https://www.inosr.

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Abakunda et al
INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 9(2): 1-9, 2023
©INOSR PUBLICATIONS
International Network Organization for Scientific Research ISSN: 2705-1676
https://doi.org/10.59298/INOSRAH/2023/2.1.4000

Navigating Global Challenges in Teacher Performance: Strategies

and Implications
1
Johnson Abakunda, 2Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 1
Kule Jerald,
1
Turyamureeba Silaji and 1Kamami Wilson

Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.

1

Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University

2

Uganda.

ABSTRACT
This comprehensive document explores the global challenges surrounding teacher
performance and the multifaceted strategies implemented to address these issues. It
delves into the historical evolution of teacher supervision and performance
evaluation, emphasizing the critical role of teachers in education systems across the
world. The paper offers a comparative analysis of teacher performance in the United
States and the United Kingdom, highlighting the policy changes adopted to improve
teacher morale and effectiveness. Furthermore, it discusses the specific challenges
faced in South Africa and East Africa, with a focus on absenteeism, late-coming, and
other issues affecting teacher performance. The document concludes with insights
into Uganda's efforts to enhance teacher welfare and uplift their motivation, aiming
for an improved educational system. The overarching objective is to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the global challenges and strategies pertaining to
teacher performance.
Keywords: Global Challenges, Teacher, Performance, Strategies and Implications

INTRODUCTION
Teachers hold a paramount position in assessing the effectiveness of
educational systems across the world, teachers. This choice was based on
recognized as the linchpin upon which their extensive education and
the quality of education pivots [1-3]. presumed ability to provide religious
Their role is pivotal, and the future of guidance in schools [9]. In 1837, the
any education system is intricately United Kingdom appointed school
tied to the competence and dedication inspectors to oversee the work of
of these educators [4-6]. teachers, a significant step in
Consequently, the linchpin to monitoring and improving teacher
enhancing education globally is the performance [10-12]. The challenge of
presence of high-performing teachers declining teacher performance is not a
in every classroom [7]. This premise localized issue; it reverberates
underscores the universal truth that globally [13-15]. This challenge affects
the quality of teachers directly countries in the Western world, Asia,
influences the quality of education. and substantial portions of Sub-
Throughout history, the performance Saharan Africa, particularly in public
of teachers has been a topic of schools [16-18]. The decline in teacher
persistent concern and scrutiny [8]. performance is a shared concern in
Early in the history of the United regions that encompass diverse
States, for instance, in the 1700s, the cultures, economies, and educational
clergy took on the responsibility of systems [19-20].

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Abakunda et al
INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 9(2): 1-9, 2023

Global Responses to Declining Teacher Performance

In response to this global dispirited and underperforming
phenomenon, various strategies have teachers [28-30]. South Africa's
been devised to tackle the issue of Ministry of Education reported
diminishing teacher performance. In alarmingly high teacher absenteeism
the United States, for instance, teacher rates in the Southern African
work performance has become a Development Community in 2012,
subject of intense political debate, with teachers absent an average of
leading to policy changes such as the 19.7 days during that year [31-34].
abolition of teacher tenure and the Furthermore, reports of professional
extension of the waiting period for misconduct, absenteeism,
tenure eligibility in several states [21- drunkenness, sexual abuse,
24]. Similarly, the United Kingdom examination fraud, and unethical
experienced low teacher morale in the behavior are widespread in Tanzania's
2000s, prompting the implementation rural schools, leading to the dismissal
of annual performance reviews as a of numerous teachers each year [35-
measure to address the issue [25-27]. 37]. A similar situation unfolds in
Across Africa, the challenges Uganda, where teacher morale and
associated with declining teacher commitment to their teaching duties
performance are even more have been dwindling, resulting in
pronounced. In South Africa, a ineffective classroom management
significant number of schools are and poor student discipline [38].
plagued by dysfunction due to
Teacher Performance in Africa
Governments in Africa have The global education landscape is
responded with various measures to inextricably linked to the quality of its
uplift teacher welfare and enhance teachers. The pursuit of high-
performance. These measures performing teachers in every
encompass improving teacher classroom is a shared objective,
remuneration, constructing transcending geographical and
accommodation facilities, and cultural boundaries. The challenge of
providing retirement benefits [39-40]. declining teacher performance is a
Nonetheless, there is still much work universal concern, and its resolution
to be done to address the complex necessitates multifaceted strategies
web of issues affecting teacher tailored to the unique contexts of
performance across the continent. In different regions. The relationship
the examination of the relationship between head teacher supervision and
between head teachers' supervisory teacher performance is a complex and
practices and teacher performance, multifaceted issue, and understanding
various studies have offered it is crucial for the continued
contrasting insights. While some improvement of educational systems
studies suggest that directive worldwide. Globally, teachers are
supervision may not always be widely recognized as the cornerstone
effective in improving teacher of educational systems, with the
performance [41-43], others quality of education hinging on the
emphasize the importance of quality of teachers [24]. Therefore, the
collaborative and non-directive key to improving education lies in
supervisory approaches in enhancing ensuring high-performing teachers are
teacher competence [12]. Motivation present in every classroom [25].
and support from head teachers can Teacher performance has been a
play a crucial role in improving historical concern, with various
teacher performance, with elements methods of evaluation employed,
like recognition and promotion being from the clergy in the 1700s in the
significant motivators [6]. USA to school inspectors in the United

