Introduction To ANACHEM

INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY,
SOLUTION, DILUTION, COLLIGATIVE

PROPERTIES AND STOICHIOMETRY
Antonio G. Celajes Jr., RCh

WCC PRAYER
TODAY’S LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to produce solutions with correct concentration and use it to analyze acids, bases and other solutions.
Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
a. Qualitative versus Quantitative Chemistry
Solutions, Colloids, Acids and Bases
a. Types of Solution and Colloids
b. Factors that affect solubility
c. Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes

d. Methods of expressing concentration of solutions
e. Determination of concentrations of solution
f. The Colligative properties of solution

g. Acids and Bases
Stoichiometry
a. Computations based on balanced equations

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Analytical Chemistry
- the study of what is present (qualitative analysis) and how much is present (quantitative
analysis);
- the science of inventing and applying the concepts, principles, and…strategies for
measuring the characteristics of chemical systems.
SOLUTIONS AND COLLOIDS
Solution
- a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances;
- composed of two parts – solute (the one being dissolved) and solvent (the one that dissolves
/ dissolving medium);
- water is considered the universal solvent as almost any solute can dissolve in it and a solution
whose solvent is water is called aqueous solution.
Types of Solution
1. Gaseous Solution – the solvent is gas ie air
2. Liquid Solution – the solvent is liquid ie saline solution, rubbing alcohol, soda
3. Solid solution – the solvent is solid ie sterling silver, amalgam
SOLUTIONS AND COLLOIDS
Colloids
- a homogeneous, noncrystalline substance consisting of large molecules or
ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance;
- include gels (hair gels), sols (smoke, fog, aerosols), emulsions (mayonnaise, shampoo)
and suspensions (muddy water, medicine suspensions);
- the particles do not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or
centrifuging like those in a suspension.
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
Solubility
- the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved by the solvent;
- applied to a system of solid / gaseous solute and liquid solvent.
Miscibility
- applied to a system of liquid solute and liquid solvent
Based on Solubility / Miscibility, Solutions are classified as:

1. Saturated – when a solvent contains all the solute it can hold
2. Unsaturated – any solution containing lesser amount of solute
3. Supersaturated – when a solvent contains more solute than it can dissolved
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
Solubility can be affected by the following factors:
1. Nature of Solute and Solvent – “like dissolves like”, polar dissolves polar, non-polar dissolves
non-polar
Polar solutes in a solution are mostly electrolytes – dissolves in water to produce + and
– charges
Non-polar solute in a solution are mostly non-electrolytes – do not produce + or –
charges
Pure polar solute, pure non-polar solute and pure solvents – do not conduct electricity
2. Temperature – the higher the temperature the higher the solubility
3. Pressure – applied only to gases; the higher the pressure the higher the solubility
METHODS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
Concentration – refers to the total amount of solute present in a solution; can be expressed as:
1. Percent by weight / mass (if solute is solid) – weight of solute divided by the weight of solution
Weight of solute
% by weight (or mass) = ------------------------------------------ x 100
Weight of solution
Weight of solution = weight of solute + weight of solvent
a. A certain solution has a density of 1.27g/mL. What is its percent by mass concentration if
100mL of it contains 17.75g solute?
b. How may grams of KCl is needed to prepare 12.52% by mass solution whose final volume is
7.28L. The density of the resulting solution was found to be 1.08g/mL.
I. Given: ρ = 1.27g/mL V of solution = 100mL wt. solute = 17.75g
II. Required: % by mass (wt)
III. Solution:
Weight of solute
% by weight (or mass) = ------------------------------------------ x 100
Weight of solution
Weight of solution = weight of solute + weight of solvent
ρ = wt solution / V solution
Weight of solution Weight of solute

ρ = -------------------------- % by mass (wt) = -------------------------- x 100
Volume of solution Weight of solution
17.75 g
Wt. solution = ρ x V solution % by mass (wt) = -------------------------- x 100
127 g
Wt. solution = 1.27g/mL x 100mL
% by mass (wt) = 13.98%
Wt. solution = 127 g
I. Given: %by mass solution = 12.52% V of solution = 7.28L = 7,280mL ρ = 1.08g/mL
II. Required: wt. in g of KCl (solute)
III. Solution:
Weight of solute
% by weight (or mass) = ------------------------------------------ x 100 Wt. solute x 100 = (%w/w)(wt solution)
Weight of solution
(%w/w)(wt solution)
Wt. solute = --------------------------
Weight of solution = weight of solute + weight of solvent 100
ρ = wt solution / V solution
(%w/w)(wt solution) (12.52)(7,862.40g)

