Unit 4: Writing the Review of Related Literature

Lesson 4: Listing References

Contents
Engage 1
Introduction 1
Objectives 2

Explore 2

Explain and Elaborate 4

Writing the Bibliography 4
Citation Software 9

Extend 11
Activity 1 11

Evaluate 12

Wrap Up 15

Bibliography 16
Unit 4.4: Listing References

Engage

Introduction

Fig. 1. Several books for literature review

Every research requires an intensive search for related literature. Reading related literature
allows the researcher to be more familiar with the topic. Related literature reveals the
development of knowledge within the field of study. Most of the time, a literature review can
be overwhelming due to the amount of published works on the topic. How does a
researcher handle the vast selection of references? What are the best practices in managing
these sources? How can a list of literature sources be organized?

In this lesson, you will learn about the proper way of listing literature sources along with the
needed information in a list of references using different citation styles. After this lesson,
you are expected to know how to manage your list of references in a more organized
manner.

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Enumerate the necessary bibliographic details in making a list of references.
● Review citation styles used in making a list of references.

DepEd Competency
List references. (CS_RS11-IVg-j-3)

Explore

15 minutes

In this activity, students will review the bibliography section of research papers in order to
become more familiar with the proper way of listing references.

1. Form a group of three to five members.

2. Choose one reference material (e.g., book, journal article) from any previous
submission.
3. Inspect the bibliography or references section. Take note of the following aspects of
the section:
a. Citation format
b. Technical layout (spacing, order of entries, etc.)
4. Summarize your observations using the given table below.
5. Share your observations in class during the discussion facilitated by the teacher.

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

Title of Work

Author(s)

Year of Publication

Criteria Observation

Citation format

Technical layout

Guide Questions
1. What kind of formatting was used in citing the references of the paper?

2. How do you think were the references organized in the list?

3. What do you think is the use of a bibliography or references section in a research paper?

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

Explain and Elaborate

Writing the Bibliography

The bibliography is the section that lists all the literature used and cited in the body text of a
research paper. This section is placed at the end of the work. The more general term for a
bibliography is a “list of references.” It is important to include a bibliography in the research
paper to give proper acknowledgment to the references used and cited in the paper. A
comprehensive bibliography also allows readers to explore the same list of sources if they
are doing research on the same topic. Thus, it is important for the bibliography to provide
comprehensive and organized information for each listed source.

Bibliographic Details
One of the first steps in writing a bibliography is gathering all the needed bibliographic
details per source. Providing complete reference information is important for proper
attribution of the works and as a guide to readers who may be interested in the same work.
The following are the bibliographic details that are often included in creating a list of
references:

Table 1. Common bibliographic details

Reference Information Details

Title of the work Title of the book, journal article title, book chapter title, or
title of webpage article

Author Name of single author, two authors, or multiple authors

Editor Name of book editor (applicable for book chapters)

Publication date Year of publication or date of publication

(month/date/year) for websites

Publisher information Location of publisher and name of publishing company

URL/DOI For websites and online journal articles

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

What are the different ways to write a bibliography?

Citation Styles
Different citation styles have their respective formats and rules in listing references. As
tackled in previous lessons, common citation styles are the American Psychological
Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), and Chicago Manual of Style
(CMOS). To review, each discipline uses a particular citation style guide that fits the needs of
that particular discipline.

Each citation style requires particular bibliographic details for different types of sources, and
has rules for technical formatting styles, such as indentation, use of punctuation marks,
italicization, and the like. However, the following general rules also apply:
● All references must be listed in alphabetical order.
● The list of references must use a hanging indentation.

The table below summarizes the recommended APA formatting for listing the common
kinds of literature sources. Using the APA format, the list of references is labelled as
“References.”

Table 2. APA 7th edition style for citing common sources

Types of Source Formatting

Journal article Single author

Ames, B. (1977). The politics of public spending in Latin America.
American Journal of Political Science, 21(1), 149-176.

Two authors
Ferrari, I., & Zanardi, A. (2014). Decentralisation and interregional
redistribution in the Italian education system. Education
economics, 25(5), 529-548.

