. 7, Being a child of the Renaiesance, he found the solution Machiavelli Ss of State's woes in Realist ideas, When it came to issues of the Staties, Morality took the back seat For hin and Ciberony ee ea on ceone ob tee dlteegy be ona an Ww ardent Italian Nationalist even before Italy was even forks looked upon as an single state. The Act oP Wary 15a0 F's a treatise on wiltary strate: land tactics. Tt provides a detail Janalisis of the aPerents Pactors “The Discourses on Livy, ISI? Tis a commentary on the history JP Rome as record by the Jarier’ Metorion Lay. Ht te Avid rt ee books and deals tn a range oF topics inclucing political ‘peary, history, and elesoply. ae Biwi toe ae arae sciras ot ol ee es) pe trent inclting the rele of lendlersip, ltsepline, ard logstics. The Mandrake Root, 1524 A Dialogue on Language, 1530 fi cmssasittent, | PE Silo acwetecle a Lage vw snacnpral teas es Binney Se nom eit | Sot alc ee alistal wal coal ie: Kris tg See Sgt” | [reese oP laqege ental or comand erst, Ieieal seater | lard “De chualy oh largunge Aaa way oP Cattter unlerstai cane political inteigue. par S nualy oF language ing “The Prince, 1513, F's « guile For rulers on how te maintain pever ond control over theie territories. It's brown For its realism ard its enphasis on practicality over morality, and tt has had a lasting lence on political thought and leadership. Machiavelli's works outlined his political thought anc Renaissance earned him notoriety for his belie? in using immoral means ‘to achieve political purposes, and his emphasis on the & tts Tmporet f) ele of Farce in gevaranrt. He writings vere realy influenced by the complex and troubled political situation] ion Machiavelli] | |» rtaly ot “tre tine, particularly the dvision of tre country and the lack of a powertul culer to unite it. He sought to secure the independence of Italy and st to its cities. In words of Laski phelphrng i dedintaliyaraiog - He was Wighly wiluerced by the Renaissence; ebich people to examine things From a new perspective, and he is conslered as one of the key Figures thot ushered in the modern age by divorcing polities From the control of religion. Machiavelli stood en the borderline between ‘the Middle Ages ard the Nodem Ages. He ushered in the Modem Age by ridding polities of the vassalage of religion ~ WA. Dunning Some of the key ways in which the Renaissance influenced Machiavelli's work inclucle: lasiieel daflen “The Reraissance wos characterised by 0 conened interest in classical Iterature, esi thas ae cceig, meeigh onl wg geal yes oe oe Sreek onl Ronan poltical theorists, such a8 Cero arel Livy os well as by tre lttary strategy oP ancient Ronan gererals tke Tuben Caesar. The Resaistance was. alzo characterised ly a humanist movement that erohastzed the potential o® haan reason aval Dre helvlual: Mashiavell's work is Menvlly =Bleerced by tive memaniet perspentive, an be bekevel tint people have, ‘the abity to direct ther oun hives om that goltical power should be in the hands of invaduals who rave the abiity to uae it efPectively. Secularism———> The Renaissance marked a shiPt away Fron relgious dominoes in Europe, and Mechiavell wns heavly *luesced by tris secular perspertive. He vac among The est tinkers te annlje pabtical power fron a senular persgentive, eatin than fron te pocpetve Fes ct, ‘porto “The Rewlasaree sow the birth oP Realm in at shere the artiats depict the THESE i MEE ——P orld os tt is, rather then Wealiing Te Machiavelli vas one oF the Fret politcal Realise Bora le Lo tee a cas ete eel paeney wees rete about tne poltical reality oF hs tine ard hew rulers should act in order Heamovnisnn oe to maintain ther pover: ” SUNYA hig)athe. on of “The Renaissance alse marked a ejection of Scholastisitn, chch ume the lasti ’ dlesinav: intellectual movement of the Middle Ages. Machiavel rejected te ish s2clnatic oppronch to political theary arc insted offered nem) mere, proguatic ond seculor approach to the studly of polities Fda on The Renaizsance wovked the bicth of rattion-stettes wick ceflaced city-states i Se es Rec e eee e qprermance. Sebel PYQ Explain how Machiavelli’s application of empirical method to human afPairs marks on important stage in the evolution of political science. gh naciasel oso Selon Romine pate hart al dona ne es ne a wenwt npact en pstbeal scerce aod the wey petical power ts enaiyzel and underctood, One of the K RTE ass cae to Oa Bld of ALal eeete tae va aplansian Spool gba 40 OL Sed oP eanen affors “Treemally alta! piloenpty nel nea nar ut litc waned emneabe el ervalancein me jettce ded vrtue: Naciauth; hese teak = itoret mgerosch He bevel tit the Saal OF plies clit