Wt. solute = -------------------------- Wt. solute = --------------------------
100 100
Wt. solution Wt. solute = 984.37g

ρ = --------------------------
Vol. solution
Wt. solution = ρ x V solution
Wt. solution = (1.08g/mL)(7,280mL)
Wt. solution = 7,862.40g

2. Percent by volume (if solute is liquid) – volume of solute divided by the volume of solution
Volume of solute
% by volume (v/v) = ------------------------------------------ x 100
Volume of solution
Volume of solution = volume of solute + volume of solvent
a. How many L of ethyl alcohol is there in a 750mL 55 proof Emperador Light Premium Brandy.
2 proof = 1% ethyl alcohol.
a. How many L of ethyl alcohol is there in a 750mL 55 proof Emperador Light Premium Brandy.
2 proof = 1% ethyl alcohol.
I. Given: V solution = 750mL = 0.75L Proof = 55 = 27.5% (% by volume)

II. Required: V in L of ethyl alcohol (solute)
III. Solution:
Volume of solute (27.5)(0.75 L)
% by volume (%v/v) = -------------------------- x 100 Vol. solute = --------------------------
Volume of solution 100
Vol. solute x 100 = (%v/v)(vol. solution) Vol. solute = 0.2063 L
(%v/v)(vol. solution)
Vol.. solute = --------------------------
100
3. Parts per million (ppm) – part of solute per million part of a solution, use for analysis of trace quantities
Weight of solute in mg Weight of solute in mg

ppm = -------------------------------- or ppm = -------------------------------
Weight of solution in kg Volume of solution in L
*Parts per million can be converted into %by weight by simply dividing it by 10,000
a. What is the parts per million concentration of ethyl alcohol in Emperador Lights Premium Brandy?
b. How may grams of Arsenic are there in a 6,750mL solution whose concentration is 332.59ppm?
a. What is the parts per million concentration of ethyl alcohol in Emperador Lights Premium
Brandy?
I. Given: V solution = 750mL = 0.75L Proof = 55 = 27.5% (% by volume)
II. Required: ppm ethyl alcohol (solute)
III. Solution: *Parts per million can be converted into %by weight by simply dividing it by 10,000
ppm ppm = 275,000ppm or 275,000mg/L

% w/w = --------------------------
10,000
ppm = %w/w x 10,000
ppm = (27.5)(10,000)
b. How may grams of Arsenic are there in a 6,750mL solution whose concentration is 332.59ppm?
I. Given: V solution = 6,750mL = 6.75L ppm = 332.59mg/L

II. Required: wt. in g of As (solute)
III. Solution:
Wt. in mg solute Wt. in mg solute = 2,244.98 mg

ppm = --------------------------
Vol. in L solution 1g
Wt. in mg solute = 2,244.98 mg x --------------------------
1,000 mg
Wt. in mg solute = (ppm)(Vol. in L solution)
Wt. in g solute = 2.24 g
Wt. in mg solute = (332.59mg/L)(6.75 L)
4. Molarity (M) – the number of mole of solute per liter of solution; 1 mol = 1,000mmol
Weight of solute
M = --------------------------------------------
(MW of solute)(Liters of solution)
a. Determine the molar concentration of a 3.52-liter solution containing 45.83g K4Fe(CN)6. K = 39; Fe = 56;
C = 12; N = 14
b. How many grams of glucose are there in a 350mL urine sample whose glucose concentration is
12.5mmol/L? C = 12; H = 1; O = 16; 1 L = 10dL; 1 g = 1,000mg
c. How many liters of solution will be produced if 16.33g NaOH was used to prepare 0.12M solution?
a. Determine the molar concentration of a 3.52-liter solution containing 45.83g K4Fe(CN)6. K =
39; Fe = 56; C = 12; N = 14
I. Given: V solution = 3.52L wt. solute = 45.83g
MW K4Fe(CN)6 = (4)(39) + (1)(56) + (6)(12) + (6)(14) = 156 + 56 + 72 + 84 = 368g/mol
II. Required: M
III. Solution:
Wt. in g solute 45.83g

