1848-9 Revolutions in Europe; Declaration 01
architecture Second Republic in France (1848-52)
1849 Cité Napoléon, Paris, model housing
(1849-53)
William Butterfield, AII Saints, Margaret
Street, London 0849-59)
Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture
1851 1851 Ruskin, Stones of Venice 0851-53); 1851 Coup d'état in France by Louis-Napoleon
Semper, The Four Elements of
Architecture
Paxton, Crystal Palace for Great
Exhibition, Hyde Park, London
1852 Vaudoyer, Marseille Cathedral 1852 Sir Titus Salt lounds Saltaire (workers'
0852-93) town) near Bradlord, Yorkshire
Deane & Woodward, Trinity College Declaration 01Second Empire, Paris
Museum, Dublin
1853 Baron Haussmann appointed prelect
and begins Paris translormation
Crimean War begins
1854 Viollet-Ie-Duc begins publishing
Dictionnaire raisonné (1854-68)
1855 Les Halles, Paris by Baltard (1854-66); 1855 Openingol railway to Lyon and
Palais des Beaux-Arts for Exposition Med iterranean
Universelle 011855, Paris
1856 Owen Jones, Grammar of Ornament 1856 France and Britain atlack China, taking
Tientsin and Peking
1857 Government Off ices Competition,
London
1858 Suez Company lounded
1859 Philip Webb, Red House lor William 1859 Darwin, Origin of Species
Morris
1860 1860 Fuller & Johnson, Canadian Parliament, 1860 Combustion engine; Bessemer's mass
Otlawa production 01steel
Work begins on Viennese Ringstrasse Garibaldi victorious in southern Italy
Cerdá's plan lor Barcelona extension
adopted
1861 Death 01Prince Albert
Russia abol ishes sertdorn, American Civl
War begins (1861-65)
Victor Emmanuelll King 01 Italy
0861-78)
1862 Christopher Dresser, The Arf of 1862 Otto von Bismarck becomes president 01
Decorative Design German Diet
Joseph Poelaert, Palais de Justice,
Brussels (1862-83)
1863 Garnier begins construction 01Paris
Opera
Gottfried Semper, Der Sti/; Viollet-Ie-
Duc, Lectures on Architecture
0863-72)

290 TIMELINE
Timeline

Art and architecture Historical events

1864 1864 First International lormed in London
(Karl Marx organizes)
1865 Extensive urban renewal in Florence,
temporary capital 01 Italy
1866 Law Courts Competition, London, won by 1866 Austro-Prussian War
G. E. Street, built 1874-82 Nobel invents dynamite
1867 Exposition Universelle, Paris 1867 Austro-Hungarian Cornprornlse,
Cerdá General Theory of Urbanization coronation 01 Emperor Franz-Joseph 1,
Budapest
Marx, Capital, vol. 1
1868 Seott, St Pancras Station Hotel, London;
Waterhouse, Town Hall, Manchester
1869 Fall 01 Haussmann
1870 1870 Franeo-Prussian War, Fall 01 Seeond
Empire, Commune in Paris
1871 Saulnier, Meunier Faetory and Model 1871 British trade unionsgain legality
Town, Noisel-sur-Marne French Third Republic suppresses
Commune and loses Alsace Lorraine to
Germany
1872 Alexandre Laplanche, Au Bon Marché, 1872 Bismarck opposes Catholic church in
department store, Paris Kulturkampf
Friedrich von Sehmidt, Town Hall,
Vienna
1873 Semper, Project lor Museums Oistrict in
Vienna
1874 Von Hansen, Austrian Parliament, 1874 Nietzsehe, The Use and Abuse of History
Vienna 0874-83) First lrnpressionist Exhibition, Paris
1875 Félix Narjoux, rue de Tanger school,
París
1876 Philip Webb, Smeaton Manor, Yorkshire 1876 Alexander Bell, telephone
1877 Morris and Webb lound Society lor the 1877 Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78; Queen
Protection 01 Ancient Buildings Victoria Empress 01 India
Shaw, Bedlord Park, London Pasteur discovers origins 01 inlectious
P.J. H. Cuipers, Rijksmuseum, disease
Amsterdam 0877-85)
1878 Garnier, Casino, Monte Carlo (1878-79) 1878 Edison, incandescent light bulb
1879 Land League lormed in Ireland
1880 1880 Josel Stübben wins competition lor 1880 Gladstone British Prime Minister
Cologne urban expansión (1880-85), First Boer War (1880-81)
Cologne Cathedral dedicated in great
neo-medieval pageant
1881 Jewish pogroms in Eastern Europe

1882 Soria y Mata, The Linear City 1882 Ferry Law in France requiring universal
Competition lor Hungarian Parliament pri mary ed ucation
Building, Budapest Triple Alliance: Germany,
Competition lor Victor Emmanuel Austrian-Hungary,ltaly
Monument, Rome
1883 William Morris declares himsell a 1883 Social insurance in Germany
socialist
Competition lor the Palace 01 Justice,
Rome
1884 Third British Relorm Act
1885 Nénot, Sorbonne, Paris (1885-91) 1885 Motor car (Benz) and motorcycle
(Daimler)
1887 Hoffmann & Dybwad, National Courts, 1887 Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee and
l.eipzig (1887-95) Tralalgar Square Riots (Bloody Sunday)
Automatic telephone

1888 Port Sunlight, England 1.888 Wilhelm 11 Emperor 01 Germany

(1888-1918)
London County Council lormed

TIMELINE 29I
Timclinc

Art and architecture Historical events

1889 1889 Camilla Sitte, Cily Planning According 1889 Secand Internatianal in Paris
lo Artislic Principies
Universal Exhibition, Paris, with Eiflel
Tower and Dutret's Gallery 01Machines
Templeton's Carpet Factory, Glasgow

1890 1890 Jasel Stübben, City Planning

1891 Young Turk movement lounded in
Geneva
1892 Victor Horta, Tassel House, Brussels
1893 Zawiejski, Slowacki Theatre, Cracow 1893 Diesel engine
Charles Buls, The Aeslhelic of Cities
published in Brussels
1895 Marconi invents radio-telegraphy