bs Lose Gs Wd ckasoubun oF (uaicorUl bchta Gal a aemlnie BP Metartell nile, Ale weed looking at how lenclors actimlly beast penction aod ving tiie Woraton to du'conchugins lout what sortch ond ara debt tore Of restating nnd recion pelteal powers “This approach marked on important shiPt in the wny political science was studied and understood. Pt allewed for a nore realistic end practienl approach to the analysis oF polticnl power, rather then reljing on abetrnct eciges ts aight nett olomys wold up the real werbh Telco allel Bar a cons munncgh an Emtextualised uderctarclng OP poltien! behaviow, cecognising that ePerent lenders and situations, wight iene foe eaten cols ean Nachiavell dd nett explettly outline a specite set of empirical vetheds that he used ts Hie analysis of uaa abate: tower, bode on ts uetngs al tae vay be heponcnes the tac oF ping, is pestle to oer seme A the method be way have erployedt These could icles: i Wistorcal avalys's: Machavell ume knoon For he extensve cturly of history and Hs beleP that historical frooples coll presale wluable bagsan tte tha mctere oP pltel paver od the batter landers Wt lice usesl tis method to exanina the actions of past lenelers endl hew:they were olde te, veirtain endl eee ee 2 J Machiavelli have alse used observational methads te study the behaviour of Sr ta parva gute eee nt le Glee dar lg Poco eheerie tine oh gh ficel vets ar Aewlyghe thes ttior eal pcicien corres oles: 5. Raspecrtoe vcalites Aasasnels cn baie canlicorpnentare peas se concave Se GEA eSin aiterert political sisters or leaders and how these aMererces abtected ther obiity to mairtain ave rchldy avelyen: Mean a ah tea eee i, Bose sh eeelliie eae ocala Anal sas ee COS Se ee ae This approach marked an inportant shit in the way poltical stience was studied ard understood. 2 allowed for a nore realistic and practic) approach to tre salyte of poltical gover rather thon refag on obstrnct prnceles that wight not aluays hold up ithe real werd. 2t also allewed For a wore nuanced arel contextualised understareling of political behaviour, recogtising that difPerert lenders and situations aight remire different etrateyies in onder to be successful Overall, Machiovellis use of enpiceal netrods to stuely human affairs was on important step in the cvvlution of political science and continues to inPluence tre wey we tink about polities today, Machiavelli's observation on human nature is that people] are prinarily mativated by selMinterest and the desire Ror power and glory. In "The Prince” he weites, “Men are ungratePul, Pickle, tars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greesly For profit; ube you treat them well, ‘they are yours. They vould shed their bleed For you, Fisk their property, Their lives, their chilelren, se long, as T nie above, the danger ic remote; but chen you are in danger th against you. Machiavelli's Scrolare have arqued that tis View OP human vature 1 a rePlection oP Machavell's bele® that polties is a brutal, amoral real in which the strony must be prepared to use any means necessary to survive and achieve success. AS Harvey C. Mansfield wrote in "Machiavell's Virtue” "Nackiaveli taught thot human nature is unchanging, that the lust Por power is ieradtcable in ‘the human heart, and thet the only way te maintain peace and security is to channel the natural evkition of penple into a love oP tre state.” Q SUNYA atNachiavelli's ideas about human nature have been the subject of much eriticiem over the years. Sone of the major criticisms inalude! Cynicism —> Mary erties accuse Machiavell oP promating a gjrical view oF human retire in which people are seen os interertly selfish art untrustworthy. [Amorality —y Some arque that Macrinvelis lens about politics ant lendlership ore Pundanertelly, amoral, os he Seens to suggest that the ent lustifes the wears, regardless of whetver these means are etiveal er nota Lanck of gp Sone critics argue thet Anchinvell's view of human necture is lncking > compnasion art compassion entathy. as he sens to see peryle prinaly as tools to be used by rulers to achieve ‘thee gonls. Weglect oP nacravell's Pocus on procticalty ant renk Ive Peeve on practicality aval realm has bean aritcizad by come for nedlecting Moral ——> tine importance of moral virtues, such as justice ond Faimess, in political and socal Ife. virtues Jorigm p Sore erties suggest that Nachiavell's understavding of human natire i overly Reetonn > sete ‘and that tt reduces the cowplenity of human behavior to a set of mecharical, wdicgtee! aoe, sisi Se yu thks ade oh oseeaook Vans tn nc bari Teale DEE WS Pears, grating the role oP Ree wlll choice and