M = ------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------ = 0.0354 mol/L = 0.0354M
(MW solute)(Vol. in L solution) (368 g/mol)(3.52 L)
b. How many grams of glucose are there in a 350mL urine sample whose glucose (C6H12O6)
concentration is 12.5mmol/L? C = 12; H = 1; O = 16; 1 L = 10dL; 1 g = 1,000mg
I. Given: V solution = 350 mL = 0.35L M = 12.5mmol / L
MW C6H12O6 = (6)(12) + (12)(1) + (6)(16) = 72 + 12 + 96 = 180g/mol
II. Required: wt. in g glucose (solute)

III. Solution:
1 mol Wt. in g solute Wt. in g solute = 0.7875 g
M = 12.5 mmol / L x -------------------------- M = --------------------------
1,000 mmol (MW)(V in L solution)
M = 0.0125 mol / L Wt. in g solute = (M)(MW)(Vol. in L solution)
Wt. in mg solute = (0.0125mol/L)(180g/mol)(0.35L)

c. How many liters of solution will be produced if 16.33g NaOH was used to prepare 0.12M
solution? Na = 23; O = 16; H = 1
I. Given: wt. NaOH (solute) = 16.33g M = 0.12 M = 0.12 mol / L
MW NaOH = (1)(23) + (1)(16) + (1)(1) = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40g/mol
II. Required: Vol. in L solution

III. Solution:
Wt. in g solute Wt. in g solute V solution = 3.40 L

M = -------------------------- V in L solution = --------------------------
(MW)(V in L solution) (M)(MW)
16.33 g
V in L solution = --------------------------
Wt. in g solute = (M)(MW)(Vol. in L solution) (0.12 mol/L)(40 g/mol)
-------------------- -------------------------------
(M)(MW) (M)(MW)
5. Molality (m) – the number of mole of solute per kg of solvent (NOT SOLUTION)
Weight of solute
m = ----------------------------------------------
(MW of solute)(kg of solvent)
a. What must be the MW of a certain solute if 29.54g of it was dissolved in 330mL distilled water
whose resulting concentration is 5m?
b. What is the molal concentration of a solution containing 38.29g FeS and 723mL water? Fe =
56; S = 32
a. What must be the MW of a certain solute if 29.54g of it was dissolved in 330mL distilled water
whose resulting concentration is 5m?
I. Given: wt. solute = 29.54g V solvent = 330mL ~ 330g (ρ water = 1g/mL) = 0.33kg m = 5 mole/kg
II. Required: MW of Solute
III. Solution:
Wt. in g solute Wt. in g solute

m = -------------------------- MW solute = -------------------------------------
(MW solute)(kg solvent) (m)(kg solvent)
29.54g
MW solute = -------------------------------------
(5mol/kg)(0.33kg)
Wt. in g solute = (m)(MW solute)(kg solvent)
-------------------- -------------------------------
(m)(kg solvent) (m)(kg solvent) MW solute = 17.90g/mole
b. What is the molal concentration of a solution containing 38.29g FeS and 723mL water? Fe =
56; S = 32
I. Given: wt. FeS (solute) = 38.29g V solvent = 723mL ~ 723g = 0.723kg
MW FeS = (1)(56) + (1)(32) = 88g/mol
II. Required: m
III. Solution:
Wt. in g solute
m = --------------------------
(MW solute)(kg solvent)
38.29g
m = ------------------------------------- m = 0.6018 mol/kg = 0.6018m
(88g/mol)(0.723kg)
6. Normality (N) – the number of gram-equivalent weights of the solute contained in one liter of the solution.
Weight of solute
N = ------------------------------------------------------------------
(GEW solute)(Liters of solution)
Where: To determine number of equivalent:

MW solute acid – number of hydrogen
GEW = --------------------------
# of equivalent base – number of hydroxide (OH)
salts – valence x subscript of either cation or anion
Normality is related to Molarity by: N = (M)(# of equivalent)