292 TIMELINE
Glossary
Note: This glossary contains technical and
stylistic terms specifically referred to in the
texto References to other terms within the
glossary appear in boldo For a more complete
guide to architectural terminology, with
helpful illustrations, readers should consult
either J ohn Fleming, Hugh Honour, and
Nikolaus Pevsner, A Dictionary of Architecture
(Penguin Books, '966) or Cyril Harris,
HistoricArchitecture Sourcebook (New York:
McGraw- Hill, Inc., '977)'
amphitheatre the elliptical or circular space
of the ancient Greek and Roman theatre,
generally formed of rising tiers of seats. By
extension, any semi circular open space.
architecture parlante (French, 'speaking
architecture') the notion that a building's
forms, either component volumes or
decorative embellishments, so closely
portray aspects of the function that the
building communicates its purpose, and
thus meaning, with the clarity of spoken
language. Although generallyused to refer
to the search for symbolic forms in relation
to new building types by the French
architects Boullée, Ledoux, and their
followers in the '780s and '790s, it seems the
term was only coined, and initially in
derision, in the ,840S.
art nouveau a loose cluster of movements in
the ,890S that sought to derive a vocabulary
for the arts in the most inclusive sense, fram
graphic arts and ceramics to architecture,
thraugh a turn to an abstract language of
form derived from the whiplash line of
nature first explored in the ,880s by
Mackmurdo in England and in the early
,890S by Obrist in Germany and Victor
Harta in Brussels. In contrast to the
curvilinear modes explored in France,
Belgium, and Germany, a rectilinear mode
of abstraction was explored by Mackintosh
in Scotland and Hoffmann in Vienna which
shared the anti-academic, anti-historicist
philosophy of the earlier curvilinear
decorative style even while exploring an
entirely different formal vocabulary.
basílica refers to the long oblong buildings of
the ancient Romans used for public
assembly, often surraunded by aisles and
galleries and featuring an apse opposite the
entrance. Once adapted by the Early
Christians forworship, the basilica's apse
was now moved to one of the short ends to
create the characteristic directional form of
the Christian church interior.
bay a vertical division or module of a building,
often marked either by fenestration, the
Classical orders (columns or pilasters), or a
single arch of an arcade. In vaulted
architecture a bay refers to a unit of vaulting
including the vertical elevations and the
ceiling.
buildingtype refers to a specific purpose or
function of a building and its related form or
physiognomy. Temples, churches, palaces,
and amphitheatres are building types that
date back to ancient times; while railway
stations, public museums, and department
sto res are characteristic new building types
of modern times.
caryatid a column in the form of a sculpted
female figure, of which the most famous
ancient example is the Erechtheum on the
Athenian acrapolis. May also be used as an
engaged figure.
castellated refers to a building whose roof
line bears the crenellations typically
associated with medieval castles.
catenary an elliptically shaped arch which
gains its strength fram its precise geometric
formo The catenary can be generated
mathematically, but its form derives fram
the catenary curve, formed by a flexible cord
hung between two points of a porch. This is
inverted, or flipped, to form the arch.
cella the principal chamber of a Classical
temple housing the cult image. Generally
windowless, the cella was franted by the
portico.
circus in Roman architecture a long oblong
buildingwith rounded ends, and often tiered
seating, used for racing events. In the
eighteenth century the type was taken over
in ranges ofhousing and town planning.
GLOSSARY 293
coffered refers to the interior decoration of a
ceilingor a vaultwith a regular grid of
sunken square or polygonal ornamental
panels. The classic example is to be found in
the Roman Pantheon, which served as a
model for many Renaissance and eighteenth
and nineteenth-century adaptations.
coliseum the arcaded, multi-storey, open-air
arena devised by the Romans for gladiatorial
events; by extension any enclosed elliptical
building or urban space.
colonette a diminutive column either in
height or in width, generally used to describe
the columnar elements of medieval
architectural design which depart entirely
from the system of proportions which
governed the dimensions and dimensional
relations ofClassical columns.
colonnade a row of columns carrying an
entablature, generally made up of equally
spaced units.
Corinthian one of the three orders of
columns devised by the Greeks, the
Corinthian is characterized by its elegant,
elaborate capital of acanthus leaves and its
tall proportions in comparison with the
squatter Doric or Ionic orders.
cornice the crowning element of a Classical
entablature or the crowning projecting set of
mouldings along the top of a building or wall.
crypt a chamber orvault beneath the main
floor of a church, often, but not always,
subterranean. In the Christian tradition
crypts are particularly associated with the
cult of relics.
cryptoporticus in Roman architecture, an
enclosed gallery formed of walls punctured
with openings rather than colon nades. In
the eighteenth century the term was applied
to any covered subterranean passage, as in
Kent's design of the gardens at Rousham.
dégagement French term for a free-standing
element, either a componenr of a building
which stands free of a larger structure (i.e. a
column as opposed to a pilas ter ), or a
building as a free-standing object in a city.
Doric the first of the orders in both Greek
and Roman architecture, the Doric order is
characterized by the simplicity ofits forms,
its simple 'pillow-like' capital, and its sturdy
proportions. The Greek Doric order was
baseless and generally fluted and generally of
squatter proportions, height to width, than
theRoman.
engaged an element that is physically part of
the wall, from which it might project in
relief, as in an engaged column which is
locked into the masonry structure of the wall
behind.
entablature .the spanning element of a
Classical order, consisting generally of three
principal parts+-the architrave, frieze, and
cornice.
294 GLOSSARY
forum (pl. fora) in Roman town planning a
precinct around a temple or group of
temples, often bordered by open colonnades
or arcades. By the eighteenth century the
forum connoted not simply the physical
form of the Roman open space but the
public life that took place there.
frieze properly speaking, the middle of the
three component mouldings of a Classical
entablature. Often ornamented with a motif
of garlands or interlaced floral ornaments
known as rinceaux, the term frieze is thus
often also used for any running moulding
denoting the separation of floors on a facade
or crowning the ornamental treatment of
interior walls in room decoration.
Gallican of or related to France, used in
church history to refer to the theory whereby
the French church was an autonomous
authority, independent of papal or Roman
authority because ofits own antiquity in
ancient Gaul.
Gothick a deliberately antiquarian spelling to
refer to the eighteenth century's
romanticized, even picturesque freedom in
reviving the forms ofGothic architecture for
modern buildings. Often Gothick also
connotes the associations of the Gothic in
eighteenth-century literature with gloom,
mystery, and the obscure.
Graeco-Gothic the search for a synthesis of
the essence of the two great systems of
western architecture, the Greek and the
Gothic, in which Classical columns carry
vaults of medievallightness and technical
achievement. The Graeco-Gothicwas a
particularly progressive elemen t of
Neoclassical aesthetics, especially in France.
ha-ha a ditch with a wall on its inner side
below ground level, separating the
ornamental part of a house's garden from its
adjacent agricultural fields, which prevented
livestock from approaching the house but,
unlike a fence or garden wall, remained
invisible from a distance, thus creating the
illusion of a seamless unity of garden and
prospecto The origins of the term have long
been disputed and subject to numerous
theories.
hallchurch a church in which the side aisles
are of the same height as the central vessel or
nave.
intrados the inner curve or underside of an
arch, also called soffit.
Ionic an order of columns in both Greek and
Roman architecture characterized by its
voluted capital and its elegant proportions.
Mannerist used to describe principally
Italian architecture of the sixteenth century
in which Classical motifs were used often in
contradiction or exaggeration of their
original meaning; by extension applied to
any style in which a self-conscious,
 sometimes even ironic attitude towards the
decorative elements and component parts
can be detected. In Italian architecture
Mannerism is generally associated with the
work ofMichelangelo, Giulio Romano, and
their followers.
Neoclassicism the revival ofinterest in the
architecture ofGreece and Rome in the
decades after '750 led only rarely to literal
copying of ancient buildings; rather, the
movement began as a reaction againstwhat
were seen as the excesses oflate Baroque and
Rococo architecture. Theorists and
designers argued that in returning to a strict
adherence to Greek principIes theywere
instilling a respect for nature and reason in
architecture, in parallel with the reform of all
human institutions.
orderís) in Classical architecture an order is a
system of design which comprises the
elements of a column and its related
entablature as well as a range of acceptable
proportions. The three principal orders of
the Greeks were the Doric ,lonie, and
Corinthian, towhich the Romans added
the Tuscan and the Composite. In the
Renaissance and later the possibility of a
sixth order, often a national order, was often
discussed. At least from the time of
Vitruvius the different orders were also
associated with different characters of
buildings and often even supposed to be
gendered-the Doric connoting
masculinity, the Ionic held to be feminine. In
addition theywere arranged in a hierarchical
sequence of elegance and majesty from the
Doric ro the Corinthian.
Palladian, Palladianism a style derived from
the work of the sixteenth-century Italian
architect Andrea Palladio, whose Four Books
onArehiteeturewas one of the mostwidely
emulated source-books for architecture in
the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Palladianism was firsr programmatically put
forth as an architectural reform in Britain
after '730 in the cirele ofLord Burlington
and Colin Campbell, who looked back as
much to theltalian master as they did to his
firsr English disciple, lnigo Jones. For many
art historians the English Palladian Revival,
or Neo-Palladianism, is the firstphase of
eighteenth-century Neoclassicism.
parterre in a theatre the area of the audience
immediately in front of the stage, often on a
gradient, as opposed to seats arranged in
tiers or balconies above the stage. While in
the Elizabethan tradition the parterre area
was given over to standing, in the French
theatre of the eighteenth century the
parterre was seated and quickly took on
higher elass distinctions.
pediment the triangular gable end of a roof,
generally above a portico of columns in
Classical or Neoelassical architecture. The
term is also applied to the use of a similar
motif above windows or doors, where it may
take on any of a variety offorms, from the
triangular to the semicircular.
Perpendicular a term used to refer to a late
phase ofEnglish Gothic architecture,
e.1330-50, characterized by emphasis 00
straight horizontals and verticals, slender
dividing piers, and regular patterns of
fenestration. Fao vaults were much favoured,
as in King's College Chapel, Cambridge and
the chapel ofHenry VII at Westmioster
Abbey.
pier a solid masonry support, either free-
standing or clustered as in medieval design,
i.e. compound pier.
pilaster a shallow relief pier generally treated
as a fiat column in relief 00 a wall surface.
U nlike columns, these often serve no
structural purpose but are used for rhythm or
to articulate a space and/or frame elements,
particularly openings. An essential elemeot
of Classical Roman and Renaissance
architectural design, the pilaster was widely
questioned in rigorist Neoclassical theory,
notably by Laugier and Lodoli, but still used
widely in Neoelassical designo
polychromy literally multi-coloured, refers to
the use of coloured surfaces in buildings,
either through the appliqué of differeot
materials or through applied paint 00 stucco.
portico a porch generally formed by a
colonnade ofClassical columns supporting
an entablature and pedimento
propylaeum in Greek architecture an
entrance gate formed by ao opeo coloooade,
generally giving entrance to a precioct, such
as the Acropolis at Athens.
proscenium in modern theatre desigo the
space between the curtain and the orchestra
defined by a monumental frame or arch
which marks the separation betweeo
audience and spectacle.
Residenz German term referring to the
principal palace of a ruler; by extension, to
the capital city or principal seat.
Romanticism the term had its origins in
literature in the seventeenth centuryand
referred to a revival ofinterest io medieval
romances, but by the end of the eighteeoth
century it had emerged in various guises in
the visual arts aswell as in literature with
diverse and even contradictory teoets. As
earlyas '924 Arthur Lovejoywarned that ooe
could only speakof'romanticisms' io the
plural. In any case, the movement that knew
its heyday from e.'780 to e.1830had at its heart
a reaction to Enlightenment reason and thus
an appeal to emotion, sentimeot, aod
subjectivity.It broughtwith it an embrace of
relative truths, national specificities, and ao
interest io a variety of styles, both fortheir
GLOSSARY 295
 national and exotic appeal.
scagliola a material composed of plaster and
marble chips or other coloured matter to
irnitate marble.
spandrel the area of solid material adjacent to
an arch, or the area between two arches or
twovaults.
stoa in Greek architecture a free-standing
colonnade, generaliy composed of an
unbroken rearwall and an open colon nade
facing a public area such as the agora.
trabeation the use of a system of post-and-
lintel construction, or more specifically in
Greek architecture of the rectilinear
structural and visual principle of columnar
architecture.
Tuscan an order of columns introduced by
the Romans and thought to be derived
ultimately from the Etruscans. The simplest
of the Roman orders, it was unfluted, carried
a simple capital closely related to the Doric,
and was governed by a sturdy aesthetic of
proportional relations.
undercroft a vaulted room, sometimes
underground, below the main space of a
church, chapel, or palace hall (cf crypt).