luck. Anti > sove also accuse Machiavelli of being antrrelgious as bis eas about: politics and religious leadership ore oPten n aeect opposition to Yradtonal Cristian Teachings about woralty and ethies. Tt is mportart te note that despite these eriticims, Mackiavell's ideas have had a profeund arc lasting impact on Wester political theught ard continue te be widely studied ard debated to this Tn bis work “The Prince, Machiavelli provides an analysis of the concepts of corruption and avis vietun He advocates fer the concept of civie virtu, which rePers ‘to the Virtues and abilities a ruler should possess to be successful in their role, These victwes include the abilty| ‘to be both strong ond assertive, and cuming and adaptable, and the ability to judge onl make derisive actions ina time of erisis. Analysis of Corruption anc Civic Victu Machiavelli believed thet civie Vietu is more important than trasltional moral ictus} @rockiavelh argues that corription is on mevttable part paltics ant that rulers aust be aiare ‘te potential Yo unlemnine their authorty Wie acknowledges that rulers can becone corrupt throtgh the acquisition of power art the pursuit: of sel nterest. @ievever, Mackauelh bekeves theta ruler vho is able to maintain his integrity arc vetue, even in the Face of comuption, i better able te maintain his rule and protect the state. @Aackovelh acocates For the concept oP civic Virtu, wich refers to the virtues ond abilities « ruler should possess i onder to successPully govern. Wie emphasises the wportance of being able to judge correctly, and being able to take decisive actions ina tine oP ers Prackiavell beheves thet civic Vitu Is essential toa rulers ability to waintain power and protect the state. eve that cite virte te more important than teadttional moral vitae, ae tradhtional vetuee may rot alvays be. applicable to the practical realties of polities Wrachiavell beloved tract a ruler should be willng to act immorally andl unethcally i ib is necessary to maintain power, protect the state and exsure the survival of the nettion. S SUNYA aSAaciiavellis analycic oP corruption and civic virtu in Wis werk "The Prince’ has been the subject of much ertticism. Some scholars and their respective argumerts include: Quentin —m Simer anques that Machiavelis concept of victu it deeply flawed as % is bases on ‘ki ‘the idea that the ends justify the means. Skinner argues that tris leads to « weral immer relactiviem that is dangerous ard urderwines the stability of the state. Tobn ——se Pocock argues that Machiavelli's analysis of corruption is too pessimistic , as he assumes Pocock Dnt nanan nature is rherertly corrupt, Pocock argues tant tis neglects the role of Inatitutions in shaping human behavior, ancl igores the possibilty of civie virtue. F.G.A. ——> Pocock arques that Machiavelli's dens are grounded in the republican tradktion , and Pocock ievld be werstond the context of the struggles for pover and te defense of HNerty daring the Hakan chyatates SLM, > Dent argued that Mackavels understanding of viebu was overly wiltovistic, avd Foiled Shorts tte take into account the role. of the people in the Functioning of the state, lies Strauss argued that Nachiavell's work sheulel be welersticed as a Form of politcal — scierce that = at provicting practical advice te rulers. Straues argues that Strauss —— Hachiaveli's political theory is deeply eyrical, ard that he presents a harsh ara evthless petare of huran eaxture: Veegeln argued that Maciiaual was one of the Rounders of aadern pobtienl cxiorce; and 4 ‘that his Weas were instrumental in the developmest: of the moder state. However) he Voegelin olso erttitised Machiavelli For hs rejection cf the transcendent, ubich leads to the rejection of natural low avel moral absolutes. YQ Comment: “The Prince must be Pox and the lion at the same time." Machiavelli) (ese1998) In “The Prince,” Machiavelli argues that a prince should be both a Pox and «los in order to maintain onl expard his pover.The Fax represents curing arc the ability to navgacte Through affcult situations wth ‘ubtlety ave gule, wile the hon represents strergtn orl the abibty to use Force te achieve one’s goals: acravelh argues that a prince must be able to use both of these qualities in omer to be successful: He wrote that “a prime must mow how to use the Fox's subtlety and the lion's strength.” This besause in his View = prince ull encourter many different types oF people ard situations, Sone of which wll require curing arc thers which ull require Force. However, i mpartart to note thet Mackiavellie civic virtue concept i¢ diferent than the common nlerstinrling oF eve Wrtue, inns