a. What must be the MW of a substance whose 2.50-L aqueous solution has a concentration of 2.36N.
54.19g of the substance was used to prepare the solution and was proven to have 5 hydroxide units.
What is its molar concentration?
b. Pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7) was used to prepare a solution whose concentration is 6.3N. If the
total volume produced is 8.26 liters, how much of the acid was used? H = 1; P = 31; O = 16
c. 10.43 grams of potassium arsenite (K3AsO3) was dissolved in water to produce 1.56 liters solution.
What must be its normal and molar concentrations? K = 39; As = 75; O = 16
d. Determine the number of equivalents in a 3,230 mL solution containing 414.50 grams of a certain
substance whose concentration is 4.25N. The molecular weight was found to be 184.93g/mole.
I. Given: V solution = 2.50 L N = 2.36 equiv/L wt solute = 54.19g # of equiv. = 5 equiv
II. Required: MW
III. Solution:
Wt. in g solute Wt. in g solute
N = -------------------------- GEW solute = -------------------------------------
(GEW solute)(V in L solution) (N)(V in L)
54.19g
GEW solute = -------------------------------------
(2.36 equiv/L)(2.50 L)
Wt. in g solute = (N)(GEW solute)(V in L solution)
-------------------- -------------------------------
(N)(V in L) (N)(V in L) GEW solute = 9.18 g/equiv
GEW solute = 9.18 g/equiv MW solute = (9.18 g/equiv)(5 equiv)
MW solute = 45.9g/mol
MW of solute
GEW = --------------------------
# of equiv
MW solute = (GEW solute)(# of equiv)

b. Pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7) was used to prepare a solution whose concentration is 6.3N. If the
total volume produced is 8.26 liters, how much of the acid was used? H = 1; P = 31; O = 16
I. Given: N = 6.3 equiv/L V = 8.26L # of equiv. = 4 equiv
MW H4P2O7 = (4)(1) + (2)(31) + (7)(16) = 4 +62 + 112 = 178g/mole
II. Required: wt. H4P2O7

III. Solution:
Wt. in g solute 178g = 44.5 g/equiv
N = -------------------------- GEW = --------------------------
(GEW solute)(V in L solution) 4 equiv
Wt. in g solute = (N)(GEW solute)(V in L solution) Wt. in g solute = (6.3 equiv/L)(44.5 g/equiv))(8.26 L)
MW of solute Wt. in g solute = 2,315.69g H4P2O7

GEW = --------------------------
# of equiv
c. 10.43 grams of potassium arsenite (K3AsO3) was dissolved in water to produce 1.56 liters solution.
What must be its normal and molar concentrations? K = 39; As = 75; O = 16
I. Given: wt. K3AsO3 = 10.43g V solution = 1.56L
MW K3AsO3 = (3)(39) + (1)(75) + (3)(16) = 117 +75 + 48 = 240g/mole
II. Required: N and M

III. Solution:
10.43g
Wt. in g solute N = -------------------------- = 0.0836 equiv/L or 0.0836N
N = -------------------------- (80 g/equiv))(1.56L)
(GEW solute)(V in L solution)
MW of solute N = (M)(# of equivalent)
GEW = --------------------------
# of equiv ----- -------------------------
(# of equivalent) (# of equivalent)
240g N 0.0836
GEW = -------------------------- = 80 g/equiv M = ---------------- = ------------------- = 0.0279M
3 equiv # of equiv 3
I. Given: V solution = 3,230 mL = 3.23L wt solute = 414.50g N = 4.25equiv/L MW = 184.93g/mole
II. Required: # of equiv
III. Solution:
MW of solute Wt. in g solute
GEW = -------------------------- N = --------------------------
# of equiv (GEW solute)(V in L solution)
MW solute = (GEW)(# of equiv) Wt. in g solute = (N)(GEW solute)(V in L solution)

------------------ ------------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------------------
GEW GEW (N)(V in L solution) (N)(V in L solution)
MW of solute Wt in g solute
# equiv = -------------------------- GEW = --------------------------
GEW (N)(V in L solution)
I. Given: V solution = 3,230 mL = 3.23L wt solute = 414.50g N = 4.25equiv/L MW = 184.93g/mole
II. Required: # of equiv
III. Solution:
Wt in g solute Wt in g solute 414.50g

GEW = -------------------------- = -------------------------- = -------------------------- = 30.19g/equiv
(N)(V in L solution) (N)(V in L solution) (4.25equi/L)(3.23L)
MW of solute
GEW = --------------------------
# of equiv
MW solute = (GEW solute)(# of equiv) MW solute 184.93g

