Hasan 2A3B failure 2

When sections have yield stress throughout, then the bending moment is about the equal area axis X-X

a) stress 2 ✗ Area ✗ stress ✗ mom :L

Mp = 2 ✗
(bet) (g) (E)

- ¥
=
0yb§

b)
90

¥µq Mp = 2 ✗

Jzg DA

Mp = 2x Ana ✗ stress ✗ moment am

Centroid of
= 2x
itdt ✗
cry ✗

semicircle -
are

centroid =
f- fazdtt-a-ffd-zs.no rdrdb

it
to

f- offend [Erik .
.
 =

z¥-µ G) ¥ ( ri ✗
-
ri)

=
¥ [ )(r☐+riB
Ko -
ri

IT
=
¥

so Mp = itdt ✗
by ✗
¥ =
dÉoy

c) -

q o,
X X
-
Anis is when

(A) (a) ( at)(t) -1Gt) (Mt )

,

=
-
x

Itn = 121-2+281-2 2tn -

IT a- =

bust =
10£

hence

Mp =
q(2t ✗ lot ) (St ) +
q(2t×ut)(2t) + 6yG2t4lust)
3
170
Ogt
=

d)
i

symmetric cross-section
 moment
9 art

Mp =
2 ✗
fry ✗ 2 ✗ 4- ✗ t ✗
]
of +2
fry
✗ ✗ bxt ✗
]
£

'

£ oytd
btd
=
+ g

=
oytd ( % +
b)
 2
d

→
-
- - - - -

÷
- - - -

Moment due to plastic region

M =
2g [2( F) ✗
3- of
✗ + bt ✗

=
20g [Idt +
btd ]
=

oy [&Ñt
+ btd
]

Moment due to elastic region

M = 2×2
[ of ✗
☒ ✗ t
) ✗
Is da
✗

]
a b ↳ Ts lever
symmetrical
about ✗ ✗-
two baronage
stress
area

linearly
arm for a
distributed load
weld
.

M -
og [Ed 't
]
so total moment

M=
oy [%dÉ + Edt +
btd]=oy[ Ead 't
' +
]
btd
3

a) Propped simply supported

w w
Mp
b b
Em Em Em
d L

Number of redundancies = 1 so we need 2 hinges for

a mechanism
w w

÷•É⑦
b doe
No work real
Am because its a
E
hinge
a

work done stored

energy
=

W 8 = Mp ✗ (20) + Mp ✗ 8

w
£-0 = 3 Mpd

w 8
ME
=

b)
փE d L

Number of redundancies =3 so we need 9

hinges

¥-÷i-- e
I
-

E
a-
-

E
•
 Work done stored
energy
=

W 8 =
Mp (a) + Mp(20) + Mold

wtg 6 = U Mpf

W = 8 Mp
I

c) Two
simply supported .
Failure when one fails

Ñ
☒
M
ai
L -
-

Number of redundancies = 0 1
hinge for mechanism

b- work
☒m- -a§No
-

o
-

→
•

Work done =
energy
stoned

W 8
=
Mp ✗ 26

28
W 128 =
Mp ✗

W =
UME
4
w w
FBD
b. b

Ep Eg EA
'
'
R
R R

Deflated
shape
q-ñn•

BMD w Ms W
b b

Est Et Et
R R R.

Mi
.

µ,

Vertical equilibrium Ify -0

Rt 2Ñ = 2W

R' = W -

ER

Making at th load
Megw
a cut right ↳
q
w -
ER

Bending moment at load

Me + (w IR ) I
-
= 0

Mi=R÷_w_&m
 Bending moment at the central support
w
b
Ms
WI + (w tzR)L =D
Gyms
- -

t
R w -

IR

Ms =
12M -

Iwl
m-

To obtain a valid lower bound solution we need the mass .

to be
Bending moment
equal to Md

which we found to be Mp =
f- WL

we can see that Ms 7 MD

RI -
Int 7 Rta -
tzwr

I > &
so optimum R is when

IRL -
Inn =
tour
IN =

Is WL

R=-i#
So , collapse load B when

I W
)L -
tahr = Mp

W =
6M¥ Whackers = the upper bound
solution

so this is the unique failure load .

 5
1
redundancy → mom 2 hinges

↓ d ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
÷ .
÷ ÷
→

having x too large will cause this failure mode -

µ A-
- -
-

g-
,

&
having A too small will cause this failure mode .