2
Kingdom in 1837 [26]. The challenge the western world, Asia, and much of
of declining teacher performance is Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in
not limited to one region; it is a global public schools [28].
phenomenon, affecting countries in
Exploring the Historical Evolution of Teacher Supervision and Performance
Evaluation
Throughout history, the methods and the field of education, focusing on
mechanisms for monitoring and improving teachers' job performance
enhancing teacher performance have [39-43]. Taylor's scientific
undergone significant management principles emphasized
transformations. These changes efficiency, standardization, and the
reflect a growing recognition of the systematic organization of work
importance of teachers in the processes. These principles were
education system and the need for adapted and applied in educational
effective supervision and evaluation. settings to enhance the effectiveness
A historical journey through these and productivity of teachers. The
developments sheds light on the incorporation of scientific
evolving approaches to teacher management principles into schools
oversight and performance reflected the broader influence of
enhancement. In 1837, the United industrialization and efficiency-driven
Kingdom took a significant step by practices on various sectors, including
appointing the first school inspectors, education. In 1929, Ellwood
signifying the government's Cubberley, in his book "Public School
involvement in monitoring teachers' Administration," drew an analogy
work performance [30-33]. These early between schools and factories,
school inspectors played a pivotal role emphasizing the idea that schools
in ensuring that teachers met the were, in a sense, factories where raw
required standards of education and materials (children) needed to be
teaching quality. This move marked molded and fashioned into products
the nascent stages of formalized capable of meeting the demands of
teacher supervision and laid the life [40-42]. Cubberley's perspective
foundation for more comprehensive highlighted the need for schools to
systems of educational oversight that function as institutions with specific
would develop over the years. The goals and outcomes, similar to
Foster Education Act of 1870 in the UK factories producing products. He laid
marked another pivotal moment in the out a set of principles for school
evolution of teacher supervision and administrators, with a strong
performance evaluation [35-37]. This emphasis on the measurement and
act established School Boards, tasked analysis of data to ensure that
with the effective supervision of teachers in schools were productive
teachers' performance. The School and aligned with the goals of the
Boards played a crucial role in setting education system [41-42]. The
standards and guidelines for teachers historical progression of these
and overseeing the quality of developments showcases the evolving
education delivered in schools. The approaches to monitoring and
establishment of School Boards improving teacher performance, from
represented a more structured and the introduction of government-
systematic approach to teacher appointed school inspectors to the
performance evaluation and establishment of formal School Boards
supervision. and the influence of scientific
As the latter part of the 19th century management principles. These
transitioned into the early 20th historical foundations continue to
century, the principles of scientific shape contemporary strategies for
management, popularized by teacher evaluation and development
Frederick Taylor, began to influence in modern educational systems.