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

Multiple authors
Adsera, A., Boix, C., & Payne, M. (2003). Are you being served? Political
accountability and quality of government. The Journal of Law,
Economics, & Organization 19(2), 445-490.

Book Single author

Hay, C. (2002). Political analysis: A critical introduction. Palgrave
Macmillan.

Multiple authors
De Mesquita, B., Smith, A., Siverson, R., & Morrow, J. (2003). The logic of
political survival. The MIT Press.

Book Chapter Wong, K. (1999). Political institutions and educational policy. In G. Cizek
(Ed.), Handbook of educational policy (pp. 297-324). Academic
Press.

Online sources Cullinane, M., Hernandez, C. & Borlaza, G. (2020, April 24). Philippines.
Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/
place/Philippines.

The table below summarizes the recommended MLA formatting for listing the common
kinds of literature sources. Using the MLA format, the list of references is labelled as “Works
Cited.”

Table 3. MLA Handbook 8th edition style for citing common sources

Types of Source Formatting

Journal articles Single author

Ames, Barry. “The Politics of Public Spending in Latin America.”
American Journal of Political Science, vol. 21 no. 1, 1977, pp.
149-176.

Multiple authors
Ferrari, Irene, and Alberto Zanardi. “Decentralisation and Interregional
Redistribution in the Italian Education System.” Education
Economics, vol. 25 no. 5, 2014, pp. 529-548.

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

Book Single author

Hay, Colin. Political Analysis: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan,
2002.

Two authors
Kumar, Arun, and Rachana Sharma. Principles of Business Management.
Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 2000.

Multiple authors
De Mesquita, Bruce, et al. The Logic of Political Survival. The MIT Press,
2003.

Book Chapter Wong, Kenneth. “Political Institutions and Educational Policy.” Handbook
of Educational Policy, edited by Gregory Cizek, Academic Press,
1999, pp. 297-324.

Online sources Cullinane, Michael, et al. “Philippines.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 24 April

2020, https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines.

The table below summarizes the recommended CMOS formatting for listing the common
kinds of literature sources. Using the CMOS format, the list of references is labelled as
“Bibliography.”

Table 4. Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition style for citing common sources

Types of Source Formatting

Journal articles Single author

Ames, Barry. “The Politics of Public Spending in Latin America.”
American Journal of Political Science 21, no. 1 (1977): 149-176.

Multiple authors
Ferrari, Irene, and Alberto Zanardi. “Decentralisation and Interregional
Redistribution in the Italian Education System.” Education
Economics 25, no. 5 (2014): 529-548.

Book Single author

Hay, Colin. Political Analysis: A Critical Introduction. London: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2002.

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

Multiple authors
De Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph Siverson, and James
Morrow. The Logic of Political Survival. Massachusetts: The MIT
Press, 2003.

Book Chapter Wong, Kenneth. “Political Institutions and Educational Policy.” In

Handbook of Educational Policy, edited by Gregory Cizek,
297-324. California: Academic Press, 1999.

Online sources Cullinane, Michael, Carolina Hernandez, and Gregorio Borlaza.

“Philippines.” Encyclopædia Britannica. April 24, 2020.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines.

Formatting the Bibliography Page

This is a sample Bibliography page using the MLA citation format.
● The bibliography is referred to as “Works Cited” with a center alignment. Page title
varies depending on the citation style guide used.
● All entries are double-spaced.
● Entries are arranged alphabetically and follow a hanging indentation.

Works Cited

Ames, Barry. “The Politics of Public Spending in Latin America.” American Journal of Political

Science, vol. 21 no. 1, 1977, pp. 149-176.

Cullinane, Michael, et al. “Philippines.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 24 April 2020,

https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines.

Ferrari, Irene, and Alberto Zanardi. “Decentralisation and Interregional Redistribution in

the Italian Education System.” Education Economics, vol. 25 no. 5, 2014, pp. 529-548.