¥55 ¥
- - -

20

so we need to find n for which both modes

happen at the same time methods

,
using energy

For the first case

W ✗
1-2×20 =
Mp 0

2M p
W =
critical bad
Iz
For the second ease

( 10 -

a) 0 ≥
3 Mp
w✗
12 ✗ ✗ (10-2) -

WE @ =

this is negative
✓
that goes up
work due to the part

from the first Cas

wN÷6 =
Mpb so substitute

we
get : -

4- w
( lo a) % - = 3Mp◦ + Mpo = 4 Mpo

W =
16 Mp critical bad

equating critical bods

3- =

e¥→
"
2
16m = 200 -
4oz + 2k

14Mt + up x -
200--0

?
Tse + 20 x
-
100 = -

✗ =
-

2s ± FEED take the solution

in

✗ = -

by +
YI Fh
 ✗ 2052
2.61
=
-
☐
≈ w

7
from the end of
beam

bad factor Load to collapse

= = 1.5
actual breed

MP
Plastic modulus Zp
5
=

For this configuration WEI = Mp

collapse load = 1.5×100×6 = 150×103 Nlm

go Mp =
150×16×2.612 = 510.9 KNM
2

510.9 ✗ 103 153 m3

so Zp = = 2- 129 ✗

240 ¥w(
= 2^129×153 ✗
(☐daI→
]
=
2129 em

From Hlt
,
a suitable universal bean

B 457 × 191 × 98
6

a) ← -

g
-
f••
•

• Beam mode
a →

2 XP ✗
23-8 =
Mpo + Mp ✗ 28 + Mp ✗ 30

6 Mp &
4-3 XP Lot =

a =
%Mp÷

•
sway mode q
É• ¥
/
XP LEG =
UMPG
8
✗ =

ME
:& •
•
i
• Combined mode *

angles the vector of the the first two

are sum
angles in cases

G- ✗ PLO +
{ ✗PLO =
Mp (0+30+30+0)
8Mp0
1- ✗ PLO
=

✗ =
hot ¥ → Critical load
,
factor
 Mp
••@

b)
→B •
•& c
•
Mp
•

Mp

A D
Mp •
wÑIoHa Mp •

Mp
→
His
Tva p
VD

For this to be a valid lower bound solution ,

we need to
make that when
sure we apply equilibrium ,
Moment at B is

less than Mp "

The safe theorem
"

Moments about A =
Mp

Iz ✗ XP -

2-32×2 XP +
VDL +
Mlp =
Mp

✓☐ =
f- ¥ ME
✗

=8ME_
Vertically , VA +
8
ME -

9,1M¥ =D

VA=&Mt#
ZAP

For
→Éf
%
Mrs

9- ME
Moments about B

MB + Mp -
2ND ✗ 2-31 + 8M¥ 2-31 ✗ = 0

MB Mp +
LF 2-3 ME ¥ MEL ¥3 Mp
-
- -

✗
-
=
so MB =
-173-3 Mp / Mrs / e- Mp

hence IMIG Mo is satisfied everywhere

R it is a valid lower bound safe solution
 7-
5 possible hinge locations
redundancies
3
-
2 independent failure
modes

Beam combined mode

4-
mode
sway mode
*
* %
③
-

-0 on •
-

z ⑨
-

g-
- -

•
¥0 120
* ¥
io

÷ ¥

w ✗
deflected area

team-mate 2x W ✗
{ ✗
IG =
Mp (0+20+0)

w =
8M¥ .

Sway mod P 10✗ = Mp (0+0+20+20)

-
wig = 6 Mpo

w = b
Mfs

combined mod
-
 wit)
✗
{ ✗ LG ✗
1) (+ =
Mp ( 0+20 +

(0+011+(26+10))
where ✗ LO = (L -

a) ∅
so ∅ =

1¥

w ✗ ¥0 +
wig = Mp (60+2,9-2)
w LIE 1) + = Mp (b +
2%)
w
( =

ME (0-9-2-+4)
w =

7- ( ¥9)( ¥)
w = MD 12 - 8 ✗

I 12 -
✗ -

d)

to find minimum failure bad ,

whreh ☐ when
ᵈdᵈa=o

G- 2) to) 42-891-1-24
ddg
✗ •

My
- -

=
2

12
2
- a -
•
2)

so -16+8×+8×2=-12 -16×+16×2

0 = 8×2 -
32 ✗ + 4

0 =
2×2 -
6 ✗ +
I
 6 ± -62-4 (2) G)
✗ =

=
3/2 ±
F- only -ve solution is valid

since ◦ ≤ ✗ ≤1
so ✗ =

3-2 -
Ez

substituting hath

12-42 -

4G)
w=
MF ( 2- { + Ez -

9-4+3-2 F-
4nF
=

Mfr -

72 1- 257

8 16
=

Mfs u -
if
=

IT µ -257+7

ME
= 16

1)
2
( Fi -

Ssreqgl
 8 -3Mt
I go 15
12
unknowns
equations
} 3 redundancies

→ muse 4 hinges
H → the
pep 6 possible hinge location
-111 t
so 2 independent modes