296 GLOSSARY
Further Reading
NB: This bibliography comprises principally
English language titles, Foreign language titles
have been included only when they can be used
by the beginning student to great advantage for
their illustrations or documentary material or
when they are of such seminal importance that
they cannot be ignored.
There are few surveys of architectural
production that span the period and the
continental scope of this volume. For, as
evoked in the Introduction, most
considerations of the late eighteenth and
nineteenth centurywere, until quite recently,
preoccupied with revealing the roots of
twentieth-century modernismo The most
prominent exception is Robin Middleton and
David Watkin, Neoclassicaland Nineteenth
GenturyArchitecture(New York, '98,), which
should be used in the original hardback edition
that alone contains the excellent biographical
dictionary of major architects discussed and a
rich bibliographical guide to monographic
literature before '977. Francois Loyer's
Architecture ofthe Industria/Age, q89-I9I4
(New York, 1983)is a highly personal and
episodic account rich in unusual pictorial
material and brisdingwith insights, while
Claude Mignot'sArchitecture ofthe Nineteenth
Gentury in Europe (New York, 1984) is a
reliable and comprehensive survey- its
organization of much ofits material according
to building types is afine complement to Sir
Nikolaus Pevsner's dry but useful History of
Building Types (Princeton, I976) and to the
nineteenth-century chapters ofHenry-
Russell Hitchcock's Architecture: Nineteenth
and Twentieth Genturies in the Pelican History
of Art (Harmondsworth, '958, most recently
updated 1977).Their overt polemical agendas
notwithstanding, there is still much to be
obtained from the accounts ofPevsner in
Pioneers ofModern Design (London, 1936),
particularly useful for its account of decorative
arts reform and ofinternational recognition of
British accomplishments in domestic
architecture in the second half of the
nineteenth century, and from Sigfried
Giedion's Space, Time andArchitecture
(Cambridge, Mass., originally published '94';
5th rey. and enlarged edn, 1967), still usefulfor
its summary of technological developments, a
theme expanded with great originality in his
Mechanization Takes Gommand, (New York,
1948), which addresses an issue that the scope
of the present volume could not encompass.
Technological determinants are combined
with a distinctly Marxist reading of
developments in town planning in the first
volume ofLeonardo Benevolo's History of
ModernArchitecture (London, '97')' No less
polemical is Alberto Perez-Gomez's
Architecture and the Crisis ofModern Society
(Cambridge, Mass., 1983),whose central
thesis of rationalization in architecture as a
progressive erosion ofits metaphysical and
expressive capacities remains a stimulating and
challenging argumento
Otherwise the best accounts of the
period are more in-depth surveys of either a
particular country or movement. For Britain
one should consultJohn Summerson,
Architecture in Britain, I530-I830
(Harmondsworth, 6th edn, I977) and the
excellent survey on VictorianArchitecture by
Roger Dixon and Stefan Muthesius
(London, I978). In addition to the three-
volume Histoire de l'architecturefranfaise (vol.
2-From the Renaissance to the Revolution,
byjean -Marie Pero use de Montclos, Paris,
1989, vol. 3-From the Revolution to the
Present, by Francois Loyer, Paris, 1999), one
should consult Allan Braham, TheArchitecture
ofthe Frencb En/ightenment (London, 1980)
and Wend von Kalnein, Architecture in France
in the Eighteenth Gentury (New Haven, 1995).
There is no adequate account ofFrench
nineteenth-century architecture in English,
although histories of the Academy and several
key buildings are considered in Arthur
Drexler (ed.), TheArchitecture ofthe Eco/e des
FURTHER READING 297
Beaux-Arts (London and New York, I977).
David Watkin and Tilman Mellinghof,
GermanArehiteeture and the ClassiealIdeal
(London, I987), which covers Neoclassical
architecture fram 1750 to I845 thraughout the
German states, is largely descriptive in tone
but a useful guide, although it entirely
overlooks non-Classical imagery, notably the
important Gothic Revival and Rundbogenstil
of the same periodo No less descriptive is
Carrol V. Meeks, ItalianArehiteeture,
1750-1914 (New Haven, I966), which remains
the only survey accaunt in English of this
little-known period in Italian architecture,
although it should be read in conjunction with
the apprapriate chapters in joseph Rykwert,
The First Moderns. Iberian architecture of the
nineteenth century has been little studied,
even by Spanish and Portuguese historians.
Work on Scandinavian architecture in English
is confined largely to guidebooks. Synthetic
appraisals of architecture in the former
communist bloc is only beginning. The period
I750-I890 is well covered in Dora Wiebenson
andJ ózsefSisa (eds), Tbe Architecture of
Historie Hungary (Cambridge, Mass., I998),
and a very brief account of the period in
Poland is available in Stefan Muthesius, Art,
Arehiteeture, and Design in Poland: an
introduction (Konigstein im Tanus, I994) but
there are asyet no good English-Ianguage
surveys of eighteenth- and nineteenth-
century architecture in other Central and
Eastern European countries and the BaIkans.
Ioannes N. Traulos, Neo-classiealArehiteeture
in Greeee(Athens, I967) is largely a pictorial
survey.
The development of architectural theory
in this period is treated in a number of
excellentworks, most particularly Hanno-
Walter Kruft's indispensable A History of
Arehiteetural Theoryfrom Vitruvius to the
Present(London, I994) and Nikolaus
Pevsner's SomeArehiteetural Writers ofthe
Nineteenth Century (Oxford, I972). Peter
Collins, Changing Ideals in Modern
Arehiteeture 1750-1950 (London, I965) should
be used with caution for it has a tendency to
schematize complex ideas in its quest for
categories. U nfortunately only a fragment of
the period is covered in the superlative and
engaging accounts ofEnglish eighteenth-
century architectural theory and publishing
available in Eileen Harris and Nicholas
Savage, British Architeetural Books and Writers,
1556-1785 (Cambridge, I990). Also useful, but
limited to the holdings of the libraries they
celebra te, are the two volumes thus far
298 FURTHER READING
published ofThe MarkJ. Millard Architectural
Collection: Dora Wiebenson and Claire
Baines, vol. I, Freneh Books: Sixteenth through
Nineteenth Centuries and Robin Middleton
and Nicholas Savage, vol. 2, English Books, as
well as AdolfK. Placzek andAngeIa Giral,
Avery's Choice:Five Centuries ofGreat
Arehiteetural Books (New York, I997).
A number ofworks give synthetic accounts
of developments in town planning and town
planning theory. Leonardo Benevolo's Tbe
Origins ofModern Town Planning
(Cambridge, Mass., I968) is particularlygood
on utopian planning and on early sanitation
legislation with an emphasis on the first half of
the nineteenth century, while Francoise
Choay's Tbe Modern City: Planning in the
Nineteenth Century (New York, I969) remains
a valuable survey of the secand half of the
century. Anthony Suttcliffe, The Rise of
Modern Urban Planning, 1800-1914 (London,
I980) is a useful collection of essays, while the
individual chapters ofThomas Hall, Planning
Europe's Capital Cities, Aspeets ofNineteenth
Century Urban Development (London, I997)
provide excellent summaries and sources.
Chapter 1: Neoclassicism
Primary texts
Adam, Robert andJamesAdam, The Worksin
Arehitecture ofRobert andJamesAdam, Esquires.
3 vals (London, '773-I822).
Laugier, Marc-Antoine,An Essay on
Arehiteeture. Trans. with an intraduction by
Wolfgang and Anni Herrmann (Los Angeles,
I977)·
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, Della
magnijieenza ed arehitettura de' Romani (Rome,
I76I; reprint edn, Milan, I993).
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, Tbepolemieal
works, Rome, 1757, 1761, 1765>1769. Edited with
an introduction by]ohn Wilton- Ely
(Farnboraugh, Hants, I972).
Stuart,]. andN. Revett, TheAntiquities of
Athens. 4 vols (London, 1762-I8I6).
Winckelmann,Johann]oaclrim, On the
Imitation ofthe Painting and Sculpture ofthe
Greeks(translated by Henry Fuseli), reprinted
in Gert Schiff (ed.), German Essays onArt
History(New York, I988) pp. I-'7.
Secondary texts
Beard, Geoffrey, Tbe Work ofRobertAdam
(New York, I978).
Black,Jeremy, The British and the Grand Tour
(London, I985).
Braham, AlIan, The Arehiteeture ofthe Freneh
Enlightenment(London, I980).
Egbert, D. D., The Beaux-Arts Tradition in
Frencb Arcbitecture (Prineeton, 1980).
Eriksen, Sven, EarlyNeoclassicism in France
(London.rcja).
Etlin, RichardA., Symbolic Space, French
Enlightelllnent Architecture and Its Legacy
(Chicago.rcca).
Fleming,]ohn, Robert Adam and his Circle in
Edinburgh & Rome(Cambridge, Mass., 1962)
is still one of the most perceptive accounts of
Adam's early career and his attitudes towards
antiquities.
Gallet, Michael, Parisian Domestic
Architecture ofthe Eighteenth Century (London,
1972).
Gordon, Alden R., '[éróme-Charles
Bellicard's Italian Notebook of 1750-5" The
Discoveries at Herculaneum and
Observations on Ancient and Modern
Architecture', Metropolitan Museum journa! 25
(1990): 49-142. Bellicard accompanied
Soufflot and Marignyon their importanttour
ofItaly.
Harrington, Kevin, Changing Ideals of
Architecture in the Encyclopédie, I750-I776 (Ann
Arbor, Mieh., 1985).
Harris,]ohn and Michael Snodin (eds), Sir
William Cbambers, rlrcbitect to George 1lI ( ew
Haven and London, 1996).
Hermann, Wolfgang, Laugier and Eighteenth
Century Frencb Theory (London, 1962).
Middleton, Robin, 'The Abbé de Cordemoy
and the Graeco-Gothic Ideal: A Prelude to
Romantic Classieism',]ournal ofthe Warburg
and Courtauld Instuutes 25 (1962): 278-320; 26
(1963): 90-123 remains the classic and
definitive aecount of the origins and spread of
the Graeco-Gothic synrhesis.
Nyberg, Dorothea, 'La Sainte Antiquité:
Focus of an Eighteenth-Century
Architecrural Debate', in Douglas Fraser,
Howard Hibbard, and MiltonJ. Lewine (eds),
Essays in the History of Architecture Presented to
RudolfWittkower(London, 1967), pp. 159-69.
Perlove, Shelley Karen, 'Piranesi's Tomb ofthe
Scipios of LeAntichitá Romane and Marc-
Antoine Laugier's Primitive Hut', Gazettedes
Beaux-Arts II3 (March 1989): II5-20.
Pieon, Antoine, Frencb Arcbitects and
Engineers in theAge ofEn/ightenment
(Cambridge, 1992).
Podro, Michael, The Critical Historians of Art
( ew Haven and London, 1982) for a good
discussion ofWinckelmann.
Rabreau, Daniel, 'La Basilique Sainte-
Geneviéve de Soufflot', pp. 3/96 in Barry
Bergdoll (ed.), Le Panthéon: Symbole des
reuoiutions (Paris, 1989) is the single best
treatment ofthe design, evolution, and politieal
context and meanings ofSoufflot's building.
Rykwert,]oseph, On rldams House in Paradise:
tbe idea ofthe primitive but in architectural
history(New York, 1972).
Rykwert,]oseph, The First Moderns: The
Arcbitects ofthe Eighteenth Century
(Cambridge, Mass., 1980) is particularly
valuable for its discussion of the Italian
rigorists in relation to the bctter-known trends
ofFreneh Enlightenment theory.
Seott, Ian]onathan, Piranesi (London and
New York, 1975).
Seott, Katie, Tbe Rococo Interior: Decoration
and Social Spaces in Early Eighteenth Century
Paris (London and ew Haven, 1995) should
be used in conjunction with the classic account
by Fiske Kimball, Tbe Creation ofthe Rococo
(Philadelphia.rcaj).
Serra,]oselitaRaspi (ed.), Paestum and the
Doric Revival, I750-I8JO (Florence, 1986).
Stillman, Damie, English Neo-classical
Architecture, 2 vols (London, 1988). This rwo-
volume survey is one of the few works to
address the full range ofbuilding types,
including new kinds of commercial spaces.
Although it is not a history per se of the
commercialization of eighteenth-cenrury
architecrural practice in Britain, it contains
much valuable information for a future
business hisrory of architecture.
Shvidkovskii, D.O., Tbe Empress and tbe
Architect: British architects and gardens at tbe
courtofCatherine the Great(New Haven,
Conn., 1996).
Tait,A.A., RobertAdam: Drawings and the
Imagination (Cambridge, 1993).
Vidler, Anthony, The Writingofthe Walls:
Architectura!Theory in the Late Enlightenment
(Princeton, 1987) fOIthe second part on
'Interpretations ofHistory'.
Watkin, David,Athenian Stuart, Pioneer oftbe
GreekRevival(London,1982).
Watkin, David, Sir John Soane: Enlightenment
Thought and the RoyalAcademy Lectures
(Cambridge, 1996). A study of the in tellecrual
sourees ofSoane's ideas in both design and
pedagogy, this monumental work provides a
synoptic view of major figures and themes in
eighteenth-cenrury British, French, and
Italian architectural theory.
Wiebenson, Dora, Sources ofGreek Reviva!
Architecture (London, 1969) is a reliable
account of archaeological travel and the
bibliographical revolution.
Wilton, Andrew and Haria Bignamini,
Grand Tour: The lure ofltaly in the eighteenth
century (London, 1996).
FURTHER READING 299
Wüton- Ely,John, The Mind andArt of
Giovanni Battista Piranesi (London, 1978).
Wittkower, Rudolph, 'Piranesi's
Archirecrural Creed'Journalofthe Warburg
Institute 2 (1938),reprinted in Studies in the
Ita/ian Baroque (London, 1975), pp. 23S-46.
Chapter 2: What is Enlightenment?
Primary texts
Gwynn,John, London and Westminster
Improved ... to which ispreJixed a Discourse on
Pub/ic Magnificence (London, 1766).
Laugier, Marc-Antoine, Essay onArchitecture
(Paris, '7S3) Chp, S:'On rhe Embellismenr of
Towns'.
Peyre, Marie-joseph, Oeuures d'Architecture
(Paris, 176S; reprint Zaragoza, Spain, 1996).
Primarilya folio of archirectural projects, ir
should be consulted for its illusrrarions even by
rhose withour French, since its Europe-wide
influence was enormous.
Ralph,J ames,A Critica/ Review ofthe Publick
Buildings, Statues and Ornaments in, and about
London and Westminster ... (London, '734;
reprinr edirion Farnborough, Hants, 1971).
Secondary texts
Benhamou, Reed, 'Conrinuing Educarion
and orher innovarions: an eighreenrh century
case srudy', Studies in Eighteenth Century
Culturev; (1986): 67/6 is a valuable studyof
Blondel's reaching to be read in conjuncrion
wirh Richard Etlin's discussion in Symbolic
Space(seechp.1).
Bergdoll, Barry, 'Compering in rhe Academy
and rhe Marketplace: European Architectural
Cornpetions, 140I-192i, in Hélene Lipstadt
(ed.), Tbe Experimental Tradition: Essays on
Competitions in Architecture (New York, 1989),
pp. 21-S2.
Chartier, Roger, The Cultural Origins oftbe
Frencb Revolution (Durham, NC and London,
1991).
Cleary, Richard, Tbe Place Royale and Urban
Design in tbe rlncient Regime (Cambridge,
1999)·
Crow, Thomas, Patnters and Public Life in
Eighteenth-Century Paris (New Haven, 1985) is
borh an excellent model for a future study of
rhe rise of architectural criticism in
Enlightenment France and indudes extensive
discussion ofLa Font de Saint-Yenne's role as
an art critico
Egorov, I.A., TheArchitectural PlanningofSt.
Petersburg, Its deuelopment in the I8th and I9th
centuries (Athens, Ohio, 1969).
Franca,José-Augusto, Une ville des Lumiéres:
la Lisbonne de Pomba/ (Paris, 1965).
300 FURTHER READlNG
Habermas,Jürgen, Tbe Structural
Transformation ofthe Pub/ic Spbere, an Inquiry
into a category ofbourgeois society (Cambridge,
Mass., 1989). Presents important material and
positions in relationship tú rhe development of
a reading public and a public sphere in the
dosing decades of the eighteenth cenrury.
MacPaland, EdwardJames Gandon,
Vitruvius Hibernicus (London, 1985).
McKindrick, Neil etal., The Birth of
Consumer Society: The Commercia/ization of
Eighteenth Century Eng/and(London, 1982).
Middleton, Robín, 'Diversity but H ygienic
Please: Pierre Patte's Arcades Verdict', in
Daeda/os 24 (1sJune 1987):72-9.
Muthesius, Stefan, Tbe English Terraced
House (London, 1982).
Neumeyer,Alfred, 'Monumenrs to "Genius"
in German Classicism',journa/ ofthe Warburg
and Courtauld Institutes 2 (r938): 1S9-63'
Remains one of the only accounts ofGilly's
Friedrich the Great monument in the context
ofRomantic hero-worship.
Olsen, Donald, Toum Planning in London:
Tbe Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (New
Haven, 1982).
Picon,Antoine, 'Pierre Parte and the
Concept of the Rarional Town', chp. 8 in
FrenchArchitects andEngineers in theAgeofthe
En/ightenment (Cambridge, 1992).
Rabreau, Daniel, 'The Thearre-monument: a
century of"French" typology, '7so-18so',
Zodiac 2 (September 1989): 44-69.
Rabreau, Daniel and Monika Steinhauser,
'Le Théátre de l'Odéon de Charles De Wailly
etMarie-Joseph Peyre, '76¡-1782', Reuue de
l'Art19 (r973): 8-49 remains the dassic artide,
wirh a richly documenred hisrory of rhe design
evolution and politics of this seminal project.
Schorske, Carl, 'The idea of the City in
European Thoughr: Voltaire to Spengler', in
Oscar Handlin andJohn Burchard (eds), Tbe
Historian and the City (Cambridge, Mass.,
1963),pp. 9S-II4·
Stillrnan, Damie, English Neo-c!assica/
Architecture(London, '988).
Surnrnerson, SirJohn, Georgian London
(London, 1978).
Sutcliffe,Antony, Paris: AnArchitectural
History (New Haven, 1993) offers a convenient
overview in English of the development of
eighteenth-century Paris but ir is to be used
with care, as ir is flawed by numerous errors.
Vidler, Anthony, 'Scenes of the Street:
Transformarions in Ideal and Reality,
'7so-1871', in Sranford Anderson (ed.), On
Streets (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), pp. 29-ro6.
Wurnow, Roberr, Communities ofDiscourse:
 '"1