wilerstanling sive Virtue ie related Go the preservation of state's power sand tee expansion. He Lekeved toot prince must put the preservation ancl expansion oP tne state above all dee, welling morality anc etiies. This argument has beer heauily erticised by nary serolars whe argue that Hackavell's view of polities ts deeply cyrcal and amoral. In Bist century society, where denotratic values are widely accepted, Kachiavell's argument wight not be as accegtable. A democratic society needs civ Uctues trat Focus. on the welfare oF fiaens, which is not the case hs Machiavelli's understanding of cive Virtue. For examplejaccorting to political theorist T.5.A, Pocock, Mactiavell's Perwulation of police as the exercise of rated Force amd Proud woul. nt be acceptable i a senocratie Socety. Smlorly piilosoprer Er Yoogeln enticces Macsiavel For bi rejection oP natural law and warol absolutes, arguing that the lend too folttical theory that is sleeply eycal on! ultimately harnful to society. in summery, Hachiavelt's argument that grince shoul be beth a Fox and a fon has been heat ert Ly many scholars For its amcral arcl erical view of polties, vnicn contradicts the Values ond concepts mileroeratie enciety and the oP otnere For Machiavelli, celigion played an importovt role in maintaining oncl expanding the power of the state. However, tt is important to note that Machiavelli ted not see religion as a moral guide For the ruler} rather as a tool that can be used to jnaintoin power. Machiavelli's Attitude towards Religion ~ SUNYA ASability to act in the best interests of the state. Machiavelli believed that reli should be subservient to the needs of the state, and that a prince should be willing te use religion in a strategic way to achieve bis political goals. SUNYA in mange He argued that Machiavell’s treatment oF religion was a clear reBection of his belie? {ooronat ain oer Boal tog dete ool Ge slows: el oli ialche enestby ond @bteg.- liber eewues: ‘that Machiavell’'s view of religon os a tool For achieving political ends represents a. undamential rejection of tresttional Christian Values ond a exbrace of a new political rorality thet is based on the needs of the state. Ton —> He orgued that Machiavel's vews on religion vere deegly influenced by the republican - ee ‘penck Pocock argued that Machiavelli's view of religion as a tool For achieving political ends ‘should Le welerstocd in the content of the dtnuggles Por power ant the. defense of erty during the Ttahan eitipstates. Erg —o He citicsed Machiavelli for his rejection of ‘the transcendent, ehich leads to the Newaalh Fejection oP nestural lnwr ancl moral absclutes. Veegeln aryues that Machiavelli's view foegelin —eE Felsion a 0 tool for achieving pobtxal ende represerés a Fundamental rejection of traditional religious values and a enbrace of a new secular morality. 0 Ne argues that Machiavell’'s ideas on religion should be understood as a Ferm of ae ® oli science tat in aed at prdabny practical ockice ta rulers. Stiwsas argu ausS Spat Machiavell's view of relgon as a toel Sor achieving political ends represents 0 Nica ain Riles’ pctara vnc ota, chia 2's by ston tg ao perspective on politics and human nature. He wrote that a prince should "appear te be religious” in order te gain the support of the people, but that he should not be “too religous” as this would limit his S) Cettically examine Mechiavelli’s views on religion and politics. (CSE-2018) Atccol> Mociiovell's views an religion and palties have been the subject of much debate ancl analysis by scnolors. over the yeovs. In general, Mocwavell believed that religion could be a useful tool Fer rulers, ‘to maintain erdler andl contral in society, but he, also argued thot it should not be alleved to wtertere bith the ewerese of peitical power. One P the key arguments Mockiavelli wade about religion and polities was tratrulers should use religion to their advantage in order to maintain order and control in society . In “The Prince, he writes that Ye obi ruler sgh tam Oath. andicbwenmecei my eerbacroloertid Un hen ors. hich made tim promise con no longer remain unchanged.’ This suggests that Machiavelli believed that ulers should te uiling to manipulate religion and use 1b as @ weans to achieve their politcal goals, even Des went gong aganst the prvcples of their Faith, Henever, Machiavel alse argued thatreligion choul net be allowed to interfere with the exercice of political gower. In “The Discourses, he writes that “tis not appropriate For the aMbairs of the state ‘To be let te chance, nor for the State te be guided by the wrins of the people.” THis thot Macitavell Geheved that the state shoudl be gisbst by rekson andl the pursuit oh practical goals, rater ‘than ly religious principles. or the will of the people. There have been a nunber of scholars cho have analysed Machiavellie. views on religion al politics. One rotalle example is the political theorist Haman Arendt, tho argued that: Maciavellis approach to religion ond polities elected « larger shift tewnras a mare Secular and pregnoti welerstonding of pales 4 ‘the modem world. Other scholars, such as Tohn MeCorwick ond Tom P. AcCormick, have argued that Machiaveli’s views on religion ond polities were shaped by his experiences living in a seciety that was eagly aivded by rebyioue conBbet. Machiavellon emphasises on the use of religion as 0 tool Per maintaning social emer are the need te \separate religon from the exercise of political power have had a significant impact on atst century society. These ideas have influenced the vay governments ava political leaders approaen the role of rdligion in public life, arc have conticbutest to the secularisation of wany modem golitical systems,PYQ Comment in 150 words: Machiavelli's Secularism. (ese-2020) Micceld Machiaveli's dea of secularism can be understocd as the Separation of religion Prom ‘the exercise of political power. In his wmtings, Machiavelli argued tha religion could ke a useSul tool For culers to maintain order and control in society, but he also beleved that % should not be. allowed to interfere with the exercise of political power. This idea is reflected in kis Famous quate! From “The Prince’ thet “it is not appropriate For the affairs of the state to be lePt to chance, roc for the state to be ude by te shins of the pele! Aackavell’s idea of secularism has hal a SqrPeant impact on political thought and the development of modem cecular tates. Tt hes ibluerces! the way goverments ond political leadere axgronch the role of eclion in pi He ond bas contrite te the serelertation of mary woder political systens. There has been ongoing scholarly debate abeuti the sigiiicarce of Machiavelli's ‘lea of secularism ord its relevance to conte /, Some scholars, such as Hannah Arendt, have argued ‘thot Machiavel’s approach to relivien ard politics reflects a larger SNPt towards o more Secular aod pragmatic understanding of politics tn the modern world, Others, such as Tolm MeCorwick are Tehn P. McCormick, have ed thet Mochiavell's Views on religion ond politics were. the es SR Sea are eel teen eee tae Overall, the debote around Hachiavelli's idea of secularism continues to be an important and longeing Topic of discussion in political science and the stualy of religion ard polities. Rachiavell’s political realism is a philosophy that emphasises the reed Por a ruler te maintain power ard control through any means necessary. It is based on the idea that human noture is inherently selfish and untrustworthy, ant that moral principles should not be ead into account when is tical Machiavelli's Political Realism ing ancl maintarini He wrote thot a prince should ‘appear to be religious’ in order to gain the support Ff the people, but that he should not be “too religious” as this woulel limit his ability te act tm the best interests of the state. Machiavelli believed that religi should be subservient to the needs of the state, and that a prince should be uilling to use religion in a strategic way to achieve his political goals. naan The ultimatie goal of maintaining political power justifies ary actions haere yestty Petters te en gee ae ‘the means ‘are morally goed ar bad, The need oe a A cular shoul be stony, deesive, an wllng te take unatever strong ruler” etions are necessary £0 maintain power ove contrel ~~ Be OF ical grat nsgiaion cua artery clhuaiy an bp pleats Se mibtory power See ecient poe ced Ge The use of cruelty 7 A ruler should be willing to wee cruelty avd aleccption # necessary ard deception ——> cio to maintain power ond os" The belie in Mackavelh believed that human nature ts imerently selfs ancl human nature ——*" untrustwertiy, and that oral principles should not be token into: ie sxcenontnket purashg'and wanting’ politcal pours Itis er A caler should prioritize being Feared lovedl by their subjects Seibe Peirel| —> Waren acne maotntcaese PT er se than loved The rejection of Mochiavelli rejected tracttional virtues such as humility, compassion tracktional ond otrer es Vietues thet were aclvocated by icons From victues contiguity, The emphasis on te aa end Hoatiavell's oggronch te poltice te based on practicality and cenlien, ake re Woche ard is not guided by idealion or moral grinciples. U ateComment: Power is an enc in itsel® and he (Machiavelli) inquires into the means that are best suited te acquire, retain and exparel power, thus, separate power From morality, ethies, religion and metaphysics. Ebenstein on Machiavelli) (cse-2000) Alan 0. Euensten's observation that Mackiaveli separates pover from morality, ethics, religion and wetophypsics 's a widely held View among scholars of Machiavell's work. In ‘The Prince’ avcl Iie other wetting, Mechiaveli takes highly pengeetic. apprench te the exereiee of pover, ond Te egies Head dels ical Ge Soeae alee eau cabeing, abd Gooey tatoer ‘than with moral er ethical consilerations. The View hae heen videly interpreted at a rejection of tracktional moral andl ettieal values, and wany scholars have argued that Machiavelli's approach to poltics is Fundamentally amoral. For crntgle, TearTacques Rousseau, a pnlosopher avel political thesnst, argued Ura Nackiavell's emphasis. on pover and practicality represented a betrayal of traditional moral tea, stan bate Win. 0 ase aenacaltianee MenlN es gmeeats cel ethics, For example, Quertin Skimer, a goltical theorists has arqued that waile Aackovelh ay hove ceperaten poner fron traditional soral ard ethical values he ves stil eoncerved Ws the common good ave uth maitiniing order ane stalility in society Overall, ale there is some debate among scholars about the relationship between power and morality in Aackavel's work, i's clear that ne tock a highly praguastic approach to the exercise oP power ancl that he believes that acuicng, retaining arc expareting power was on end in ttsel. PYQ Comment “Machiavelli's political philosophy was narrowly local and narrowly docted." (Sabine) (esé-2003) écorye Sabine, an American pobtical theorist, argued that Machiavelli's political piilesophy was ‘narrowly local and narrowly dated,” ne ‘that it was specific to the political context of Renaissance Italy anc not relevant to other times and places. Sabine argued that Machiavelli's ideas were shapes! by the unique. historical ont cultural circumstances, of 15th and 16th century Italy, ard were not applicable to other political contexts. Sabine's argument is that Machiavelli's prescriptions were based on the specific poltical context of city-state of Florence and Hala which woe th constont state of wactare, Juhich is unique ond his ideas ore vot generalizable to other Forms of political oryanisattion.| Fur crauple, Naakiavall’s enplasis on wilttary paver andl thé use of eruclty oud deception was a reflection of the constant warhare and instability that characterised Renaissance Ttaly, ard would not be necessary or appropriate in a more. peaceful ard stable political context. Smilar arguments have been made by other scholars such as Felix Gilbert, T.6.A Pocock. Pocock that Machiavelli's ideas should be urderstood as a preduct of the “Machiavellian moment” in early modern European Kietory, characterized by the rise of the nation-state and the erosion of traditional medieval political structures. Pocock contents that Machiavell’s work reflects this historical context art camot be extrapolated to diferent eres o pobtical systens. However, many scholars also aye that Machiavelli's ideas have broader implications and can be applied to ather political contexts, inclusting modern times, For example, Steven Forde argue that Machiavelli's emphasis on the need Por a strong ruler and the importance oF wibtary power in maintaining political power is still relevant today. Tt is important to consider that Sabine's argument is not a denial of the relevarce of Hochiavell, but rather a contextualization of Machiavelli's ideas as specific to a certai historical moment. This argument: is a reminder to consider the Wstorical coxtext in which Machiavell was uriting and that not all of bis ideas can be directly applied in other places or times. Q SUNYA a Ts stComparison of Kautilyo and Machiavel I how to run a state, central the use of spies and diplomacy to maixtain power and control. Kautilya alse had a pragmatic approach to ruling and his teachings are often cited as early examples of Realpolitik. ‘Wetailed disccusion is in Notes on IPT) ined ancl |e Machiavelli and Kautilya are both political thi Who lived in different historical periods arc Kautilya, alse known as Chanakya, was an Irelion political thinker who lived around tthe th century BCE. He ic Lect know For his treatice on stotecratt| ‘the “Arthashastea,” which is a comprehensive guide For kings and ministers on Koti yes political thought emphasizes the importance of maintaining a strong 1 the need For a well~ti | bureaucracy, ancl [om J Kautilya } | ctinashastra) Machiavelli (The Priced Definition of realism Renn