# equiv = -------------------------- = -------------------------- = 6.13equiv
------------------ ------------------------------ GEW solute
GEWsolute GEWsolute 30.19g/equiv
= 6 equiv
7. Mole fraction – the number of mole of solute or solvent per total number of mole of solution
mole of solute
Mole Fraction Solute (Xsolute) = -----------------------------------------
Mole of solute + Mole of solvent
mole of solvent
Mole Fraction Solvent (Xsolvent) = -----------------------------------------
Mole of solute + Mole of solvent
Compute for the mole fraction of solute and solvent containing 38.87g NaCl and 82.93g water.
Na = 23; Cl = 35
Na = 23; Cl = 35
I. Given: wt NaCl = 38.87g wt H2O = 82.93g MW NaCl = (1)(23) + (1)(35) = 58g/mole
MW H2O = (1)(1) + (1)(16) = 18g/mole
II. Required: X solute and solvent
III. Solution:
Mole solute
X solute = --------------------------
Mole solute + Mole solvent
Wt solute 38.87g
mole solute = -------------------------- = -------------------------- = 0.6702 mole
MW solute 58 g/mol
Wt solvent 82.93g
mole solvent = -------------------------- = -------------------------- = 4.6072 mole
MW solvent 18 g/mol
Na = 23; Cl = 35
I. Given: wt NaCl = 38.87g wt H2O = 82.93g MW NaCl = (1)(23) + (1)(35) = 58g/mole
MW H2O = (1)(1) + (1)(16) = 18g/mole
II. Required: X solute and solvent
III. Solution:
Mole solute 0.6702mole 0.6702mole
X solute = -------------------------- = -------------------------- = -------------------------- = 0.1270
Mole solute + Mole solvent 0.6702mole + 4.6072mole 5.2774 mole
Mole solvent 4.6072mole 4.6072mole

X solvent = -------------------------- = -------------------------- = -------------------------- = 0.8730
Mole solute + Mole solvent 0.6702mole + 4.6072mole 5.2774 mole
X solute + X solvent = 1

Introduction To ANACHEM

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Introduction To ANACHEM

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INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY,

SOLUTION, DILUTION, COLLIGATIVE

Antonio G. Celajes Jr., RCh

Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

a. Qualitative versus Quantitative Chemistry

Solutions, Colloids, Acids and Bases

a. Types of Solution and Colloids

b. Factors that affect solubility

c. Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes

e. Determination of concentrations of solution

f. The Colligative properties of solution

a. Computations based on balanced equations

Based on Solubility / Miscibility, Solutions are classified as:

2. Temperature – the higher the temperature the higher the solubility

Weight of solution = weight of solute + weight of solvent

Weight of solution = weight of solute + weight of solvent

Weight of solution Weight of solute

(%w/w)(wt solution) (12.52)(7,862.40g)

Wt. solution Wt. solute = 984.37g

Wt. solution = ρ x V solution

Wt. solution = (1.08g/mL)(7,280mL)

Wt. solution = 7,862.40g

Volume of solution = volume of solute + volume of solvent

I. Given: V solution = 750mL = 0.75L Proof = 55 = 27.5% (% by volume)

Vol. solute x 100 = (%v/v)(vol. solution) Vol. solute = 0.2063 L

Weight of solute in mg Weight of solute in mg

ppm ppm = 275,000ppm or 275,000mg/L

ppm = %w/w x 10,000

I. Given: V solution = 6,750mL = 6.75L ppm = 332.59mg/L

Wt. in mg solute Wt. in mg solute = 2,244.98 mg

Wt. in g solute 45.83g

II. Required: wt. in g glucose (solute)

M = 0.0125 mol / L Wt. in g solute = (M)(MW)(Vol. in L solution)

Wt. in mg solute = (0.0125mol/L)(180g/mol)(0.35L)

II. Required: Vol. in L solution

Wt. in g solute Wt. in g solute V solution = 3.40 L

Wt. in g solute Wt. in g solute

Where: To determine number of equivalent:

Normality is related to Molarity by: N = (M)(# of equivalent)

MW solute = (GEW solute)(# of equiv)

II. Required: wt. H4P2O7

MW of solute Wt. in g solute = 2,315.69g H4P2O7

II. Required: N and M

MW solute = (GEW)(# of equiv) Wt. in g solute = (N)(GEW solute)(V in L solution)

Wt in g solute Wt in g solute 414.50g

MW solute = (GEW solute)(# of equiv) MW solute 184.93g

Mole solvent 4.6072mole 4.6072mole

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