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Abakunda et al
INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 9(2): 1-9, 2023
Navigating Global Challenges in Teacher Performance: A Comparative Analysis
Since its establishment in the 1940s,
UNESCO has played a pivotal role in
overseeing and evaluating teacher
performance, focusing on emerging
trends in education and related
policies [10-14]. However, concerns
have arisen regarding the decline in
teachers' productivity since 1970, as
indicated by diminishing student
achievement scores, a global issue
highlighted by [11-15]. This decline in
teacher performance affects multiple
countries across the Western world,
Asia, and significant parts of Sub-
Saharan Africa, particularly within the
public school system.
Teacher Performance in the United
States: The United States provides an
illustrative case study, with
heightened scrutiny of teacher work
performance leading to intense
political debates in many states.
Policymakers in the USA have been
advocating for the abolition of teacher
tenure and a shift toward linking job
security with performance. As a
response to these calls, several states,
including Colorado and Florida, have
passed legislation aimed at abolishing
teacher tenure, while others have
extended the waiting period for tenure
eligibility [34]. These changes
represent a fundamental
transformation in the approach to job
security within the education sector.
Addressing Teacher Performance Challenges in South Africa: A Roadmap for
Improvement
In South Africa, the alarming decline
in teacher work performance has
emerged as a critical concern that
demands urgent attention. This issue
is not confined to a few isolated cases
but has permeated the educational
landscape, resulting in a multitude of
dysfunctional schools. Teachers in
South Africa are grappling with a
range of challenges, including
dwindling morale, demoralization, and
persistent underperformance [40-42].
This pervasive problem casts a long
shadow over the country's education
system, affecting the quality of
learning and the future prospects of
4
Teacher Performance in the United
Kingdom: During the 2000s, teacher
morale in the United Kingdom reached
a low point, as reported by [8]. To
address this issue and combat poor
teacher performance, a policy was
implemented in 2002, mandating that
all schools and local authorities,
including centrally attached staff,
conduct annual reviews of teacher
performance [5]. The objective of this
annual review process was to enhance
teacher performance and restore
morale within the teaching profession.
Global Concerns and Strategies: These
examples underscore the global
concern regarding declining teacher
performance and the diverse
strategies being employed to address
this challenge. Measures such as the
reevaluation of job security through
tenure reform and the implementation
of regular performance reviews reflect
a collective effort to enhance teacher
effectiveness and, consequently,
improve the quality of education
provided to students. The pursuit of
improved teacher performance is a
shared objective that transcends
geographical boundaries,
underscoring the critical role of
teachers in shaping the future of
education [13].
its students. One of the most pressing
issues exacerbating the situation in
South Africa is the shockingly high
rates of teacher absenteeism. This
issue was brought to light in a
comprehensive report by [34-38].
Startlingly, the South African Ministry
of Education revealed in 2012 that
teachers in the Southern African
Development Community had the
highest absenteeism rates in the
region. On average, teachers were
absent for a staggering 19.7 days
throughout the year, emphasizing the
systemic challenge that hindered the
educational progress of countless
students. Even more disconcerting is a comprehensive strategy is required,
the fact that this trend of absenteeism encompassing efforts to uplift teacher
persisted into 2017, indicating that it welfare, improve working conditions,
has become deeply entrenched within and provide opportunities for
the South African education system. professional development. Policy
Furthermore, teacher performance changes alone will not suffice; the
concerns in South Africa extend focus must also extend to motivating
beyond absenteeism, manifesting as and supporting teachers and engaging
issues like persistent late-coming and them in the process. As teachers are
attrition. These challenges have far- the cornerstone of any educational
reaching consequences that system, South Africa and other African
detrimentally impact the overall nations must prioritize addressing
educational experience of students. these challenges to ensure a brighter
Late-coming disrupts the flow of future for their students and the
lessons and disrupts valuable overall development of the continent.
instructional time, hindering effective This roadmap for improvement
learning. Attrition results in the loss provides a holistic perspective on the
of experienced educators, affecting pressing need to enhance teacher
both the quality and stability of the performance and the various
teaching workforce [32-34]. To strategies that can be employed to
address these multifaceted challenges, achieve this goal.
Challenges in Teacher Work Performance in East Africa: A Closer Look
In the East African region, teacher schools to higher learning institutions.
work performance has become a Especially in rural schools, teachers'
matter of concern, with a multitude of conduct has raised serious concerns.
challenges affecting the effectiveness Issues such as absenteeism,
of educators. Kenya, in particular, has drunkenness, sexual abuse,
been grappling with a series of issues examination fraud, abusive language,
that collectively hinder the drug abuse, and unethical dressing
performance of teachers [5]. One of have plagued the education system.
the pressing problems in Kenyan Shockingly, around 200 to 300
schools is rampant absenteeism teachers face dismissal each year on
among teachers. This absenteeism the grounds of professional
disrupts the continuity of education misconduct, highlighting the scale of
and impedes students' learning the problem [12].
experiences. Moreover, issues like These challenges collectively
consistent late-coming and the failure undermine the quality of education in
to assess students' work in a timely East Africa, with repercussions on
manner further compound the students' academic achievements and
challenges in the education system. overall well-being. To address these
These problems affect the quality of issues and enhance teacher
education and students' academic performance, a multi-pronged
progress. Additionally, reports of approach is essential. This approach
engagement in examination should encompass strategies to
malpractices undermine the integrity improve teacher motivation, provide
of the education system and raise support, and establish mechanisms
questions about the credibility of for accountability. Moreover,
assessment procedures [8]. Tanzania, professional development
another East African nation, faces a opportunities, training, and
different set of challenges, but ones mentorship programs can play a
that are equally detrimental to teacher pivotal role in equipping teachers with
work performance. Reports of the skills and knowledge they need to
professional misconduct are excel in their roles. As East Africa
widespread across various educational strives to provide quality education
institutions, ranging from primary for its students, tackling these teacher