Ideology and Social Structure in the Reformation, Naissance de la clinique, New York, 1973).
Enlightenment and European Socialism Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punisb: tbe
(Cambridge, Mass., 1989). birth oftbe prison (trans. of Suruetller et punir,
New York, 1977).
Chapter 3: Experimental Architecture Hipple, WalterJohn, The Beautifut, tbe
Primar y texts Sublime and the Picturesque in Eigbteentb
Boullée, Etienne-Louis,An Essay onArt Century BritishAesthetic Theory (Carbondale,
(C.I794), trans. in Helen Rosenau, Boullée and Ill., 1957). Remains a dassic.
Visionary Architecture (London, 1976). Hunt,John Dixon, Cardens and tbe
Burke, Sir Edmund, A Philosophical Enquiry Picturesque: studtes in the history oflandscape
tnto the Origin ofour Ideas ofthe Sublime and the architecture(Cambridge, Mass., 1992).
Beautifol(London, 1757). Hunt,J ohn Dixon, Tbe Figure in the
Condillac, Abbé Bonnot de, Traité des Landscape:poetry, painting, and gardening
Sensations (Paris, 1754), translated as Condillac's during the eighteenth century (Baltimore, 1976).
Treatise on Sensations by Ceraldine Carr Hussey, Christopher, Tbe Picturesque: Studies
(London.xojo). in a point of a view (London, '927, revised
Hunt,John Dixon and Peter Willis, The edition, Hamden, Conn., 1967).
Genius ofthe Place: The English Landscape Markus, ThomasA., Buildings and Power:
Carden, I620-I820 (Cambridge, Mass., 1988). Freedom and Control in tbe Origin ofModern
An anthology of texts. Building Types (London, 1993).
Le Camus de Mézieres, Nicolas, The Genius Middleton, Robin, 'Sickness, Madness and
of Architecture; or the analogy ofthat art with our Crime as the Crounds ofForm', AA Files 24
sensations, Il80. English edition translated by ('992): 16-30 and 25 (1993): '4-29.
David Britt and introduced by Robin Middleton, Robin, 'Boullée and the Exotic',
Middleton (Santa Monica, 1992). AA Files '9 ('990): 35-49·
Locke,John, An Essay Concerning Human O'Neal,John C., TheAuthority ofExperience:
Understanding(London,1689)· Sensationist Theory in the Frencb Enlightenment
Ledoux, Claude- Nicolas, Architecture (Penn State, 1996). Largely literary in focus
Considered in Relation toArt, Morals, and but a good survey and very suggestive for
Reprint edn with English
Legislation. thinking about architecture.
commentary (Princeton Architecture Books, Robinson, Sidney, lnquiry into tbe Picturesque
1983). (Chicago.jccr).
Ledoux, Claude-Nicolas,Architecture de Stroud, Dorothy, Capability Broum (London,
Ledoux: lnédits pour un tome III (Paris, 1991). 1984).
Edition of the long-lost volume of plates for Stroud, Dorothy, Ceorge Dance,Architect
Ledoux's third volume, on domestic design, I74I-I82s(London, '97').
for his great folio Architecture, with an Stroud, Dorothy, Humphry Repton (London,
introduction by Michel Callet. '962).
Vidler, Anthony, Claude Nicolas Ledoux:
Secondary texts architecture and social reform at the end ofthe
Bender,John, Imagining the Penitentiary: anden régime (London and Cambridge, Mass.,
Fiction and the Architecture ofMind in 1990).
Eighteenth-Century England (Chicago, 1987). Vidler,Anthony, The Writingofthe Walls:
Bressani, Martin, 'Etienne- Louis Boullée: arcbitectural theory in tbe late enlightenment
empiricism and the cenotaph for Newton', (New York, 1987). Partone treats the building
Architectura 23, no. 1 (1993): 3/57· types taken up by the discourse on institutions:
Carter, George, Humphry Repton, Landscape prisons, hospitals, and factories.
Gardener, I7Y-I8I8(Norwich, '982). Watkin, David, The English Vision: tbe
Curl.james Stevens, Tbe Art andArchitecture picturesque in arcbitecture, Iandscape, and garden
ofFreemasonry: an introduction (London, 1991). design (London, '982).
Evans, Robin, The Fabrication ofVirtue: Wiebenson, Dora, The Picturesque Carden in
English prison arcbitecrure, Ilso-I840 France (Princeton, 1978).
(Cambridge, '982). Woodbridge, Kenneth, Landscape and
For tbe Friends ofNature andArt: Tbe Carden Antiquity: aspects ofEnglish culture at
Kingdom ofPrince Franz uon Anbalt-Dessau Stourbead, IlI8 to I8J8 (London, 1970).
(Ostfildern-Ruit.fccz).
Foucault, Michel, The Birth ofthe Clinic; an
archaeology of medical perception (trans, of

FURTHERREADING 301
Chapter 4: Revolutionary Architecture 1989) and
rlrcbuecses de la Liberté(Paris,
Primar y texts Philippe Bordes and Régis Michel,AuxArmes
Durand,]. -N. -L., Summarv ofeourses offered auxArts!: LesArts et la Révolution, I789-I799
at tbe Éeole Polytechnique (1802-05). A (Paris, 1989).
translation with an introduction by Antoine Luke, Yvonne, 'The Politics ofParticipation:
Picon will be published by the Getty Center, Quatrernere de Quincy and the Theory and
Santa Monica, California, in 2000. Practice of"Concours Publics" in
Durand,]. -N. - L., Portfolio and paralle! of Revolutionary France, '791-1795', OxfordArt
buildings ofall types aneient and modern (1800). [ournal X -1 (1987): 15-43.
Quatremere de Quincy,A. -C., Translations Mansbridge, Michael,john Nash: a complete
fram the Dietionnaire d'Arehiteeture in 9H 7 catalogue, I7Y-I8J5(London, 1991).
(1985) and 'Type', in Oppositions 4 (r977), McClellan,Andrew, Inventing the Louure:
introduced by Anthony Vidler. Art, Polities, and the Origins ofthe Modern
Museum in Eighteenth Centurv Paris
Secondary texts (Cambridge, 1994).
Abramson, Daniel, 'Money's Architecture: Morachiello, Paolo and Georges Teyssot,
The building of the Bank ofEngland, 'Sta te, rown and the colonization of the
1731-1833', Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard territory during the Firsr Empire', Lotus
Universiry.rcoj. International zs. (1979): 24,9·
Bannister, T., 'The First Iron Framed Ozouf, Mona, Festiva/s and the Frencb
Buildings in England',Architectural Review Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1988).
ID7 (r950): 231-46. Ozouf, Mona, 'The Pantheon or the Ecole
Bergdoll, Barry, 'Friedrich Weinbrenner and Normale des Morts', in Pierre Nora (ed.),
eoclassical Karlsruhe: A Vision Tempered Realms ofMemory (New York, 1996).
by Realiry', in Friedrieh Weinbrenner, q66-I825 Richards.]. M., Tbe Functional Traduon in
(London.rcxa). Early Industria! Building (London, 1958).
Bergdoll, Barry, 'Panoramic Patriotismo Richardson, Margaret and May Anne
Charles De Wailly's proposal for the Stevens (eds.),john Soane, Arehitect: Masterof
Pantheon, C.179/, in Nanni Baltzer et al. (eds), Space and Light (London, 1999).
Forsters Kaleidoscope (Zurich: ETH, Sawyer, Sean, 'SirJohn Soane's symbolic
forthcoming). Westminster: the apotheosis ofGeorge 111',
Crook,]. M. and M. H. Port, The History of Arcbitectural HistorY39 (1996): 54/6.
the King's Works. Vol. 6 (1752-1851) (London, Schurnann- Bacia, Eva,john Soane and tbe
1973)· Bank ofEngland (New York, 1991).
Derning, Mark, 'Le Panthéon Skempton,A. W., 'Samuel Wyatt and the
Révolutionnaire', in Barry Bergdoll (ed.) Le Albion Mili', Arehitectural History 14 (r971):
Panthéon: Symbole des Révolutions (Paris, 1991), 53/3·
pp. 9¡-150' Remains the besttext on the Surnrnerson,]ohn, 'Soane: the Man and the
creation of the revolutionary Panthéon. Sryle', inJohn Soane(London, 1983); adapted
Fox, Celina (ed.), London-World City, fram Summerson's Sirjobn Soane (London,
I800-I840 (New Haven, 1992). 1952).
Hunr, Lynn, Polities, Culture, and Class in the Surnmerson,]ohn, 'The Evolution ofSoane's
Freneh Revolution (Berkeley, 1984). Bank Stock Office in the Bank ofEngland', in
johnson, H. R., 'William Strutt's Cotton Tbe Unromantie Castle and otber Essays
Milis', Transactions ofthe Neweomen Society 30 (London, 1990), pp. 143-56.
(1955-57): 179-205. Sumrnerson, SirJohn, The Lift and Work of
Kennedy, Ernrnet, A Cultural History ofthe John Nash, Arehitect (London, 1980).
Frencb Revolution (New Haven, 1989). Szambien, Werner,jNL. Durand(Paris,
Lavin, Sylvia, Quatremere de Quincy and the 1983).
Invention of a Modern Language of 'Ardurecture Temple, Nigel,John Nash and the Village
(Cambridge, Mass., 1991). Picturesque (London, 1979).
Leith,]arnesA., The Idea of Art as Propaganda ViIlari, Sergio,jNL. Durand (I76o-I8J4):
in France, I750-Q99 (Toronto, 1965)' Art and Science of 'Ardntecture (N ew York,
Leith,]arnesA., Spaee and Reuolution: Projects 199°)'
for monuments, squares, and publie buildings in
Franee, I789-I799(Montreal, 1991). Those
with French should also consult J ean -Pierre
Mouilleseaux and Annie J acques, Les