Hay, Colin. Political Analysis: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Wong, Kenneth. “Political Institutions and Educational Policy.” In Handbook of Educational

Policy, edited by Gregory Cizek, 297-324. California: Academic Press, 1999.

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Unit 4.4: Listing References
Citation Software
With the advancement of technology, researchers can also use different software and
applications to make a list of references. This section aims to provide more information on
how you can easily list the references in your research paper with the use of easily
accessible softwares.

Word Processing Software

Word processing software is a tool with features that can help you cite and make a list of
references for your research paper. You may use this software by following three simple
steps:

1. Choose the citation style. It allows the user to select the citation style needed or
required by the research paper.
2. Add in-text citations. It requires in-text citations, which it will convert into a list of
references at the end of the entire text. You may use the “Insert Citation” feature of
some word processing softwares to insert the necessary citations within the body of
the text. Be sure to provide the required bibliographic details per citation entry.
3. Add the bibliography. The last thing that you need to do is to add the bibliography.
You can easily do it by using the “Bibliography” option. It would create an organized
list of references based on the list of in-text citations.

Online Citation Generators

Aside from word processing softwares, an online citation generator is a free website that
researchers can use to make a list of references using different citation formats. You may
access Citation Machine through the link below.

Citation Machine
Citation Machine: a CHEGG Service:
https://www.citationmachine.net/style, last accessed on April
20, 2020.

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

1. Choose a citation style. Upon clicking the link above, the webpage will provide
choices of citation styles to choose from.
2. Choose the type of source. Upon choosing a citation style (e.g., APA), the next
prompt will ask for the type of source that you wish to cite. For a more accurate
citation, you may use “Manual entry mode.”
3. Enter the necessary bibliographic information. Upon clicking “Manual entry
mode,” the next prompt will be a set of blank spaces where you need to enter the
necessary bibliographic information for the chosen source (e.g., book) using the
preferred citation style (e.g., APA citation style). Unnecessary details may be left
blank. Click “Create Citation” after entering the necessary details.

Remember
The list of references must include complete and accurate
bibliographic details per reference item. These complete details
provide proper attribution to the owners of the work and guide future
readers who wish to explore the same reference materials.

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

Extend

Activity 1
Using the library or the internet, look for one reference material under the given types of
sources. Generate a citation for these materials using the citation style required in class.

Type of Source Citation

Journal article

Book

Book Chapter

Website

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

Evaluate

A. Identify the concept described below. Write your answers in

the space provided.

1. The research section that lists all the literature cited in the body text of the research
paper

2. The title of the list of references according to the MLA citation style

3. The title of the list of references according to the CMOS

B. Cite the following sources in APA format.

1. Journal Article

Information Type Journal Article Information

Title Anatomy of Philippine Society

Author Juan Luna

Journal Social Science

Volume Volume 3

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

Issue Issue 2

Pages 34 to 89

Year 1893

2. Book

Information Type Book Information

Title Anatomy of Philippine Society

Author Juan Luna

Publisher Social Science

Publisher location Davao City

Year 1893

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

3. Website

Information Type Website Information

Website Title Philippine History

Web Page Cited Anatomy of Philippine Society

Author Juan Luna

Date Published May 1, 2018

URL http://www.historyofthephilippines.com

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

Wrap Up
___________________________________________________________________________________________

● The bibliography is the section that lists all the literature used and cited in the body
text of a research paper.
● The bibliography is found at the end of the research or document.
● Common citation styles include the APA citation style, the MLA citation style, and the
Chicago Manual of Style.

Table 5. Bibliographic details

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Unit 4.4: Listing References

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Bibliography

Cargill, Margaret, and Patrick O'Connor. Writing Scientific Research Articles. Oxford:
Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches,
3rd ed. California: SAGE Publications Inc., 2009.

Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review. London: Sage Publications, 1998.

Hillway, Tyrus. Introduction to Research. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957.

O’Leary, Zina. The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2004.

Vanderstoep, Scott W., and Deirdre D. Johnston. Research Methods for Everyday Life: Blending
Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass., 2009.

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