5
performance challenges becomes educational development [13].
paramount for the region's
Addressing Educational Challenges and Enhancing Teacher Welfare in Uganda
In Uganda, much like in other East steps to improve teachers' welfare in
African countries, the educational the hope of boosting their morale and,
landscape faces significant challenges. subsequently, their work performance.
According to a study by [12], teachers One of the measures undertaken by
in Uganda are grappling with a lack of the government is an increase in
morale that hinders their ability to teacher remuneration, with overtime
effectively carry out their teaching salaries seeing improvements.
duties. This deficiency in morale leads Additionally, support has been
to various issues, such as inadequate provided to teachers through Savings
classroom management, a failure to and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs), as
ensure student discipline and regular highlighted by Talemwa in 2016.
attendance. Shockingly, around 15% of Efforts have also been made to
teachers are consistently absent from construct suitable housing for
their classes, and those who do show teachers, ensuring they have access to
up often arrive late and struggle to decent accommodations, as suggested
fulfill their professional by [13]. Moreover, teachers in Uganda
responsibilities, including creating are guaranteed retirement benefits,
teaching schemes, lesson plans, and which include a monthly pension that
fulfilling weekly duties. This decline corresponds to their rank, salary, and
in teacher performance has had length of service, as well as a gratuity
tangible consequences on the payment at the beginning of their
academic outcomes of students in retirement, as described by Namara
Uganda National Examinations Board and Kasaija in 2016. These efforts aim
assessments, as noted in a study by to uplift the welfare of teachers and,
Mugizi, Mujuni, and Dafiewhare in in turn, enhance their motivation and
2019 [13]. Concerned about the job performance, ultimately leading to
adverse impact of these issues on an improved educational system in
education, the government has taken Uganda.
CONCLUSION
The global education landscape is effectiveness. In South Africa and East
inextricably linked to the quality of its Africa, specific challenges like
teachers. The pursuit of high- absenteeism and professional
performing teachers in every misconduct demand attention. These
classroom is a shared objective, challenges undermine the quality of
transcending geographical and education, and tackling them requires
cultural boundaries. The challenge of a comprehensive strategy focusing on
declining teacher performance is a motivation, support, accountability,
universal concern, and its resolution and professional development.
necessitates multifaceted strategies Uganda's efforts to improve teacher
tailored to the unique contexts of welfare provide an example of
different regions. The historical proactive measures aimed at
evolution of teacher supervision and enhancing teacher morale and,
performance evaluation underscores consequently, the quality of
the need for effective oversight and education. In conclusion, addressing
the growing recognition of teachers' global challenges in teacher
importance in the education system. performance requires a concerted
The experiences of the United States effort to ensure that the future of
and the United Kingdom, with their education is shaped by high-
policy changes and performance performing educators in every corner
review systems, illustrate the diverse of the world.
approaches taken to enhance teacher

6
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CITE AS: Johnson Abakunda, Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, Kule Jerald, Turyamureeba
Silaji and Kamami Wilson (2023). Navigating Global Challenges in Teacher
Performance: Strategies and Implications. INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 9(2): 1-
9. https://doi.org/10.59298/INOSRAH/2023/2.1.4000

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