302 FURTHER READING

Chapter 5: Nationalism and Stylistic Crook,]. Mordaunt, The British Museum
Debates (Landan, '972).
Primary texts Crook.], Mordaunt, Tbe Greek Revival:
Eastlake, Charles Locke,A History ofthe Neoclassieal /lttitudes In British Arehiteeture
Gothie Revival:AnAttempt to Show How the I76a-I87a(Landan, 1972).
Taste -for Medieval Arehitecture whieh lingered in Crook,]. Mordaunt,john Carter and the Mind
England during the last two centuries has sinee ofthe Gothie Revival(Landan, 1995).
been encouraged and developed(Landan, ,872). Csorba, László,]ózsefSisa, and Zoltán
Reprintedn (Leicester, '97'). Szalay, Tbe Hungarian Parliament (Budapest,
Ferrey, Benjamín, Reeolleetions olA. WN 1993)·
Pugin and bis jatherAugustlls Pugin (Landan, Fawcett,]ane (ed.), Seuen VietorianArehiteets
,86,). Reprint edn with introductian byClive (London, '976).
and Jane Wainwright (London, '978). Ferriday, Perer, VietorianArehitecture
Goethe,]ohann, 'On German Archirecture' (London.roéj).
(I772), inJahn Gage (ed.), GoetheonArt Fessas- Emmanouil, Helen, Publie
(Landan, '98a). Arehiteeture in Modern Greeee, I82iI992
Pugin, A. W. N., True Principies ofPointed or (Athens, '993).
ChristianArehiteeture (,841; reprint, New Yark, Germann, Georg, Gothie Revivalin Europe
1973)· and Britian: Sources, Influenees and Ideas
Pugin, A. W. N. ,Apology -for the Revival 01 (London, '972).
ChristianArchiteeture (,843). Hirchcock, Henry- Russell, Early Vietorian
Pugin,A. W.N., Contrasts; oraparalle! Architecture in Britian. 2 vals (New Haven,
between the noble edifiees ofthe MiddleAges and 1954)·
Corresponding Buildings ofthe Present Day; Hobsbawm, Eric and Terence Ranger(eds.),
shewing the Present Deeay ofTaste, znd edn Tbe Invention ofTradition (Cambridge, 1983).
(London, ,84'). Madern critical edn by H. ~R. A very suggesrive appraach far reconsidering
Hitchcack (Leicester, '969). the roles af revivals in nineteenth-century
Rickman, Thomas,AnAttempt to architecture.
Diseriminate the Styles ofEnglishArehiteeture Hobsbawm, Eríc, Nations and Nationalism
(Landan, ,8'7). since q8a. Programme, Myth, Reality
Walpole, Horace, Description ofthe Villa 01 (Cambridge.rcoo).
MI: Horaee Walpole ... at Strawberry Hill near Lewis, Michael, Tbe Polities ofthe German
Twiekenham, Middlesex ... ('784 and Gothie Revival: Auguste Reiehensperger(New
subsequent edns; facsimile edn London, '964). Yark, I993).
Lewis, W. S., 'The Genesis afStrawberry
Secondary texts Hill', Metropolitan Museum Studies 5 (1934-36):
Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: 5i92.
Rejleetions on the Origin and Spread 01 Liscombe, R. W., William Wilkins, I778-I839
Nationalism (rev, edn, London, '99'). (Cambridge, '98a).
Atterbury, Paul (ed.), Pugin: Master oftbe Macauley,]ames, Tbe Gothie Revival,
Gothie Revival(Landan and New Haven, I745-I845 (Glasgaw, '975)· Treats in particular
1995)· the lesser- knawn histary af the Gathic
Atterbury, Paul, and Clive Wainwright Revival in Narthern England and Scotland.
(eds), Pugin:A Gothie Passion (Landan and Macleod, Robert, Style and Society:
New Haven, '994). Architeetural ideology in Britain I835-I9I4
Bergdoll, Barry, Karl Friedrieh Schinke!:An (London, '97I).
Architecturefor Prussia (New Yark, '994). Port, M. H., (ed.), The Houses ofParliament
Brooks, Chris, Tbe Gothie Revival (Landan, (New Haven and London, '976).
1999)· Port, M. H., Six HundredNew Churcbes: a
Brooks, Chris and Andrew Saint (eds), Tbe study ofthe ehureh buildingcommission,
Victoria n Chureh, Arehitecture and Society (Landan, '961).
I8I8-I856
(Manchester, '995). Robson-Scort, W. D., The Literary
Clark, Kenneth, The Gothie Revival:AnEssay Background ofthe Gothie Revival in Germany
in tbe History ofTaste. jrd edn (London, 1962). (Oxfard, '965).
Cole, David, Tbe Work 01Sir Gilbert Scott Schorske, Carl, 'Medieval Revival and Irs
(London.uqso). Modern Conrenr: Caleridge, Pugin, and
Colley, Linda, Britons, Forging the Nation, DisraeLi', in ThinkingwithHistory:
17aiI837( ew Haven and London, 1992). Explorations in the Passage to Moderntsm

FURTHER READI G 303

(Princeton, 1998), pp. 71-89,
Seton -Watson, Hugh, Nations and States. An
Enquiry into the Origins ofNations and the
Politics ofNationalism (Boulder, Col., 1977)'
Sieea, Cinzia Maria, Committed to Classicism:
Tbe Buildings ofDowning Col/ege Cambridge
(Cambridge, 1987)'
Stanton, Phoebe, 'The Sources ofPugin's
Contrasts', in SirJohn Summerson (ed.),
ConcerningArchitecture (London, 1968).
Stanton, Phoebe, Pugin (London, 1971).
Travlos,john and George Manousakis,
NeoclassicalArchitecture in Greece (Athens,
1967)'
Wainwright, Clive, The Romantic Interior:
The British Col/ector at Home, I750-I850 (New
Haven and London, 1989). Indudes an
excellent discussion ofStrawberry Hill.
Watkin, David, The Triumph ofthe Classical:
CambridgeArchitecture, I804-I834
(Cambridge, 1977)
Watkin, David, Tbomas Hope I769-I8y and
the Neo-Classical Idea (London, 1968).
White,james F., The Cambridge Movement,
The Ecclesiologists and the Gothic Revival
(Cambridge, 1962).
Williams, Raymond, Culture and Society,
I78o-I950 (New York, 1960). Perceptive
treatment of the Pugin- Ruskin-Morris line in
British architecturallethical thinking.
Wilton-Ely,john, 'The Genesis and
Evolution ofFonthill Abbey', Architectural
History ry (1980): 40-51.
Wright, Gwendolyn, The Formation 01
National Col/ections 01Art andArchaeology
(Washington, DC, 1996).
Youngson,A.J., Tbe MakingofClassical
Edinburgh (Eclinburgh, 1966).
Chapter 6: Historicism and New Building
Types
Primary texts
Hübsch, Heinrieh, In what style sbould we
build? (Karlsruhe, 1828), trans. with other texts
in Hermann, Wolfgang and Harry Francis
Mallgrave, In What Style sbould we Build? the
German debate on architectural style (Santa
Monica, Calif., I992).
Sehinkel, Karl Friedrieh, Collection 01
Architectural Designs (Berlin, I8I9-40).
English edn edited by Kenneth Hazlett,
Stephen O'Malley, and Christopher Rudolph
(Chicago, I981).
Scott, Sir George Gilbert, Personal and
Prcfessional Recollections (London, 1879).
Scort, Sir George Gilbert, Remarks on Secular
and DomesticArchitecture, Present and Future
(London,1857)'
304 FURTHER READING
Street, George Edmund, 'On the Proper
Characteristics of a Town Church' (1850), and
'The True Principles of Architecture, and the
Possibility ofDevelopment' (1852), Tbe
EcclesiologistII (1850): 22/33 and 13 (1852):
24(62.
Street, George Edmund, Brick and Marble
Architecture in the MiddleAges (London, 1855).
Thomson, Alexander, The Light ofTruth and
Beauty, the Lectures 01Alexander 'Greek'
Thomson, rlrchitect IBI(I875, edited by Gavin
Stamp (Glasgow, 1999).
Secondary texts
Benevolo, Leonardo, The Origins ofModern
Town Planning (London and Cambridge,
Mass., 1971) is especially good on the role of
utopian socialist thought.
Bergdoll, Barry, 'Archaeology vs. History:
Heinrich Hübsch's Critique ofNeo-dassicism
and the Beginnings ofHistoricism in German
Archi tectural Theory', OxfordArt [ournal c
(1983) 2: 3-I2.
Bergdoll, Barry, Karl Friedricb Schinkel: an
Architecturefor Prussia (New York, 1994).
Bindman, David and Gottfried Riemann
(eds), Karl Friedrich Schinkel, 'The English
fourney':]ournalofa Visit to France and
England in I826 (New Haven and London,
1993)·
Brownlee, David B., 'The First High
Victorians: British Architectural Theory in
the 1840s',Architectura 15 (1985): 33-46.
Brownlee, David B., The Law Courts: The
Arcbitecture ofGeorge Edmund Street
(Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1984).
Brownlee, David B., 'Neugriechisch/Néo-Grec:
The German VocabularyofFrench Romantic
Architecture',]ournalofthe Society 01
Architectural Historians 50 (1991): 18-21.
Crin son, Mark, Empire Building: Orientalism
and VictorianArchitecture (London, 1996).
Crook,J. Mordaunt, The Dilemma ofStyle:
Architectural Ideas from the Puturesque to the
Post-Modern (London, 1987)' A survey of the
problems of edecticism in architecture.
Crook,j. Mordaunt, William Burges and the
High Victorian Dream (London and Chicago,
1981).
Dixon, Roger and Stefan Muthesius,
VictorianArchitecture, znd edn (London, 1985).
Drexler, Arthur (ed.), TheArchitecture ofthe
Ecole des Beaux-Arts (New York and London,
1977)' Especially for Neil Levine's seminal
artide on Henri Labrouste's Paestum srudies
and the Bibliotheque Sainte-Geneviéve.
Hersey, George, High Victorian Gothic
(Baltimore and London, 1972).
McFadzean, Ronald, The Life and Work of Van Zanten, David, Designing Paris: The
Alexander Thomson (London, '979)' Architecture ofDuban, Labrouste, Duc, and
McWilliam, Neil, 'David d'Angers and the Vaudoyer(Cambridge, Mass., '987).
Pantheon Commission: Politics and Public Van Zanten, David, TheArchitectural
Works under the July Monarchy' ,Art History 5 PolychromyoftheISJOS (New York, '977)'
('982): 426-46. Watkin, David and Tilman Mellinghof,
McWilliam, Neil, Dreams ofHappiness, Social GermanArchitecture and tbc Classical Ideal
Art and the French Left, ISJO-ISso (Princeton, (London, '987) remains the only account of
'993). Deals exclusivelywith the art theory but Bavarian Neoclassical architecture in English.
lays out much of the essential background for Zukowsky,John (ed.), Karl Friedrich Schinkel:
understanding French utopian socialist Tbe Drama of Architecture (Chicago, 1994)·
archi tecture.
Meeks, CarrolM. V., The Railroad Station, an Chapter 7: New Technology and
architectural history(New Haven, '956). Architectural Form
Middleton, Robin (ed.), The Beaux-Arts and Primary texts
Nineteeenth-century FrenchArchitecture Acland, Henry W. andJohn Ruskin, The
(London and Cambridge, Mass., '982). Oxford Museum (London, ,859).
Middleton, Robin, 'The Rationalist Dresser, Christopher, TheArt ofDecorative
Interpretations ofLéonce Reynaud and Design (London, ,862).
Viollet-le-Duc',AAFilesIl ('986): 29-48. Morris, William, Newsfrom Nowhere and
Muthesius, Stefan, The High Victorian selected writings and designs. Edited by Asa
Movement in Architecture (London, '972). Briggs (New York, '986).
Orbach,Julian, VictorianArchitecture in Ruskin,John, The Opening ofthe Crystal
Britain (London, '987)' A Blue Cuide to Palace considered in some ofits relations to the
Victorian architecture which provides an prospects ofart (London, 1852).Reprinted in E.
indispensable gazetteer and is peppered with T. Cook and A. Wedderburn, The Works of
intelligent and original insights. [obn Ruskin. 39 vols (London, '903-12).
Physick,J ohn and Michael Darby, 'Marble Ruskin,John, The Seven Lamps of Architecture
Halls': Drawings and Modelsfor Victoria n (London, 1849).
Public Buildings(London, '973). Ruskin.john, Tbe Stones ofVenice. 3 vols
Schónemann, Heinz, Karl Friedrich Schinkel: (London,1851-53)'
Charlottenhoj Potsdam-Sanssouci (Stuttgart, Semper, Gottfried, The Four Elements of
'997)' Architecture and Other Writings. Trans. by
Smart, C. M., Muscular Churches: Ecclesiastical Harry Francis Mallgrave and Wolfgang
Architecture ofthe High Victorian Period Herrmann (Cambridge, 1989).
(Fayetteville, Ark., '989). Viollet-Ie- Duc, Eugene- Emmanuel, The
Stamp, Gavin,Alexander 'Greek' Thomson Foundations of Architeclure: Selectionsfrom the
(London, '999). Dictionnaire Raisonné ofViollet-le-Duc (New
Stamp, Gavin and Sam McKinstry (eds), York,1990).
Greek Thomson (Edinburgh, '994). Viollet-Ie- Duc, Eugene- Emmanuel,
Summerson, SirJohn, VictorianArchitecture Lectures onArchitecture. English trans. by
in England: Four Studies in Evaluation (New Benjamin Bucknall (London, 187/81).
York, '970). Modern edn (New York, 1987)'
Taylor, Katherine Fischer, In the Theaterof
Criminaljustice, Tbe Palais defustice in Second Secondary texts
Empire Paris (Pri nceton, '993). Allwood,J ohn, The Great Exhibitions
Thompson, Paul, William Butterfield, (London.rcy-).
VictorianArchitect(London, '97')' Baker, Malcolm and Brenda Richardson, A
Van Zanten, A. L., 'The Palace and the Grand Design: TheArt ofthe Victoria andAlbert
Temple: Two UtopianArchitectural Visions Museum (New York, 1997)'
ofthe ,830s',Art History 2, no. 2 (June '979): Bergdoll, Barry, Léon Vaudoyer, Historicism in
'79-200. theAge ofIndustry (New York, 1994).
Van Zanten, David, 'Félix Duban and the Blau, Eve, Ruskinian Gothic: TheArchitecture
buildings of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts', ofDeane and Woodward, IS4S-IS6I (Princeton,
[ournal ofthe Society of Architectural Historians '982).
37 ('978): 64-84. Those with French should Boe, Alf, From Gothic Revival to Functional
now consult Francoise Hamon and Sylvain Form: A Study in Victorian Tbeories ofDesign
Bellenger, FélixDuban (Paris, '996). (Oslo, 1957)'