i the pent of practel aod enteral gle h pelt, oe macro att Ia protecting the state, Rate ce onl ty Realan = bee puraat OF pover a ‘tee pooiisation oh the state's om iderests in wterationel relations, een BH nen acting aganat nora les or ceregartny the welfare oP other states or gmt, Role o witty Force itary Force Gould be weed at @ last resort to defend te state ard waitin low ard orden, bit cay oles be used proactively So ‘Blue the boratiour of other states iting Rome oerersney tl ing ancl waintaining power, ond felons Sell lllng to cae ‘to achieve ther poltieal chjectives Role of economic ‘neertives, Economic incentives can be used to influence the behavier of other stotes ard promote cooperation, “The ruler hos 0 moral duty to detain lauren clin an protect the welfare of the state fond its subjects. feos meartves ore a coraderaton tote wat siitovy Force and decegtion seeing poltal gale Zrould be willing to act against moro! erncples F necessary Ts58|Drow porallels between Arthashastra tradition and the ‘Realist’ trackition represented by Machiavelli. (ese-201a) Realien ic a school of thought political phil ‘thet eiinasises: tHe praxteal and matarel casos oF cobtiek totter Gen theoreti oe ceil somdonation. 3 Pte: lasseciated with the belie® that ‘the pursuit of power is a natural ond necessary aspect oP political He, and that the state should prioritise *ts om iterestts above these oF other countries of intemational isoctions. In the Arthashastra, Kautilya advecates Sor a strong and centralized state that is guided by tthe principles of rajadharma, or the duties of a ruler: According to Kautilya, the grimary duty of the ruler is to maintain law and order ard protiect the state from extemal and intiernal threats. To achieve this goal, Kautilya advises the ruler to use. ‘0 combination of diplomacy, military Force, and economic incentives to influence the behaviour oP other states and ensure the security and stabilty of the kinglom. Machiavelli, on the other hand, advocates For a more ive ard assertive approach tte Roreign policy. Tn The Prince, he advises rulers to be wlling to use viclenee anc deception in order to secure and maintain theic power. Accordling to Machiavelli, the pris T'eh the state 16 to madnoain Tos oom eanvety al (old tec ceiule ter Ulling tio do vhattever is necessary to achieve this goal, even it means acting against rceol gctciglas:orchenegandig the welhere oh-athien states oe: rouge There ore several parallels between the realist ‘trouttions of Kautilya and Machiavelli. Both enghasise the importarce of power ans the need For the state to priortise its oom interests in international relations, Bath also recogrise the role of wibtary Force. an etononie incentives. 0s tools For achieving polttieal objectives. There are also some Significant ctPerences between the two thinkers, Kautilya places a greater emphasis on the moral duties of the ruler anc the importance of maintaining law ond order within the state, rile Machiavelli is wore concerned with the exercise of raw power ovel the vee of viclerce onl cleseption to achieve political qoals. In the Stet century, ileme Prom both Kautilya evel Machiavelli con be ueePul in unclerstanding anc acldressing the complex challenges of intemational politics. On the one ancl, the emphasis on power ond self-interest in realism con help policymakers to navigate he Fenlpelitik of interrevtional relations and protect ‘the interests of their am states. On the other hand, the importance of moral principles and the need to maintain law and order uithin the state can help to promote stability and cocperation among nations. Ultimately, the most eMective approach to intemational relations may involve a. combination of both realist and moral considerations. ” Ae, AS;The main topics discussed in The Prince by Machiavelli include: Political Machiavelli discusses the acqusition and maintenance of political > Moctiavell ica el ois tical power, power including the use of Force anal the importance of reputation and Fear. ee on auttior advocates fer the use of’ deceit and manipulation in polities mobipuletion om nene ‘to maintain power. Nilitary The book highlights ‘the need Por a strong military and the effective strategy use of wilitary force to defend a principality and expand territory, Ruler's ——p Machiavelli examines the characterstics of effective rulers, such os characteristics beng Feared rather than loved ove the qualities necessary to waintiain power The book explores the navture of political Fortune, the role of luck in Political ——o polities, and how a ruler should respond to changing circumatances. Fortune Machiavelli advises