a) Beam modes : -

b
• D8 of

H → •

Tt t IT

mode
sway
⑧ B

H→

combined modes

②
① •
◦
20
%
←

¥
⑧

20
•

¥20
÷÷ ¥
sway
+ ✓ beam modes
H beam mode
sway + -
b) v beam
-
mode

V ✗
Exo =
-kMp(40)

v =
4
My
A- beam mode → similar to above

It ✗ LEG =
Mp (8+20) + £Mp
It = 7
ME
sway mode

It ✗
to = Mp +
tzMp(2G
6
It =

My

combined mode ①
±Mp( G)
Mp (20+20+0)
+

It 2-21-20
=
✗

H =
¥ ME

combined mode ②
Mp 120)+£Mp(

UGH
It ✗
1-2×0 + Vx { ✗ 0 =

8M£ + V =
e)

Ñp^ combined a- near

:
swag →

conga

i.
÷
-

v bear
-

2-

→sHµI
' ' ' ' '

&
'
it
'
b is
'

z n
9

a)
④ H→°• •
◦ Hx 220 =
Mp (40)

◦ 0 4=2
ME

B .
- ÉÉ •
D
Analysis
* •
B easiest the
using
Instantaneous centre of rotation
A * E

}
*

ester { from Kennedy,

theorem
-
-
B
-
c. QB, are angle
L B
•
◦
i
rotations

\
- - -

→ ∅
a •

from of frame
geometry
distance ID = JE
distance Bet = etc
 Deflections
deflection of point C = BIG = etc P
but since BT =
Tie

l
deflection of point ☐ = DID = ED B

but since DI =

④ =p = 0

all angles are

equal
so ,
upper
bound approach gives : -

✓ ✗ Bt ✗
MID ✗ 0 = Mp [ 0 + (0+0)+(01+0) ∅] +

B C D E

Give need to multiply by cos of the angle that

V makes with the normal to BC since V is

,

not 1- to Be

BT + css LCBD = 2L

have
V ✗ 220 = 6 Mp 0

v =
3M¥
?⃝
Liii) of
since we can have manimwm 4 hinges ,
th hinge at

B must remain elastic in this failure mode .

£
B
•
D

to
:$
!
A -0 ¥8
'*É
"" °
of
Finding 1C CD /
I
"
.iʳʰ ÷:c:*
1 .

;
about
meter
A

↳ point ☐ mates

month ,
, I ∅
I →
A _m-
¥
- -
-

(A )
From geometry triangle K E is similar to
- -

: -

F)
triangle (A C -
-

but sealed up
by factor of 2

so AI =
0
FD KI
DIED
& =
-

( ) =
2 Fc -
2L =
213L) -2L =
41
?⃝
 Bs displacement of D

p =
DID

so 410 =
2201

01--20-0
So
upper bound method :
gives
-

Mp(0+43+0 )
ÑoggCAE_g0
1- ✗ 210 + ✓ ✗ = +
(Pto) +01
A C D E

211-16 + 2h10 = Mp (0+2018+26+20)

Htv =
4 ME

b) load
sideway mechanism critical : -

4V=
2M€ ✓ =
£ ME critical
lowest upper
Gable mechanism bound
✓ = 3 ME
combined
4v+v =
4 ME ✓ =
f- ME
 equilibrium to confirm that ME Mp
using
everywhere → means that it is a valid lower bond

%
←

finding
• °

moment at C

Ha→ HE
↑ →-¥
VA VE

Moments about A for the whole structure IMA =

0

Mp Mp
+ + VE ✗ 4L - ✓✗ 21 -
Will = 0

LVE =
5-2 VL -

Mad
=
{ ( IME ) L -

& Mp

VE =
3-4 MPI

Vertical equilibrium I Fy = o

- V + VA +
3-4 ME = 0

VA =
2¥ -

2- ME
VA = -

4- ME
 Moments about D looking down IMD = 0

AMP
2L ✗ HE + Mp + Mp = 0

HE = -

ME HE → ☆
Md

so moments about C
looking right

Me + VE + 2L + HE +3L +
Mp = 0

Me = -

2L(3_u ME) -

3L(- ME) -
MP

Me =
f. ME
so ME Mp everywhere in Tre structure,
this is also a valid lower board ,
& have from
the uniqueness theorem , this is th true collapse
mechanism .