FURTHER READING 305

Bressani, Martin, 'Notes on Viollet-Ie- Duc's
Philosophy ofHistory: Dialectics and
Technology' ,]ournal ofthe Society of
Architectural Historians 48 ('989): 32,50.
Bressani, Marrin, 'The life of stone: Viollet-
le- Duc's physiology of architecture',ANY '4
('996): 22-27-
Brooks, Michae1 W.,]ohn Ruskin and
VictorianArchitecture ( ew Brunswick, T J.
and London, 1987).
Chadwick, George F., The Works of Sirfosepb
Paxton (London, '96,).
Darby, Michae1, Tbe Islamic Perspectiue: an
aspect ofBritish Architecture and Design in tbe
Nineteentb Century (London, 1983).
Darby, Michael and David van Zanten,
'Owen jones's Iron Buildings ofthe 1850s',
Arcbitectura4 (r974): 5315·
Davey, Peter, rlrts and CraftsArchitecture
(London, 1995).
Durant, Stuart, Christopher Dresser(London
and New York, 1993).
Garrigan, Kristine Ottesen, Ruskin on
Arcbitecture, His Thought and Influence
(Madi son, Wisc., '973).
Greenhalgh, Paul, Ephemeral Vista: The
Expositions U niverselles, Great Exhibitions
and World s Fairs (Manchester, ]988).
Halén, Widar, Christopher Dresser (London,
1993)·
Hearn, M. F., TheArchitectural Theory of
Viollet-le- Duc: readinys and commentaries
(Cambridge, Mass., 1990).
Herrmann, Wolfgang, Gottfried Semper: In
Search of 'Architeaure (Cambridge, Mass. and
London, 1984). Inc1udes trans. ofimportant
Sernper manuscripts and a discussion of the
relation between Semper and Borticher's
thought.
Hunt,John Dixon (ed.), Tbe Ruskin Po/ygon:
essays on the imagination offohn Ruskin
(Manchester, '982).
Mallgrave, Harry Francis, Gottfried Semper,
Architect ofthe Nineteentb Century ( ew
Haven and London, '996).
Marrey, Bernard, Les Grands Magasins des
origines a I939 (Paris, 1979). This remains the
besr account of the development of the
Parisian department store. Richly illustrated,
it should be consulted by students even
without French.
Muthesius, Stefan, '''The Iron Problem" in
the 1850s',Architectural History '3 ('970): 58-63.
O'Connell, Lauren M., 'A Rationalist
NationalistArchitecture: Viollet-Ie- Duc's
Modest Proposalfor Russia'']ournal ofthe
Society of Architectural Historians 52 (r993):
436-52.
306 FURTHER READING
Schwarzer, Mitchell, German Architectural
Theory and the Searcb for Modern Identity
(Cambridge and New York, 1995).
Soros, Susan Weber (ed.) E. W. Godwin,
Aesthetic Movement Architect and Designer
(New Haven, 1999).
Summerson, Sirjohn, 'Viollet-Ie-Duc and
the rational point of view', in Heavenly
Mansions(New York, 1948).
Swenarton, Mark, Artisans and Arcbitecture:
The Ruskinian Tradition inArchitectural
Thought(New York, 1988).
Unrau,John, Looking atArchitecture with
Ruskin (London, 1978).
Wainwright, Clive, 'Principies true and false:
Pugin and the foundation of the Museum of
Manufactures', The Burlington Magazine '36
(r994): 35,64·
Wittemore, Leila, 'Thearer of rhe Bazaar:
Women and the Architecture ofFashion in
rotb Century Paris',A/RlC, ('995): 15-25.
Yanni, Carla, Narure's Museums: Victorian
Science & theArchitecture ofDisplay (Baltimore
and London, 1999).
Chapter 8. The City Transformed
Primary texts
Alphand, Les Promenades de Paris (Paris,
1867/3; reprint edition, Princeton
Architectural Books, 1989).
Cerda, Ildcfonso, The jive bases ofthe General
The01) ofUrbanization. edited by Arturo Soria
Puig (Madrid, 1999).
Sitte, Camillo, City Planning According to
Artistic Principies (,889). Trans. in George R.
Collins and Christiane Crasemann Collins,
Camillo Sitte: The Birth ofModern City
Planning(New York, 1986).
Secondary texts
Bullock, NichoIas andJames Read, The
Movement for Housing ReJorm in Germanyand
France I840-19I4 (Cambridge, 1985).
Choay, Francoise, The Modern City: Planning
in the Nineteenth Gentury (New York, 1969).
Evenson, Norma, Paris: A Century ofChange,
I878-I978 (New Haven and London, 1979).
Haiko, Peter, Vienna, I850-I930: Architecture
( ew York, 1992).
Harvey, David, 'Paris 1852-187°', in
Consaousness and the Urban Experience
(Baltimore, 1985).
Jordan, David, Transforming Paris: The Lift
and Labors ofBaron Haussmann (New York,
1995)·
Ladd, Brian, Urban Planning and Civic Order
in Germany, I860-I9I4 (Cambridge, Mass.,
1990).
Loyer, Francois, Paris Nineteentb Century: Nietzsche, Friedrich, The Use and Abuse r:f
and Urbantsm (New York, 1988).
Architecture History(,874). Trans. by Adrian CoUins
Mead, Christopher, Charles Garnier's Paris (Indianapolisrcac).
Opera: Arcbuectural Empathy and the
Renaissance of Frencb Classicism (New York, Secondary texts
1991). Dal Co, Francesco, Figures of.Architecture and
Moravánsky,Akos, Competing Visiom: Thought: GermanArchitectural Culture,
Aestbetic 1nvention and Social 1magination in 1880-1920 ( ew York, 1990).
Central European Arcbitecture, 186/1918 Girouard, Mark, Sweetness and Light: Tbe
(Cambridge, Mass., 1998). Queen Anne Movement, 1860-1900 (Oxford,
Pinkney, David, Napo/eon 111 and the 1977)'
Rebuilding of'Paris (Prineeton, 1958). Harvey, David, 'Monument and Myth: The
Schorske, Carl, Fin-de-Siécle Vienna: Politics Building of the Basiliea of the Saered Hearr',
and Culture (New York, '98,). The seminal in The Urban Experience(New York, 1989),pp.
interpretation offered here of the Ringstrasse 200-28.
should now be read in eonjunetion with the Loyrette, Henri, Gustave Eijfel(New York,
aurhor's reeonsideration ofhis po sitio n in 1985).
'Museum in Contested Spaee: The Sword, the MaIlgrave,Harry(ed.), atto Wagner:
Seepter, and the Ring', in Sehorske, Thinking Rejlections of Modernity (Santa
on the Raiment
with History: Explorations in the Passage to Moniea, Calif., 1993). Espeeially important for
Modernism (Prineeton, 1998), pp. I04-22. the essay by Duncan Berry.
Simo, Melanie Louise, Loudon and the Russell, Frank (ed.),Art Nouoeau Arcbitecture
Landscape, From Country Seat to Metropolis (New York, 1979).
(London,1988). Saint, Andrew, RichardNorman Shaw (New
Soria, Arturo, 'Ildefonso Cerdá's general Haven and London, 1976).
theory of urbanización', Town Planning Schwarzer, Mitchell, 'The Emergenee of
Review 66 (Jan. T995):15-39· Architecrural Spaee: August Schrnarsov's
Suttcliffe,Anthony, TheAutumn of Central Theory of Raumgestaltung',Assemblage '5
Paris: The Defeat r:fTown Planning, 1850-1950 (1991):49-61.
(Montreal and London, 1971). Silverman, Deborah,Art Nouveau in Fin-de-
Van Zanten, David, Building Paris: Siede France: Politics, Psychology and Style
Architectural Institutions and the (Berkeley and London, 1989).
Transformation oftbe Frencb Capital, 1830-1870 Silverman, Deborah, 'The Paris Exhibition
( ew York and Cambridge, 1994). of 1889:Arehiteeture and the Crisis of
Williams, Guy R., London in the Country, Tbe Individualism', Oppositions8 (1977):70-91.
Growth cf Suburbia (London, 1975)' Stamp, Gavin andAndre Goulancourt, Tbe
English House, 1860-1914. The Flouiering of
Chapter 9: The Crisis of Historicism English DomesticArchitecture (London, 1986).
Primar y texts
Mallgrave, Harry F. and Eleftherios
Ikonomou (eds), Empatby, Form, and Space:
Problems in Gernian rlesthetics, 1873-1893(Santa
Moniea, Calif., 1994). Contains keytexts by
Robert Viseher, Heinrieh Wólfflin, and
August Sehmarsov.