a prince to be ready to be both “a Fox and a lion’ in order to handle Fortuna. Trey should be able te balance between vietu Cobility art action) ancl Fortuna (luce of chance). Ruler The boot auddresses the relationship between a culer and bis subjects, and ——* and the importance of being both loved onc Feared by them. subject Decision The author stresses the importance of careful decision-making and Making 7" understanding of the polttical situation in order te maintain power, Religion in The book alse covers the role of religion in polities, the relationship politics > betveen religion arc the state, and how a ruler should havele the Chureh. Types of Machiavelli describes the different types of principalities anc principalities. governments and the appropriate ways to govern them. and — Procpalty mmetel ) [Prncpalty acqarel | ( Pricipalty acquired poets (“atm ) Gaeta ae The author examines the problem of succession and the need to ercure stability aPter a rulers death. lett is much safer to be Feared than loved because..love is preserved by the lik of cbligation which owing to the baseress of men is broken at every crpertonty for the advantage; but Fear preserves you by a dread of punishment: which never Fails.” le 'the First method For estimating the intelligence of a ruler is to look at the men he. ane around hin” ‘Succession —> Lo trere is netining more difPicult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct; of more. uncertain in tts success, than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things.” Le A prince should therefore have no other aim or thought, nor take up ary other thing For his study, but war and tts orgenization and discipline, Por thait is the. only act that is necessary to ore who commands ‘TS_60)The Discourses on Livy, written by Machiavelli, is a political treatise that provides commentary on the history of Rome ancl ‘the Roman Republic as recorded by the historian Livy. The main topics discussed in the Discourses include: The study of Machiavelli uses the examples of Roman history to provide, Reames bent ight’ nto the nature of polties ard goverment. He ereny emvines The: ratitiitions; [nay onal exciton. of the Riwmre Republic ane the factors that contributed to tts success. ne iportbonce: Aaskavell enphasices the importance of virthy which he Of viet TT enes as the moral ond physical strength of individuals and states. He argues that: victir is necessary For the. preservation avd expansion of a state, ant that tts lack is a major cause of the decline of states. Machiavelli examines the role of wnstitutions, such os laws, The role of ps cictoms, avd the mittary, maintaining the stability al institutions strength of a state. He thet institutions should be. designed to promote the well-being of the state and its citizens, ond that they should be adagtable to charging crounstances. aia Machiavelli discusses the relationship between the people and “Tue elationep) STIG, aml tha weertance oF telinsing the vterects oF between the the two. He argues that the people must have a certain people and the degree of Freedom anc participation in the government, but euler that the ruler aust also have the power to make decisions and maintain onder. The importance. Hachiavelli believes that a state con be strong only when op > its citizens are virtuous, and that virtue can be acquired ae through eclucation and participation in the government. He participation therePore stresses the importance of active citizen participation in the government, ancl the creation of inctitutions to enesurage participation. Machiavelli stresses the inportance of military strength arc The need For a > the need to maintain a strong wiltary in ordey to protect ‘Strong wilttary tthe state and expand territory. Machiavelli believes that a state should have a balanced The need For a —m constitution which allows for both stabiltiy and Plexbilty, balanced constitution — andl con aulapt to chonging circumstances. He also highlights ‘the impertance of a balance between the different: branches oF government and the diferent interests of society. Hachiavell: covers the role of religion in polities, the le oF — —> relationship between religion ard the stave, and the use of ‘éligion ts notes eectal onler oied golteal ctalshity. Machiavelli's Quotes Lert is not vhelly ilhadvised Por a prince to be something of a religious hypocrite.” LA vase prince, therefore, cannat, and should not, keep Ws word wher Such an observance woul be to his prejuelice, andl umen the reasons Unidm mace kim pledge it no longer exict.” Lethe wise man does at once what the Fool does Finally" ~@ SUNYA Bs Ts 61