FURTHER READING 307

Picture Credi ts
The publisher would like to thank the
following individuals and institutions who
have kindly given permission to reproduce the
illustrations listed below.
1.Charles Eisen: frontispiece for the second
edition of'Marc-Anroine (Abbé) Laugier's
Essay onArchitecture (Paris 'lSS). Royal
Instirute ofBritish Architects [RIBAl
Library, London/photoA.C. Coopero
2.Johann Friedrich Dauthe: Nikolaikirche,
Leipzig, '784. Bildarchiv Foto Marburg.
3. Gabriel-Pierre-Martin Dumont: the
Temple ofNeptune, Paestum, 'l64.
Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.
4. James Stuart sketching on the Acropolis,
'75', from]. Stuart and N. Revett,
AntiquitiesofAthens, ii ('787). British Library,
London (4S9.g.14).
s.James Stuart: DoricTemple at Hagley,
Worcestershire, 1758. Country Life
Picture Library, London.
6. J ulien David Leroy: view of the Propylaea
from Les ruines des plus beaux
monuments de la Grece. (Paris, 'lS8). British
Library, London (1899.g.30).
7. Giovanni Battista Piranesi: Tomb of the
Scipios, fromAntichitiiRomane, ii (1756).
British Library, London Cr47.i.6).
8. Giovanni Battista Piranesi: preparatory
study for Parere su l'artbitettura, c.176S. Pen,
with brown and Indian ink over red chalk.
Kunstbibliothek, Berlin/photo.
Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz.
9. Giovanni Battista Piranesi: Temple of
Neptune as illustrated in Difftrentesvues de
quelques restes ... de l'ancienne ville de Pesto
(In8). Photo Conway Library, Courtauld
Institute of Art, London.
ro. J. -G. Soufflot: perspective view ofthe
projected church of Ste-Geneviéve, Paris,
1757, as engraved byj.C, Bellicard. Musée
Carnavalet, Paris/Phototheque Musées de la
Ville de Paris.
l1.].-G. Soufflot: church of Ste-Genevieve
308 PICTURE CREDITS
(now Panthéon), Paris, '7S¡--89. Interior.
Photo A.F. Kersting, London.
12.]. -G. Soufflot: section of the 'l64 project
for the church of'Ste-Genevieve, Paris.
Archives ationales, Paris (N.IV Seine/rocj,
u).
13.].-G. Soufflot: Ste-Genevieve, Paris.
Section through the masonry of the pedimento
From A. -]. - B. Rondelet, Traité theorique et
pratique de l'art de bátir (1802-17). RIBA,
London/photo A.C. Cooper.
'4. Julien David Leroy: engraved plare
illustrating the development of the Christian
church, Paris, '764. From Histoire de la
disposition et desformes dijJérentes que
les chrétiens ont données ii leurs temples ... ('l64)
Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library,
Columbia University in the City ofNew York.
IS.].-G. Soufflot. Ste-Ceneviéve, section of
final project, uno. Archives ationales,
( .III Seine/rocj, 3), Paris.
16. Robert Adam. Kedleston Hall. (a) South
garden elevation. Phoro A.F. Kersting,
London. (b) Plan. Courtesy the National
Trust.
'l.Robert Adam. Syon House, Middlesex. (a)
View of the entrance hall. Photo A.F.
Kersting, London; (b) Ante-chamber. Photo
A.F. Kersting; (e) Plan. Courtesyof
Duke ofNorthumberland.
18.Pierre Patte. Composite map ofParis with
rival plans submitted in 'l48 for siting
and designing a Place Louisxv, 1765. From
Pierre Patte, Monumens ériges en France.
(1765). RIBA Library, London/photo
A.C.Cooper.
19. G.L. Le Rouge. Engraving of the Place
Louis xv (roday de la Concorde) as inaugu-
rated in 'l63 to the designs of the royal
architect Anges-Jacques Gabriel. Musée
Carnavalet, Paris/Phototheque des Musées de
la Ville de Paris/photo Ladet.
20. Pierre Patte. Project for an ideal street,
'l69. From Mémoiressur les objets les
plus importan: de l'architecture ('l69). RIBA
Library, Londonlphoto A.C. Coopero
21.Aerial view of the centre ofLisbon.
Arquivo Fotografico, Departemento da
Patrimonio Cultural, Lisbon.
22. Nicolas Le Camus de Mezieres. Halle au
Blé. Site plan as engraved in the architect's
folio presentation of the design, with partial
elevation and section. From Récueil des
dif.ftrens plans et dessins concernant la nouuelle
Halle des Grains ('769). RIBA Library,
London/phoro A.C. Cooper.
23.M.-J. Peyre. Project for a cathedral and two
palaces. (a) Perspectiveview; (b) Plan. From
M.-J. Peyre, Oeuures d'arcbueauretrn.e).
RIBA Library, Londonlphoto A.e. Cooper
24. Charles De Wailly. Section of the
Comédie- Francaise, Paris/ Phototheque des
Musées de la Ville de Paris/Berthier,
25.Charles De Wailly and M.-J. Peyre. Aerial
view of the Comédie- Francaise and its
quarter, Paris, I779-S2. Photo Roger--Viollet,
Paris.
26. Victor Louis. Stairhall of the Grand
Théátre in Bordeaux, I773-So. Photo Achim
Bednorz, Cologne.
27.William Chambers. River facade of the
new Mint (Hotel des Monnaies), Paris. RIBA
Drawings Collection, Londonlphoto A. C.
Coopero
28.Jacques Gondoin. SchoolofSurgery, Paris.
(a) Streetview. PhotoAchim Bednorz,
Cologne; (b) Plan. (e) View ofthe anatomy
theatre. FromJacques Gondoin, Descriptions
des ecolesde cbiruryerie ('7So). RIBA Library,
LondonlphotoA.e. Cooper.
29. Jean- Louis Desprez (r743-IS04). Idealized
view ofSomerset House, London, with St
Pau!'s Cathedral and Blackfriars Bridge. Pen
and watercolour. 57.S x 177cm. Yale Center for
British Art, Paul Mellon Collection
(BI977.I4.6I46), New Haven, cr/photo
Richard Caspole.
30. Jean- Louis Desprez (I743-IS04). The
courtyard ofSomerset House, London,
1776-96. Pen, ink and wash. 70 x 129cm.
Trustees ofSir john Soane's Museum,
London.
ji.View of rhe Forum Fredricianum, Berlin.
Engraving after K.F. Schinkel, IS30' Photo
AKGLondon.
32. Friedrich Gilly. Design for a monument to
Frederick the Great to be erected in
Berlin, 1797.Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliches
Museen, Berlinlphoto Bildarchiv Preussischer
Kulturbesirz,
33. Plan of the gardens at Rousham. After
R. Middleton and D. Watkin, Neoclassical
and Nineteenth- Century Architecture (Milan:
Electa, 1977;New York: Abrams, I9S0).
34. The Gardens at Stourhead. (a) Plan;
(b) View from the village, looking across the
lake towards the Pantheon, c.I775.Watercolour
by Coplestone Warre Bampfylde. Stourhead
House, Warminsterlphoto The Art Archive,
London.
35. Erménonville: view of the Island ofPoplars
with Rousseau's cenotaph from the Temple of
Philosophy, designed by Girardin, '766{0.
From Promenade ou ifinéraire dejardins
d'Erménonville (I78S). British Library
Cs76.f.u), London.
36. Worlitz, near Dessau, Germany. (a) copyof
the Coalbrookdale cast-iron bridge.
(b) Plan. Engraving by J.S. Probst after
J.C. Neumark, '784. Photos Kulturstiftung
Dessau Worlitz.
37. Entrance to the Désert de Retz, in the
Forest ofMarly near Chambourcy, c.I775.
From G. Le Rouge, Détails de nouveaux jardins
ii la mode, ii ('776-SS). British Library
(34.fu-I2), London.
3S. Roben Adam. Culzean Castle, Scotland,
177/90. Photo A.F. Kersting, London.
39. Etienne- Louis Boullée. Cenotaph for
Newton, c.I7S4. (a) Nightview of exterior.
(b) Daytime view ofinterior. Bibliotheque
Nationale (Estampes, HA.57,/S), Paris.
40. Etienne- Louis Boullée. Interior of the
Metropole on the feast of the Féte Dieu,
c.I781. Bibliotheque ationale (Estampes,
HA.56,S),Paris.
41. Etienne- Louis Boullée. Design for the
Royal Library, interior. Bibliorhéque
ationale (Estampes, HA.56,36), Paris.
42. George Dance. ewgate Prison, London.
'76S{5. Photograph 1900. © Crown
Copyright. National Monuments Record,
London.
43. Giovanni Battista Piranesi. Imaginary
Prison from Carceri d'invenzione (2/C.I760).
Photo Conway Library, Courtauld Institute of
Art, London.
44. Jeremy Bentham. 'Panopticon', c.'791.
Bentham Papers (U5/44). Manuscripts and
Rare Books, University College London.
45. Bernard Poyet. Radial hospital plan. Plan,
elevation and section for the Hotel- Dieu on
the ile des Cygnes, '7SS. Pen and black ink and
black and pink wash on laid paper. Sheet
59.2 x 45.6 cm. Collection Centre Canadien
d'Architecture/Canadian Centre for
Architecture (DRI9S7'OUS),Montreal.
46. Pavilion plan hospital. FromJ.- .-L.
Durand, Recueil et paralleie des edifices
de tout genres anciens et modernes (I799-ISro).
RIBA Library, Londonlphoto A. e. Coopero
PICTURE CREDITS 309
47. Claude- Nicolas Ledoux. Hotel Thélusson,
Paris, 1778.From C. -N. Ledoux,
L'architecture considerée (1804). RlBA Library,
London/photoA.C. Coopero
48. Claude- Nicolas Ledoux. Project for
Chaux. From C. -N. Ledoux, L'arcbitecture
considerée(1804). British Library (559*.H.20),
London.
49.Claude- icolas Ledoux. 'Pacifiére' for
Chaux. From L.-C. Ledoux, L'arcbitecture
considerée (1804). British Library (559*.H.20),
London.
50. Pierre- Francois Palloy. Monument to the
Revolution to be erected on the site of the
demolished prison of the Bastille, 1789.From
Adresse, et projet généml ... p"ésenté a l'Assemblé
nationale (Paris, '792).
et au 1'Oidesfrancais
Bibliotheque ationale, Paris.
51.Jacques-Guillaume Legrand andJacques
Molinos. Project for a national palace to
be erected over the incomplete foundations of
the royal church of the Madeleine, '792.
Musée Carnavalet, Paris/Photothéque des
Musées de la Ville de Paris/Leder.
52. Bird's-eye view of the Festival of
Federation, 14July 1790. Engraving by
Choquet after Chaillot. Musée Carnavalet,
Paris/Phororheque des Musées de la Ville de
Paris/Habouzit.
53. Charles De Wailly. Project to transform the
Panthéon, 1797.Pen and grey ink and brown
and greywash on laid papel. Sheet 24.4 x 19.7
cm. Collection Centre Canadien
d'Architecture/Canadian Centre for
Architecture (DRI995:0061), Montrea!'
54.jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand and jacques-
Thomas Thibault. Project for a Temple of
Equalitysubmitted in the Competitions ofthe
Year II (1794). Drawing by Leo von Klenze.
Staatliche Graphische Sammlung
(INv.27000), Munich.
55.Louis Cassas. GalJery of Architecture
opened in the Rue de Seine, Paris, (,1806.
From L.P Baltard,Athenaeum (1806). British
Library (PP.1655),London.
56. Early nineteenrh-century mule shop. From
E. Baines, History ojCotton Manufacture
(1835).British Library (I044.g.23), London.
57-Joseph Gandy. RenderingofSoane's Bank
Stock Office, '798. Pen and watercolour.
42.8 x 94.1 cm. Trustees ofSirJohn Soane's
Museum, London.
58. Sir john Soane. Plan ofthe Bankof
England, London, 1794-18IO.Trustees ofSir
Sir John Soane's Museum, London.
59. SirJohn Soane. Tivoli Comer, Bankof
England, 1807. Pen and watercolour.
31.9 x 91.7cm. Trustees ofSirJohn Soane's
310 PICTURE CREDITS
Museum, London.
óo.joseph Gandy. The BankofEngland
Imagined in Ruins, 1830.Watercolour.
72.5x 129cm. Trustees ofSir John Soane's
Museum, London.
61.Friedrich Gilly. Viewofthe Ruedes
Colonnes in Paris, '798. Universitats-
bibliothek, Technische Universitat Berlin.
Originallost in World War 11.FIOm A.
Rietdorf, Gilly: Wiedf1geburt der Arehitektur
(Berlin: Hans von Hugo Verlag, 1940).
62.John Nash. Park Village East, London,
1823-24. Public Record Office (MPEErl9Il),
Kew.
63. Charles Percier and Pierre- Louis Fontaine.
Rue de Rivoli, Paris, 1802-e.1825). FIOm A.C.
Pugin, Paris and its Enuirons Displayed in a
Series ojPicturesque Views, i (1829-:31).RlBA
Library, London/photo A.C. Cooper.
64. (a) Map ofRegent Streer and Regent's
Park complex. After R. Middleton
and D. Watkin, Neoclassical and Nineteentb-
CenturyArehiteeture (Milan: Electa, 1977;New
York: Abrams, 1980). (b) View ofRegent
Srrecr. From Metropolitan Improuements, or
London in the 19th eentury ... from original
drawings by Thomas Shephad(1827). RlBA
Library, London/photoA.C. Coopero
65. Friedrich Weinbrenner. Market Sguare,
Karlsruhe, e.I815.Lithograph by KarlMuller,
1828.Landesbildstelle Baden (no.190Il),
Karlsruhe.
66.John Foulston. ViewofDevonport, near
Plymouth, 1820S.Watercolour. City Museum
and Art Gallery, Plymouth/photo Robert
Chapman.
67. Horace Walpole. Strawberry Hill,
Twickenham, London, begun e.1750.
(a) Exteriorview. (b) The Long GalJery. (e)
Plan. From H. Walpole,A Description ojthe
Villa ojMr Horace Walpole (1784edn). RlBA
Library, London/photo A.C. Cooper.
68. The collapse ofFonthill Abbey on
Christmas Day, 1825.Lithograph by
W. Westall after J. Buckler. Beckford Tower
Trust Collection, Bath.
69. (a) Cologne Cathedral as it appeared in the
early nineteenth century. (b) Tony Avenarius.
Ceremony for the dedication ofCologne
Cathedral, 1880, with model ofbuilding and
alJegorical figure ofGermania. Rheinisches
Bildarch iv (nos. 134661and 180492), Cologne.
70. Karl Friedrich Schinke!. Project for a
cathedral to the Wars ofLiberation, 1814.
Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliches Museen,
Berlin/photo Bildarchiv Preussischer
Kulturbesitz.
71.Leo von Klenze. Painting showing
Walhalla (near Regensburg) and the Salvator-
kirche, ,839. Historisches Museum/photo
Museen der Stadt Regensburg.
72. Leo von Klenze. Konigsplatz, Munich
with Glyptothek (,8,6-34) and Propylaeum
(,834). Stadtmuseum (INV'P"3.68z), Munich.
73.Aerial view ofEdinburgh showing Calton
Hill with the incomplete colonnade of
the projected Scottish National Monument.
Skyscan Balloon PhotographyCopyright,
Toddington.
7+ Aerial view ofWhitehall with Houses of
Parliament and the National Gallery on
Trafalgar Square. Skyscan Balloon
Photography Copyright, Toddington.
75.A.W.N. Pugin. 'Contrasted Chapels', a
plate from Contrasts (,836). RlBA
Library, London/photoA.C. Cooper.
76. A.W.N. Pugin. Contrasted towns in '440
and ,840. Plate added to the second edition of
Contrasts (,840). RlBA Library, London/
photoA.C. Cooper.
77. A.W.N. Pugin. Pos ter advertising an
architectural competition from Contrasts
(,836). RlBA Library, London/photo A.C.
Coopero
78. A.W.N. Pugin. St Giles, Cheadle, interior,
,839-44. Photo Martin Charles, 1sleworth.
79. Charles Barry. Plan ofthe Houses of
Parliament. From the Iliustrated London
News (30 September ,843). Photo Mary Evans
Picture Library, Blackheath.
80. Pugin's own house, St Mary's Grange, near
Salisbury, ,835. Photo P.D. Higgins.
81.Irnre Steindl. Parliament House, Budapest,
,885-'904. Photo A.F. Kersting,
London.
82. Sir George Gilbert Scott. Midland Grand
Hotel, St Pancras Station, London, ,868/4.
Photo Alan Chandlerl Architectural
Association Photo Library, London.
83.victor Considerant's Phalanstery,
published in ,834. From Description du
phalanstére et considerations sociales sur
I'architectonique(21r840). Bibliothéque
Nationale, Paris,
84. Henri Labrouste. Temple of Hera r at
Paestum, ,828-29. École Nationale Supérieure
des Beaux- Arts, Paris.
85·J acques 19nace Hittorff Reconstruction of
the Temple ofEmpedocles, Selinunte. From
Restitution du Temple d'Empédocle (,85')'
British Library (650.C.29; atlas), London.
86. Prosper Merey, after Félix Duban.
Drawing of the École des Beaux- Arts, Paris.
Archives Nationales (crvvx/vm/a), Paris.
87. Henri Labrouste. Bibliotheque Src-
Genevieve, ,838-50. (a) Exteriorview.
(b) Reading Room on the second floor, Photos
Roger- Violler, Paris. (e) Plan of second floor.
88. Heinrich Hübsch. Pump room, Baden-
Baden., ,837-40. Landesbildstelle Baden
(NO.26oo), Karlsruhe.
89. Heinrich Hübsch, Sr Cyriakus, Bulach,
near Karlsruhe, ,828-37- Views of exterior and
interior as published in the architect's own
Bauwerke. Institut für Baugeschichte,
Universitit Karlsruhe.
90. Heinrich Hübsch, Experiments with
vaulting forms derived from the use of
hanging models, c.,838, from his Bauwerke.
lnstitutfür Baugeschichte, Univcrsitat
Karlsruhe.
91. Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Schauspielhaus
(Theatre), Berlin, ,8'9-21. Aquatint
by J ugel after Schinkel, ,825. Photo AKG
London.
92. Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Langes Blatt.
Pencil, pen and watercolour. 33.5x '49.3
cm. Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliches Museen,
Berlin/photo Bildarchiv Preussischer
Kulturbesitz/photo Jiirg P. Anders.
93. Eduard Cartner. View of the
Bauakademie, Berlin, ,868. Oil on canvas.
63 x 82 cm. Nationalgalerie, Berlin/photo
Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/photo
Jiirg P. Anders.
94.James Wild. Christ Church, Streatham,
,839-41. NationalMonuments Record,
London. © Crown copyright NMR.
95.William Butterfield. All Saints, Margaret
Street, London, ,849-59. (a) Exterior
view. Photo Martin Charles, 1sleworth.
(b) Plan. After R. Middleton and D. Watkin,
Neoclassica! and Nineteenth-Century
Architecture (Milan: Electa, '977; New York:
Abrams, '980).
96. Sir George Gilbert Scott. View of
staircase, Midland Grand Hotel, St Pancras
Station, London. Arcaid, London/photo
Nicholas Kane.
97-AlexanderThomson. St Vincent Street
Church, Glasgow. NationalMonuments
Record, Scotland.
98. M.G.B. Bindesbell. Thorvaldesen
Museum, Copenhagen, ,839-48. Photo Paul
Larsen, Lechlade.
99. Thomas Deane and Benjamin Woodward.
Trinity College Museum, Dublin, ,852-57,
Photo Audio- Visual and Media Service,
UniversityofDublin, Trinity
College.
roa. Aerial view of King's Cross and St
Pancras stations, London. © London Aerial
Photography.
rol. Crystal Palace, London, ,851. Engraving
PICTURE CREDITS 3II
by Armytage. Mary Evans Picture Library,
Blackheath.
I02. Hector Horeau. Proposal for covering the
projected Avenue de l'Opéra, Paris e.I862.
Académie d'Architecture (1.202), Paris.
I03. Glaziers' wagons at the Crystal Palace.
Engraving from the Illustrated London
News (4January ,85')' Mary Evans Picture
Library, Blackheath.
I04. Charles Downe. Working drawings for
Paxtons Crystal Palace. From G.F. Chadwick,
Tbe WorksofSir Joseph Paxton (London: Archi-
tectural Press, '96,).
I05.John Ruskin. Fondaco dei Turchi, Venice,
1853.Watercolour. RuskinMuseum,Conistonl
photo Bridgeman Art Library, London.
roó.james O'Sheacarvingajamb of a first-
floor window of the U niversiry ofOxford
Museum, e.I860. Photo UniversiryofOxford
Museum.
I07. Central Court of the Universiry ofOxford
Museum. Photo A.F. Kersting, London.
ros.joseph Paxton. Victoria Regia. (a)
Paxton's special glass house. Engraving from
the I/lustrated London News ('7 November
1849)' Mary Evans Picrure Library, London.
(b) Engraving ofthe underside of a leaf, from
W.Jackson and W. Fitch, VietoriaRegia, or,
Illustrations ofthe Royal Water-Lily (,85')'
Photo courtesy of the Trustees of the
Chatsworth Sertlernent, Devonshire
Collections, Chatsworth.
I09. OwenJones. 'Moresque Ornament',
details of mosaics from the Alhambra Palace.
Lithographic plate (no. 153)from Tbe
Grammarof0rnament (London, 1856).
uo. Philip Webb. Red House, stairhall, near
Bexleyheath, Kent, 1860s. Photo Martin
Charles, Isleworth.
III. Louis-Auguste Boileau. Ste- Eugene- Ste-
Cécile, Paris, 1854-55.Photo Roger-
Viollet, Paris.
U2. Léon Vaudoyer. Marseille Cathedral,
1852-90. Photo Achim Bednorz, Cologne.
U3. Violler-le- Duc. Springing point of the
arch from the article 'Construction' of the
Dietionnaire Raisonné de l'Arehiteeture (I858).
RlBA Library, Londonlphoto A.C. Cooper.
U4. Viollet-le- Duc. Concert hall, e.I866, from
Entretiens surl'Architecture (I858). RlBA
Library, Londonlphoto A.C. Cooper.
U5. Gottfried Semper. Caribbean Hut, from
Der Stil, 1862.
u6. Alexander Laplanche. Au Bon Marché,
Paris, 1872.(a) Exterior. (b) Interior.
Photos Roger- Viollet, Paris.
U7. Eduard Détaille. Opening of the Paris
Opera House, 5January 1875.Musée de
3'2 PICTURE CREDITS
Versailles et de Trianon/photo Bridgeman Art
Library (Giraudon), London.
u8. Plan ofHaussmann'sworkin Paris, C.I853.
From 1. Benevolo, History ofModern
Arehiteeture. (Rome: Laterza, 1993)
U9. Eduard Baldus. The Louvre and Tuileries
United, e.I855.The Getry Research
Institute for the History of Art and the
Humanities (Bonnemaison Panorama
Collection), Los Angeles.
120.Joseph Paxton. Birkenhead Park near
Liverpool, 1844.Williamson Art Gallery
and Museum, Birkenhead.
12I.F.-A. Duquesny. Gare de l'Est, Paris,
184/52. Photo Roger-Viollet, Paris.
122.Gabriel Veugny. Cité Napoléon, 1849-53'
Section. Musée des Arts Décoratifs,
Paris/photo Jean- Loup Charmet.
123.Adolphe Terris. Creation of the rue
Impériale in Marseille. From M. Culot and D.
Drocourt, Marseille: La Passionedes Contrastes
(Brussels: Mardega, and Paris: Institut
Francais d'Urbanisme, 199I).
124.Victor Baltard. Les Halles, Paris, 1852-55.
Engraving from F. Narjoux, Paris:
Monuments élévespar la ville, 1850-80, ii (I883)'
British Library írjjg.b.zo), London.
125.Unveiling of the Boulevard Strasbourg,
1858(today Sébastopol). Engravi ng
from L'illustration (I2 August 1858).Phoro
Mary Evans Picture Library, Blackheath.
126.Apartment House, Boulevard de
Strasbourg, C.I855.From Tbe Builder, xvi, '59
(6 March 1858).RlBA Library, London/photo
A.C.Cooper.
127.Charles Garnier. ew Opéra, 186315.
Aerial view. Photo Roger-Viollet, Paris.
128.Charles Garnier. Paris Opéra.
(a) Exterior. Engraving. Musée Carnavalet,
Paris/photo Bulloz, (b) Sectional view,
186315. From LeJournalIllustré(28 February
1875).Photo Bibliorhéque Nationale, Paris.
129. Charles Garnier. Paris Opéra. Details of
the staircase. From Charles Garnier, Le
nouvel Opéra de Paris (I878). British Library
(TAB.690.n), London.
rjo.Vienna Ringstrasse, 1860. (a) Plan view.
Engraving. (b) View along the Ringstrasse,
e.I888. Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien
(INv.67.989 and 68.013).
IJI. Gottfried Sernper and Karl von
Hasenauer. Project for the Museums district,
Vienna, 1873-Illustration by Girard and
Rehlender for the Universal Exposition
of 1873-Landesam t fur Denkmalpflege
Sachsen, Dresden.
'32. Apartment houses on the Reichsrar-
strasse, Vienna, e.I875.Historisches Museum
der Stadt Wien (INV.I05.018/q).
133. Ildefonso Cerda. Ensanche ofBarcelona,
plan as adopted in 1860. lnstitut Municipal de
Historia, Barcelonalphoto lnstitut Amatller
d'Art Hispánic.
134. Panoramic view of the projected suburb at
Le V ésinet, 1858. Bibliorheque Municipal du
V ésinet, Le Vésinet.
135. Camillo Sitte. Projectforthe transform-
ation of the votive Church Plaza, Vienna,
from Der Stadtebau nach seinen künstlerichen
Grundsatzen.
1]6. Victor Horta. Hotel Tassel, Brussels.
Stairhall, 1892. Photo Bastin and Evrard,
Brussels.
137. Views of the Exposition Universelle, 1889,
Paris. (a) The Eiffel Tower. (b) The Palais des
Beaux-Arts. Photos Roger-Viollet, Paris.
138. Félix Narjoux. Rue de Tanger School,
1875-77. From F. Narjoux, Paris: Monuments
élevés par la ville I8S0-80, ii (1883). British
Library (r735.B.20)
139. Guiseppe Sacconi. Rome, Monument to
Victor Emmanuel I1, 1884. Photo Richard
Gloverl Arcaid, Kingston-upon-Thames.
140. Templeton's Carpet Factory in Glasgow,
1889-92. NationalMonuments Record,
Scotland.
The publisher and the author apologize for
any errors or omissions in the above listo lf
contacted theywill be pleased to rectify rhese
at the earliest opportunity.
PICTURE CREDITS 313